Notre Dame Seishin University Academic Repository / ノートルダム清心女子大学学術機関リポジトリ

目次
雑誌名 Immaculata
号 24
発行年 2020
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1560/00000462/
目　　次
『ある婦人の肖像』における小説版と映画版の比較研究 石黒　真衣 …   １
Cynthia Ozick: The Shawl ― ローザが喪失したもの 太田　由佳 …   11
In Search of Hedonism through Singer’s Literature 原田　紗希 …   20
What technology reflects about humanity 平松　芽衣 …   28
Metaphors of Gods in Antony and Cleopatra  山下いずみ …   35
The Influence of Others on the Development of 
　Laura’s Identity in The Glass Menagerie 山田　真奈 …   45
『ハワーズ・エンド』における継承の問題 和田万由子 …   53
How does a person change due to studying abroad?  石原　聖奈 …   63
日本語母語話者による英語の動物に関する慣用句の解釈について 大野　　彩 …   72
受動文中の副詞の位置 河原田有香 …   82
英語のレトリックについて
　― メトニミーとシネクドキーを中心に ― 中島　杏奈 …   95
CONTENTS
A Comparative Study of the Novel and Film Adaptation of The Portrait of a Lady
 Mai Ishiguro …   １
Cynthia Ozick: The Shawl―What Rosa lost Yuka Ota …   11
In Search of Hedonism through Singer’s Literature Saki Harada …   20
What technology reflects about humanity Mei Hiramatsu …   28
Metaphors of Gods in Antony and Cleopatra Izumi Yamashita …   35
The Influence of Others on the Development of Laura’s Identity 
in The Glass Menagerie Mana Yamada …   45
Inheritance and Legacy in Howards End Mayuko Wada …   53
How does a person change due to studying abroad? Seina Ishihara …   63
The Interpretation of English animal idioms by Japanese native speakers Aya Ono …   72
Adverb positions in passive sentences Yuka Kawaharada …   82
Rhetoric of English with focuses on Metonymy and Synecdoche Anna Nakashima …   95


石黒, 真衣

A Comparative Study of the Novel and Film Adaptation of The Portrait of a Lady

目次
雑誌名 ノートルダム清心女子大学紀要. 人間生活学・児童
学・食品栄養学編
巻 44
号 1
発行年 2020
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1560/00000430/




Haitian, Haitian Creole

奥付
雑誌名 ノートルダム清心女子大学紀要. 外国語・外国文学
編/文化学編/日本語・日本文学編
巻 44
号 1
発行年 2020
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1560/00000451/
編　集　後　記
　紀要第44巻第１号を刊行いたします。刊行にあたり、執筆者各位、査読者各位、
編集の実務を担当した事務部各位のご協力にお礼申しあげます。
　本紀要に関してご意見などお知らせいただければ幸いです。
2020年２月
編集委員長
編 集 委 員
〃
〃
〃
〃
〃
石　原　金　由
山　部　順　治
東　城　敏　毅
西　尾　和　美
杉　山　博　昭
平　松　清　志
長　濱　統　彦
ノートルダム清心女子大学
外国語・外国文学編
日本語・日本文学編
文 化 学 編
第44巻第１号
発行所　岡山市北区伊福町 2-16-9（〒700-8516）
印刷所　有限会社ダイニ印刷
ノー トルダム清心女子大学
TEL（086）252-1155
2020年３月１日　印　刷
2020年３月２日　発　行
（通巻55号）


Japanese

奥付

奥付
雑誌名 Immaculata
号 24
発行年 2020
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1560/00000469/
編　集　後　記
　Immaculata 第 24号を刊行いたします。おかげさまで本号でも、11編の投稿原稿（英
米文学 7編、英語学 4編）を掲載することができました。本学の英米文学、英語学分野
における研究成果にお目を通していただき今後とも御指導御鞭撻のほどよろしくお願い
申し上げます。
　本号刊行にあたっては、ダイニ印刷の方々やご指導いただいた諸先生、そして大学院
生の太田さんに、多大なるご協力をいただきました。ここに厚く御礼を申し上げます。
（文責　坂口）
　　2020年３月
2019年度　編集委員　　　広瀬　佳司　
坂口　真理　
ノートルダム清心女子大学
英語英米文学研究会
Immaculata　第24号
　　　　2020年 3 月 1 日　印　刷
　　　　2020年 3 月18日　発　行
　　　　　　発行所　岡山市北区伊福町 2－16－9（〒 700－8516）
　　　　　　　　　　　　ノ ー ト ル ダ ム 清 心 女 子 大 学
　　　英語英米文学研究会
　　　　　　　　　　　　TEL（086）252―7248
　　　　　　　　　　　　FAX（086）252―5734（英語英文学科　合同研究室）
　　　　　　 印刷所　有 限 会 社 ダ イ ニ 印 刷


小嶋, 博巳

Documents Related to the Buddhist Pilgrim Called Rokujurokubu Archived in "Kemmon-Zuihitsu(Essay)", Owned by Iwase Bunko,Nishio City,Aichi Pref.

