ePrints@TNMGRM (Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University)
ePrints@TNMGRM (Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University)Not a member yet
20811 research outputs found
Sort by
A Comparative study on Short Term Outcome of Karydakis Procedure Vs Limberg Flap for Pilonidal Sinus
No full textA Study on Factors affecting Perioperative Mortality in a Case of Acute Mesenteric Ischaemia
No full textEvaluation of the Utility of Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotisig Fasciitis (LRINEC): A Scoring System for Early Surical Intervention of Necrotising Soft Tissue Infection and Severe Soft Tissue Infection
No full textComparison of Efficacy and Post Operative Complications between Pure Anatomical Repair (Desarda Technique) and Mesh Repair (Lichtenstein Technique) in Primary Inguinal Hernia in Chengalpattu Medical College
No full textTo Evaluate the Intraoperative Factors that Determine the Conversion of Laproscopic Cholecystectomy to Open Cholecystectomy in Chengalpattu Medical College and Hospital
No full text
Effectiveness of Mannheim Index in Predicting Morbidity and Mortality of Patients with Perforative Peritonitis
No full textEvaluate the effectiveness of Vojta therapy and Assistive devices (CP Chair & Customized Ankle Foot Orthoses (AFO), Upper limb gaiters) on primitive reflexes among children with Athetoid Cerebral Palsy
No full textPreclinical study of Siddha Drug Mahalavangathi Chooranam for its Bronchodilator, Anti-histamine and Smooth muscle relaxant activities
No full textIn this dissertation work I have selected MAHALAVANGATHI CHOORANAM (MLC) from the Siddha Literature “Kosayi Anuboga Vythia Brahma Rahasiam Part - III (p.no:81)” authored by Munusamy Muthaliyar for the evaluation of safety, efficacy
and therapeutic potency in Swasa kaasam (Bronchial asthma) for its Bronchodilator, Anti-histamine and Smooth muscle relaxant activities.
❖ MAHALAVANGATHI CHOORANAM is a Polyherbal preparation. It is very effective and traditionally used in the treatment of Swasa kaasam(Bronchial asthma).
❖ Collection of literature reviews regarding the ingredients of trial medicine carried out in Siddha aspect, botanical aspect and Pharmaceutical review. Various
collection of Siddha and modern literatures about the ingredients of the drug supports the fact of bronchodilator activity and their role in maintaining blood glucose level.
❖ All the ingredients of the trial drug MLC were collected from ASN Herbal drug shop, Melapalayam at Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu. Each ingredient is verified and authenticated by the Gunapadam experts from the department of PG Gunapadam of Government Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai. All the ingredients were purified as per the Siddha literature. The trial drug was prepared as
per the procedure given in the literature of “Kosayi Anuboga Vythia Brahma Rahasiam Part – III”
❖ The Siddha standardization of the trial drug MAHALAVANGATHI CHOORANAM indicates the following characters. Organoleptic characters are White in colour, Pleasant odour, sweet and pungent taste, fine powder in appearance and
smooth to touch.
❖ Physicochemical analysis of “MAHALAVANGATHI CHOORANAM” shows,
(a) Loss on drying at 105oC is 1.90 %. The low moisture content of the drug reveals the stability and its shelf-life. The total ash value of MLC was 11.65%. The
value of total ash in the formulation is comparatively high. The value of total ash indicates that the inorganic contents of the formulation are below the limits. The water
soluble ash value of MLC was 9.70%. The water soluble ash value is higher than acid insoluble ash. It represents the good quality of the drug MLC. Acid-insoluble ash value of the prepared formulation MLC (1.95%) shows that a very small amount of the inorganic component is insoluble in acid. It indicates that adulteration of raw ingredients is very less.
(b) The water soluble extractive value of the drug MLC was 9.40%. Higher water-soluble extractive value implies that water is a good solvent of extraction for the formulation. It shows that alkaloids of the formulations are more soluble in water.
(c) The pH is an indication for the alkaline of a substance. It is determined by the number of free hrdrogen ions(H+) in a substance. MAHALAVANGATHI CHOORANAM shows alkaline pH(7.50). The pH level plays a role in enzyme activity
by maintaining the internal environment thus regulating the homeostasis. It also an important factor for drug absorption.
❖ Biochemical analysis shows that the presence of sulphate, chloride, starch, unsaturated compound and amino acids. Among this, Sulphate has been considered as an adjunct therapy for severe and life threatening asthma exacerbation. Amino acids contribute to various anti-oxidant and immunological activities relevant to asthma pathogenesis.
