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Measurement of Heat Release Rate, Aerosol, and Gas Products During Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway in Devices
Get PDFJohn Easton, Case Western Reserve University, United StatesYa-Ting Liao, Case Western Reserve University, United StatesRosa Padilla, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), United StatesGordon Berger, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), United StatesJay Owens, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), United StatesClaire Fortenberry, NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), United StatesDavid Urban, NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), United StatesDaniel Dietrich, NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), United StatesThomas Miller, NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), United StatesThomas DeMichael, NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), United StatesICES509: Fire Safety in Spacecraft and Enclosed HabitatsThe 54th International Conference on Environmental Systems was held in Prague, Czechia, on 13 July 2025 through 17 July 2025.Lithium-ion batteries power a large and increasing number
and variety of electronic devices, hand tools, and larger
machinery, including automobiles, inevitably finding use in
crewed space missions. Under abusive use conditions or due
to manufacturing defects, these batteries can experience
thermal runaway, where the battery electrolyte reacts,
generating heat, aerosol, toxic gas products, and
potentially flames, posing a threat to the enclosed,
recycled atmosphere of a space vehicle. Beginning an effort
to quantify the effects of thermal runaway in a crewed
vehicle or habitat, the authors built an enclosure and flow
measurement system, capturing products to measure heat
release rate, aerosol, and gas products evolving from
thermal runaway. The scale of these current and future
tests ranges from individual battery cells to laptop
battery packs and full-sized laptop computers. An initial
series of tests examined the burning rate of ethanol pool
fires of two different sizes, simulating an individual
battery cell fire and a battery pack fire, respectively.
These results showed good agreement in heat release rate in
comparison to a heat of combustion analysis, validating the
apparatus. A second series of tests examined the thermal
runaway of the two 2500 mAh battery cell types. These
results quantified the heat release rate and gas products
produced during the thermal runaway of the tested battery
cells. It also showed different responses between different
batteries in terms of aerosol production and heat release,
showing the need to test specific battery components in
terms of heat and products produced
Opposed-Flow Flame Propagation on Discrete PMMA Sheets Under Exploration Atmospheres in Microgravity
Get PDFKeno Krieger, University of Bremen - ZARM, GermanyHans-Christoph Ries, University of Bremen - ZARM, GermanyFlorian Meyer, University of Bremen - ZARM, GermanyICES509: Fire Safety in Spacecraft and Enclosed HabitatsThe 54th International Conference on Environmental Systems was held in Prague, Czechia, on 13 July 2025 through 17 July 2025.In human spaceflight, a fire on board a spacecraft is one
of the most devastating scenarios. To improve fire safety
on board of a spacecraft, material tests are performed to
characterize the fire behavior of materials. In real-world
scenarios, however, not only continuous materials may be
affected, but also discrete, spatially separated fuels. To
better understand the flame propagation of discrete fuels
in microgravity, a series of drop tower experiments was
conducted with thin poly(methyl methacrylate) sheets.
Material samples were placed in a 96 mm x 96 mm x 264 mm
wind tunnel and the desired flow and gas mixture was
initiated using three mass flow controllers. The flame
propagation was observed by two visual cameras (front and
side view) and an infrared camera (front view). The gap
distance between fuel strips and the atmospheric conditions
were varied. The atmospheres were selected along the
normoxic curve with oxygen mole fractions O2 ranging from
0.21 to 0.354, and respective pressures between 101.3 kPa
and 60 kPa. The opposed flow was held constant at 150 mm/s.
Depending on the gap width and atmospheric conditions, gaps
either led to an increase in flame spread rates or stopped
the propagation entirely. Limiting gap widths were found to
lie between 5 mm for xO2 = 0.21 and close to 7 mm for xO2 =
0.354 and are approximately linearly dependent on the
oxygen mole fraction in the observed parameter regime. If a
gap was jumped by the flame, the apparent propagation speed
was recorded to be between 1.5 and 3 times faster than on
full fuel samples. With respect to the whole sample, the
mean propagation rates could be seen to increase with
decreasing fuel coverage
Everything or Nothing (Luke 14:25-30).
No full textVideo format available at: https://hdl.handle.net/2346/10209
Contextualizing Fatherhood Experiences: An Ecological Qualitative Study on Never-Married Fathers’ Experiences as Romantic Partners and Parents
Get PDFNonmarital pregnancies provide both a unique relationship milestone and a transition to parenthood for unwed couples. Previous literature has found that couples with a nonmarital pregnancy are more likely to experience conflict, declining relationship satisfaction, and romantic relationship termination by the child’s fifth birthday. As a result, never-married fathers' involvement in parenting is more likely to decrease if the romantic relationship between the parents ends. Although there is abundant research on father involvement and nonmarital pregnancies, previous literature centers on the accounts of the mother, not the father. The present study uses in-depth interviews with a sample of never-married, first-time fathers with a child between the ages of 6 months and 5 years old (N = 20) to investigate how various contexts, relationships, and resources shape a father’s parenting experiences. Using grounded theory, an ecological model that explores the various systems of fatherhood was developed. The results of this study suggest that sociocultural scripts, such as scripts for masculinity, fatherhood, and relationships, influence how fathers perceive their role as both a parent and partner. Resources such as access to a stable income, positive support networks of family and friends, and mental health management and other intrapersonal skills are all influential for a father’s transition to parenthood. Based on their scripts for fatherhood and masculinity and their resources, fathers tended to engage in hybrid fatherhood, which combines both traditional forms of masculinity like the breadwinner role and a more emotionally involved role. Fathers’ romantic relationship with the mother also tended to co-construct their coparenting relationship with her. For those in a romantic relationship with the mother, the coparenting relationship enhanced their overall relationship. Those no longer romantically involved tended to parent apart. Overall, results indicate that multiple contexts and relationships are associated with overall father involvement and parenting self-efficacy
SIMOC Live: A Scalable, Open-source, Mesh Network Based Platform for ECLSS Monitoring
Get PDFFranco Carbognani, University of Arizona, ItalyEzio Melotti, University of Arizona, ItalyKai Staats, University of Arizona, United StatesICES205: Advanced Life Support Sensor and Control TechnologyThe 54th International Conference on Environmental Systems was held in Prague, Czechia, on 13 July 2025 through 17 July 2025.SIMOC Live is an open-source, mesh network-based platform
for real-time Environmental Control and Life Support System
(ECLSS) monitoring, specifically developed for terrestrial
analog habitats and future off-world missions. Building
upon SIMOC—a Scalable, Interactive Model of an Off-world
Community—SIMOC Live extends this agent-based model (ABM)
framework to provide real-time ECLSS data acquisition and
visualization, creating a cohesive monitoring solution for
habitat crews and Mission Control. SIMOC Live employs a
resilient wireless mesh network (WMN) architecture,
integrating low-cost, off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware and
modular sensor configurations, including CO₂, relative
humidity, temperature, pressure, VOC and light sensors.
Each mesh node, built upon a Raspberry Pi Zero computer and
Adafruit sensor modules, captures and transmits data to a
central server via MQTT protocol, allowing efficient,
low-latency data flow. This setup ensures uninterrupted
data collection by dynamically rerouting traffic around any
failed nodes, providing robust, fault-tolerant
communication within an isolated environment. Data is
provided in open formats (CSV and JSON), facilitating
seamless integration with existing ECLSS systems and
centralized analysis platforms. Deployed during four
missions at the Space Analog for the Moon and Mars (SAM) –
an hermetically sealed and pressurized research facility
located at the University of Arizona Biosphere 2 – SIMOC
Live demonstrated reliable, real-time air quality
monitoring under light-travel time delay conditions. The
SIMOC Live platform will be deployed at participating
World’s Biggest Analog (WBA) habitat sites in October 2025
to establish a unified monitoring network that supports
real-time, cross-site comparisons of habitat air quality.