❖ Phytochemical (GC-MS) study shows the presence of those compounds such as 3 Beta-chloro-5alpha-chollestane-5, 6 beta-diol6-acetate, alkaloid - N-(3-pchlorophenyl-
5-p-nitrophenylthien-2-yl)-1-methylpiperidin-2-imine, terpenoid 9,19-cyclolanost-7-en-3-ol, alkaloid – 1,16-cyclocorynan-16-carboxylic acid, 17-(acetyloxy)-19, 20-didehydro-10methoxy, methyl ester, (16 xi, 19E), 3H-cycloprop (1,2) androsta-1, 4, 6-trien-3-one, 11- carboethoxy-11-cyano-1a.2a-dihydro-17a-hydroxy.
❖ Microbial limit test shows that, the total bacterial count and the total fungal count was nil. This indicates that the drug is free from microbial contamination. The
other pathogens like Escherichia coli, Salmonella sps, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found to be completely absent in the drug. This ensures the quality of the drug.
❖ SEM photographs revealed that particles were spherical in shapes and sizes were in the range from 1μm to 300 nm. Although the particle sizes of different batches showed similarity, it seems that these particles were aggregates of much smaller particles. When dispersed in an aqueous medium, these preparations form a negatively charged hydrophobic particle suspension. This hydrophobicity gave these
particles a tendency to aggregate together to form micro particles. MAHALAVANGATHI CHOORANAM exhibited larger sizes and agglomeration of the particles. SEM analysis of the Mahalavangathi chooranam shows most of the
particles present in the sample are micro size, average particle size is 1μm - 300nm.
❖ From the FTIR instrumental analysis, the test drug MLC is known to have alcohol, primary amines, carboxylic acid, alkene, aromatic compound, esater, aldehyde, fluoro compound, aromatic ester, alkyl aryl ether,primary & secondary amines, alkyl halides .Alcohol group of substances have anti microbial activity and broncho dilator
activity. Alkenes have anti oxidant and anti fungal activity. Carboxylic acid is used as antimicrobials. Alkyl halides have little biological activity.They protect against
bacteria and fungai. Primary amines are used as anti-inflammatory and anti viral activity. The bronchodilator effects of a number of sympathomatic amines were assessed in terms of reduction of histamine-induced bronchospasm. This ensures the efficacy and therapeutic effect of the drug MLC.
❖ ICPOES analysis shows that the formulation contains heavy metals are in below detectable level. This results shows Below Detectable Limit (BDL) of Al (Aluminium), As (Arsenic), C (Carbon), Cd (Cadmium), Cu (Copper), Fe (Iron), Hg (Mercury), K (Potassium), Mg (Magnesium), Na (Sodium), S (Sulphur) and Zn (Zinc). So it is considered as safe and free from toxic substances. Higher ferrous iron stores were inversely associated with asthma and lower body iron and higher tissue iron need were associated with lower lung function. Sodium and Potassium regulate the acid-base balance of the body fluids. Magnesium sulphate has been considered as an adjunct therapy for severe and life threatening asthma exacerbation. Phosphorus is an important constituents of phosphate buffers in the blood and urine. Zinc is essential for growth.Zinc are required for optimal activity of the immune system. sulphur performs a number of functions in enzyme reactions and protein synthesis.
❖ From the XRD results this sample is known exhibit crystalline and amorphous nature. Sharp and narrow peaks represent crystalline nature. This is about 67.5% of
the sample. This ensures the stability of the drug. Remaining 32.5 % represents amorphous nature. Amorphous state is ten times more soluble than that of crystalline
state. So this increases the solubility of the drug. The different peaks show the presence of minerals in the samples. This XRD fingerprint shows both the similarities and differences of the sample successfully.
❖ Acute and sub acute toxicity were carried out in Wistar albino rats according to OECD guidelines (423, 407). In the Acute oral toxicity study, the rats were treated with different concentration of MLC from the range of 5mg/kg to 2000mg/kg. This dose level did not produce the signs of toxicity, functional and behavioural changes, and mortality in the test groups as compared to the controls when observed during 14 days of the acute oral toxicity experimental period. So No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) of PVC is 2000 mg/kg. However the test drug MLC does not produce
much significant effect in Body weight, Water intake and food intake. The results are in non-significant. In Acute oral toxicity test the MLC was found to be nontoxic upto
the dose level of 2000mg/ kg body weight.These results showed that a single oral dose of the MLC showed no mortality of these rats even under higher dosage levels
indicating the high margin of safety of this drug.
❖ Sub acute toxicity is carried by repeated dose of test drug for 28 days. The doses selected were200mg, 300 mg and 400 mg/kg of MAHALAVANGATHI CHOORANAM. All animals from control and all the treated dose groups survived throughout the dosing period of 28 days. The results for body weight determination of animals from control and different dose groups show comparable body weight gain throughout the dosing period of 28 days. During dosing period, the quantity of food and water consumed by animals also significantly increase. The results of hematological investigations conducted on 29th day revealed no significant changes
in the hematological values when compared with those of respective controls. This gave clear justification that bone marrow and spleen were not influenced by MLC. The clinical biochemistry analysis was done to evaluate the possible alterations in hepatic and renal functions not influenced by the test drug . Results of Biochemical investigations conducted on days 29 and recorded in revealed the no significant changes in the values of different parameters studied when compared with those of respective controls; Urea, SGOT, SGPT, Bilirubin were within the limits.. Group Mean Relative Organ Weights are recorded Comparison of organ weights of treated animals with respective control animals on day 29 was found to be normal comparable with respective control group. So the toxicological study of the test drug, MLC reveals the safety of the drug for long time administration.
❖ In this pharmacological study, the Bronchodilator activity of MLC showed that the concentration of increased leucocytes counts were decreased in mice. Finally the MLC results represents reduce bronchial inflammation helps airways to dilate.
❖ Anti-histamine activity was performed by histamine induced bronchoconstriction model with pre-convulsion time as testing parameter. MLC Significantly increase in preconvulsion time (PCT) as compared to control following the exposure of histamine aerosol.Hence, MLC possess significant anti-histamine activity.
❖ Smooth muscle relaxant activity of MAHALAVANGATHI CHOORANAM showed significant anticholinergic activity when studied in isolated albino rat ileum model.
❖ The sample MLC was screened for their antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and fungal pathogens using agar well diffusion method along with standard
broad-spectrum antibiotics for bacterial pathogens. After incubation, the zone production on the plates were read as per the standard method and correlated with the result of standard antibiotics. The results illustrated that the given samples have no antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens in higher concentrations.
❖ As per Siddha literature the primary cause of Eraippu noi is increased kapha dosha due to certain diets and activities. This vadha dosha in association with kapha dosha adversely affects the respiratory function such as difficulty in breathing, chest tightness, etc. and causes the disease (Eraippu noi). The test drug MLC has pungent and sweet taste. Pungent taste of MLC normalized the increased Kapha doshas. Sweet taste of MLC cures the symptoms of Eraippu noi related to vadha dosha.
❖ Results and discussion give the necessary and essential justification to prove the potency of test drug with scientific validation. Based on the results presented in this study, it can be concluded that MAHALAVANGATHI CHOORANAM exerts significant Bronchodilator, Anti-histamine and Smooth muscle relaxant activities.
CONCLUSION:
From the literature review and the results of Siddha standardization and Physico-chemical, Bio-chemical and Phytochemical analysis, Microbial Limit test, Instrumental analysis, Toxicological,Pharmacological studies and Antimicrobial activity, it has been concluded that the trial drug MAHALAVANGATHI CHOORANAM, selected from the text book of “Kosayi Anuboga Vythia Brahma Rahasiam Part III” authored by Munusamy Muthaliyar significant Bronchodilator,
Anti-histamine and Smooth muscle relaxant activities. Hence it can be safely used for Swasa kaasam (Bronchial asthma) as an effective drug
Pre-clinical study of Siddha Drug AAVARAIPANCHAGA CHOORANAM for its Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic and Anti Oxidant activities
No full textIn this dissertation work, I have selected “Aavarai panchaga choornam” from the classic Siddha Literature “Kannuswamy patharthagunavilakam” authored by Si.Kannusaamypillaifor the evaluation of safety, efficacy and therapeutic potency in “Madhumegam” for its Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic and Anti – oxidant activities.
❖ Aavarai panchaga choornam is a herbo - mineral preparation. It is very effective and traditionally used in the treatment of Madhumegam (Diabetes mellitus).
❖ Collection of literature reviews regarding the ingredients of trial medicine carried out in siddha aspect, geochemical aspect, botanical aspect and Pharmaceutical review. Various collection of siddha and modern literatures about the ingredients of the drug supports the fact of Hypoglycemic activity and their role in maintaining blood glucose level.