Building upon six years of publications about SIMOC at
ICES, this paper presents SIMOC Live’s architecture,
implementation across analog habitats, and preliminary
results from SAM, along with updates from ongoing WBA
deployments, illustrating its potential to enhance
autonomous habitat management for planetary exploration
Preliminary Thermal Design of the Planned Venus Synthetic Aperture Radar Instrument
Get PDFTyler M. Schmidt, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) / California Institute of Technology, United StatesLouis A. Tse, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) / California Institute of Technology, United StatesFrank P. Kelly, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) / California Institute of Technology, United StatesICES101: Spacecraft and Instrument Thermal SystemsThe 54th International Conference on Environmental Systems was held in Prague, Czechia, on 13 July 2025 through 17 July 2025.The Venus Synthetic Aperture Radar (VenSAR) is a planned
science instrument that would be part of the EnVision
mission managed by the European Space Agency. EnVision
would launch in 2031 on an Ariane 64 to Venus. VenSAR would
consist of a two-pol S-band radio frequency feed, a
three-panel reflectarray, and various electronics. The
instrument would collect imaging data of the surface and
allow for time comparisons with data from the past Magellan
mission. After cruise from Earth to Venus, the spacecraft
would begin aerobraking to transition into a 1.5-hour polar
orbit for science operations. The science phase would last
four Earth years. The thermal design of the feed and
reflectarray has the primary challenge of accommodating
short duration, high aerothermal flux heat loads during
aerobraking and persistently high environmental heat loads
at Venus. The feed assembly would be thermally isolated
from the spacecraft interface and mostly covered with MLI.
The reflectarray panels would also be thermally isolated
from the spacecraft and would have a white thermal control
coating on the RF side and MLI on the opposite side. Some
of the VenSAR electronics inside the spacecraft would have
high power dissipations that require thermal interface
material to provide additional thermal conductance for heat
rejection. Furthermore, the spacecraft would have heat
pipes and radiators to redistribute and reject heat. The
antenna thermal design would also be a key contributor to
the integrated structural thermal electrical performance of
the instrument. This paper will describe the VenSAR
preliminary thermal environments, requirements, design,
analysis, and hardware
Biber’s Passacaglia: A Cellist’s Perspective on Transcription and Interpretation
Get PDFThis document presents a performance edition of Heinrich Biber’s Passacaglia from his Mystery Sonatas, adapted for solo cello. Originally written for violin, this edition explores themusicality and expressive potential of the work within the cello’s unique sound landscape. It provides an in-depth exploration of the historical background of the passacaglia form, the composer’s life and works, and his Mystery Sonatas, with particular attention to the Mystery Sonatas’ final piece and Biber’s Passacaglia itself. Furthermore, this document details the editorial process, outlining the changes made to adapt the work for the cello, including artistic choices regarding articulation, bowing, and other musical elements that deviate from the original manuscript. This document also includes a guide showing the different sections of this passacaglia that can be excerpted for pedagogical purposes. Specific technical and artistic problems in students can be identified and isolated, allowing the teacher to exploit technical challenges and use them as studies. This document and project are inspired by cellist Jeffrey Lastrapes' edition of the Bach Cello Suites and his professional video recording. Additionally, violist Marian Herrero’s performance of the Biber Passacaglia.Related performance for this degree -- Suyeon Kim's DMA Cello Recital 1: https://hdl.handle.net/2346/103779
Related performance for this degree -- Suyeon Kim's DMA Cello Recital 2: https://hdl.handle.net/2346/103780
Related performance for this degree -- Suyeon Kim's DMA Cello Recital 3: https://hdl.handle.net/2346/103781
Related performance for this degree -- Suyeon Kim's DMA Cello Recital 4: https://hdl.handle.net/2346/10378