❖ All the ingredients of the trial drug APC were collected from the Rajendra raw drug shop at Nagercoil district, Tamilnadu and collected from fields in Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu. Each ingredient verified and authenticated by the Gunapadam experts from the department of PG Gunapadam of Government Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai. The trial drug was prepared as per the procedure given in the literature of “Kannuswamy pathartha gunavilakam”.
❖ The siddha standardization of the trial drug Aavarai panchaga choornam indicates the drug is brown in colour and coarse nature in powder form and completeness of the drug. Organoleptic characters are brown in colour, pleasant odour, astringent in taste, coarse powder in appearance.
❖ Physicochemical analysis of “Aavarai panchaga choornam” shows,
(a) The percentage of loss on drying at 110C is 1.5%. The low moisture content of the drug reveals the stability and its shelf-life. The water soluble ash value of APC was 9.8%. The water soluble ash value is higher than acid insoluble ash. It represent the good quality of the drug APC. Acid-insoluble ash value of the prepared formulation APC (1.5%) shows that a very small amount of the inorganic component is insoluble in acid.
(b) Water-soluble extractive values of Aavarai panchaga choornam is 9.8%. Higher water-soluble extractive value implies that water is a better solvent of extraction for the formulation.
(c) Aavarai panchaga choornam shows alkaline pH (7.50). The pH level plays a role in enzyme activity by maintaining the internal environment thus regulating the homeostasis. It also an important factor for drug absorption.
❖ Microbial limit test shows viable aerobic and fungal counts within normal level and specific pathogens Escherichia coli, Salmonella Sp, Pseudomonas Proteus vulgaris and staphylococcus aureus are nil. Therefore, the test drug is free from any microbial contamination and it has standard quality. The information obtained from microbial screening tests will be use full in finding out the quality of the drug.
❖ Biochemical analysis shows the presence of Sulphate, Ferrous iron and Amino acids ,Starch,Reducing sugars,Unsaturated compounds in trail drug. Sulphate produced a better controlled effect on the blood sugar level. Iron were associated with a lower risk of high cholesterol levels and reductions in atherosclerosis. Amino acids increasing effect on HDL – cholesterol and decreasing effect on VLDL – cholesterol.
❖ GC-MS Study shows the presence of these compounds such as. 4,(4 Diethylamino-1-methyl butylamino)-1,2 dimethoxy 6-bromonapthalene, 1, 1-cyclobutanedicarboxamide, 2-phenyl-N-N1- bis(1-phenylethyl), corynan-17-ol, 18.19-didehydro-10-methoxyacrtate (ester), 13, 16, -octadecadiynoic acid, methyl ester, cyclopentanepropanoicacid, 3, 5bis(acetyloxy)-2-(8-(acetoxy)-3-methoxymino)-octyl-methylester.
❖ SEM analysis of the APC shows that the uniform distribution of particles presents in the entire field. Most of the particles present in the sample are Nano size. So, the absorption is more and very minimal quantity of the medicine is enough to treat the disease.
❖ FTIR instrumental analysis was done. The test drug was identified to have 12 peaks. They are the functional groups present in the trial drug Aavaraipanchaga choornam. The above table shows the presence of carboxylic acid, Alkanes, Alkenes, Nitro compounds, Flurocompounds, Halocompounds and Aromatic compounds.Carboxlic acid acts as Anti inflammatory, Antioxidant property Alkanes have (2,3 & 4alkyl groups bonded to the carbon atoms of double bond are disubstituted, trisubstituted, exhibit high antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory activity. Nitrocompounds have anti-inflammatory properties], antioxidant property and hypolipidemicactivity Fluorocompounds has antimicrobial, antiseptic, anti tumor and antioxidant activities.Alkyl halides and aryl halides have little biological activity. They protect against bacteria and fungi. Aromatic compounds They have anti-inflammatory, anti diabetic and antioxidant activities.
❖ ICP – OES reveals high concentration of important minerals like C, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P and Zn Calcium can release insulin from the islet of Langerhans.Iron was associated with a lower risk of high cholesterol levels and reductions in atherosclerosis. Presence of iron in the drug has increased hemoglobin concentration in the blood.Potassium and Sodium Both reduce blood sugar level.Magnesium is an essential nutrient for the body. It helps regulate blood sugar level.Phosphorus, it is an important constituent of phosphate buffers in the blood and urine.Sulfur helps to make the cells rigid and protect cell damage from disease.Carbon is the regulator of the body pH and proper functioning of the digestive. ICP – OES also revealed below detection level of heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead and nickel. Hence, it is safe and it has free from toxic substances.
❖ From XRD results this sample is known exhibit crystalline and amorphous nature. Sharp and narrow peaks represent the amorphous nature. This is about 71.1% of the sample. The ensures the stability of the drug. Remaining 28.9% represent crystalline in nature. An amorphous material can be substantially more souble than corresponding crystalline material as much as 1600 times more soluble. The increased solubility leads to bioavailability advantages of APC. This XRD finger print shows both the similarities and differences of the sample successfully and is a valuable primary tool for checking the quality control of Herbal formulations. The different peaks show the presence of minerals in the samples.
❖ Acute oral toxicity study, the rats were treated with different concentration of APC from the range of 5mg/kg to 2000mg/kg. This dose level did not produce the signs
of toxicity, functional and behavioural changes, and mortality in the test groups observed during 14 days of the acute oral toxicity experimental period. In Acute oral toxicity test the APC was found to be nontoxic upto the dose level of 2000mg/ kg body weight. These results showed that a single oral dose of the PSP showed no mortality of these rats even under higher dosage levels indicating the high margin of safety of this drug.
❖ The dose selected for the 28 daysof repeated dose sub acute oral toxicity study was 200mg, 300mg and 400 mg/kg of APC All the animals were free of intoxicating signs throughout the dosing period of 28 days.Overall observations were similar in both sex rats. The values are non significant. No clinical signs of toxicity were observed. There is a slight variations in the values but they are within the non significant ranges. No mortality was observed after 28 days repeated dose administration of APC. All animals were survived up to study termination period. Hematological and biochemical parameter are normal. No adverse changes with general behavior of rats and also there were no observable detrimental effects (200 to 400 mg/kg) over a period of 28 days.Hence the drug APC can be considered to be safe drug for prolonged use as revealed by toxicological studies.
❖ Hypoglycemic activity results showed, the administration of APC at 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, increase the body weight, reduce the blood glucose level in both fasting and postprandial state, reducing glycosylated hemoglobin level, increase the plasma insulin level and enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism such as hexokinase, Glucose – 6 – phosphate and Glucokinase in STZ induced hyperglycemic rats. It reveals the Hypoglycemic activity of APC
❖ Hypolipidemic activity results showed, the administration of APC at 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, decrease both blood lipid and liver lipid level of the total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and increase the HDL. And it also decrease the SGOT, SGPT, blood urea, protein and blood glucose level in Atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. It reveals the Hypolipidemic activity of APC.
❖ The result of antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) of APC indicate that there was a concentration dependent Anti-oxidant activity of the trail drug this prevents further damage of nerve and other somatic cells.
❖ Antimicrobial study of the test drug results were indicated, that APC is resistant to Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Candid asp.
❖ Siddha medicines are based on Panchabhootham, Arusuvaiand thiridhosas.
As per Siddha system disease is caused by derangements in vital humours.
❖ As in the quote of “gfh;gpj;jtpe;ijayhJNkfk; tuhJ”mega disease is caused by derangement of pithahumour. Literary evidences show that madhumegamcomes under the pitha variety of mega noi 20.
❖ The increased pithahumours also increase hunger and thirst. Polyphagia and Polydipsia are also one of the symptoms of diabetes mellitus.
❖ Hence the drug Aavarai panchaga choornam has an astringent taste. It acts as an antagonist for the taste normalized the pithahumour in the disease Madhumegam.
❖ Thus the medicine Aavaraipanchaga choornam gives the best action to treat the disease Madhumegam.
❖ Based on the results presented in this study, it can be concluded that Aavaaraipanchaga choornamexerts significant Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic and Anti – oxidant activity.
CONCLUSION:
From the literature review and the results of Siddha standardization and Physico-chemical, Bio-chemical and Phytochemical analysis, Microbial limit tests, Instrumental analysis, Toxicological, Pharmacological studies it has been concluded that The trial drug is a Aavarai panchaga choornam in selected from the text book of “Kannuswamy pathartha guna vilakam- mooligai varkam” page no.64, authored by Si.Kannusamy Pillai got a significant Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic and Anti-oxidant activity. So it can be safely used for Madhumegam as an effective drug