日下, 紀子

On Difficulties in Mourning Work : The Dead Mother Complex

池田, 満之

Proposal for an "ESD Habit-Check-Sheet" that Shows the High Effectiveness : Developing Tools for Achieving "ESD by 2030"

平松, 芽衣

What technology reflects about humanity
journal or
publication title
Immaculata
number 24
page range 28-34
year 2020
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1560/00000465/
− 28−
What technology reflects about humanity
Mei Hiramatsu
Introduction
In recent years, the rapid development of technology has had a great impact on the world. For 
example, now we can get a lot of information from TV, newspapers, smartphones and so on, and 
communicate with people all over the world immediately. In particular, Artificial Intelligence is 
paid the most attention. Artificial Intelligence is becoming close to humans and our lives throngh 
such devices as smartphones, computers and cars.
There are many news articles about Artificial Intelligence being very useful and making 
our lives better. Is that true? This paper will examine good and bad effects of technology like 
Artificial Intelligence on modern society and our lives, and examine the way humanity is using 
it. I will draw connections, too, with the twentieth century novel, The Amber Spyglass by Philip 
Pullman, and the nineteenth century classic, Frankenstein by Mary Shelley.
Artificial Intelligence and humans
What is Artificial Intelligence like and how do humans relate to it? Michael Hoffman, a fiction 
writer and journalist, notes that:
Humanity is turning a corner. The signpost is marked “AI”. Everyone knows that what it 
stands for. Who knows what it means? We know what it’s beginning to look like. “Futuristic” 
is a word that springs to mind. “Presentistic” would be better, but the dictionary fails us. 
Artificial Intelligence is here, now; nothing like what it will be, even more unlike anything 
that’s ever been… It sees good and bad, opportunities and pitfalls. Think of it as a wave. You 
either ride it or drown.
Artificial Intelligence is useful and has great effects for humans, but Hoffman says that 
Artificial Intelligence also has bad aspects. He focuses on the negative aspects of Artificial 
− 29−
Intelligence when he reminds us that:
You can no more skirt the “AI revolution” today than, two and three centuries ago, you could 
the Industrial Revolution. An 18th-century British weaver named Ned Ludd tried. He and 
the mob he led smashed the new factory machines that were throwing manual workers out 
of work. The English language honors him to this day with the word “luddite”, synonymous 
more or less with “technophobic.” Otherwise, however, history passed him by. That said, AI 
is disquieting. At least it has aspects that are.
The development of technology makes our lives better, but some people will suffer from the 
progress of Artificial Intelligence. In the near future, Artificial Intelligence will become superior 
to humans, and humans may come under the control of Artificial Intelligence. Furthermore, 
Hoffman points out that:
The Industrial Revolution, in destroying old jobs, created new ones. The AI revolution will 
not. What intelligent machines can do better, faster and more cheaply that humans will be 
assigned to them. A 2015 study by Nomura Research foresees 49 percent of current jobs being 
taken over by AI. Unemployment will cease to be a hopefully temporary condition a small 
percentage of unfortunates fall into. It will be chronic and massive. Two questions arise, one 
economic (what will the unemployed live on?); the other social and psychological (what will 
they do with themselves?)
If Artificial Intelligence takes over our current jobs, what will happen to our future? How 
should we make money and live? Artificial Intelligence is beyond our understanding and 
imagination, and the development of technology and Artificial Intelligence has great influences 
on our everyday life. In the near future, if humans continue to develop Artificial Intelligence 
which not only can study and think but also move by itself without the help of the creator, if it 
leaves the control of the creator, what effects could it have and how could humans be influenced? 
Can humans learn from things that they have created, like Artificial Intelligence, something that 
surpasses human intelligence? How should humans relate with Artificial Intelligence? 
The effects of technology and Artificial Intelligence on humans
How does technology influence us? We see examples. Everywhere in tourist spots, people 
− 30−
hold some local food in one hand and their smartphone in the other. They look at an historic 
building and a beautiful view through their smartphone to take pictures. They see it on the screen 
of smartphone, even though they are in front of a beautiful historical building. After taking some 
pictures, they still look into their smartphone because they have to post the pictures on a Social 
Networking Service. People can’t be away from their smartphones. Therefore, they don’t know 
the feelings of their friends and family even if they go to the tourist spot together. We used to use 
cameras and would talk to people whom we had never met before and ask them to take a picture 
of us. The people asked would try to take a beautiful picture, and decide where we should stand 
and how to pose. Although meeting for the first time, we would cooperate with each other. That 
is a human encounter. However, now we use smartphones to take pictures of ourselves. We don’t 
have to talk to anyone. 
Moreover, technology is spreading. Stores have automatic registers and it is thought that 
the clerks of clothing shops and convenience stores will soon disappear. We can buy food and 
clothes without saying anything or talking to anyone, in the quiet store. What about technology’s 
influence in the family? A child is crying and shouting loudly, and a mother sighs and gives her 
child a smartphone without saying a word. The child stops crying and plays a game using the 
smartphone in silence.
These common points show that we can do many things easily using technology, but humans’ 
ability to relate is disappearing, so the convenience of technology is taking humanity and 
human relationships away from human beings. We can see a beautiful flower, a pretty dog and 
a wonderful landscape using a smartphone or computer without going far away. It is convenient 
for humans, but we are deeply absorbed in the virtual world of the screen, and we forget to see 
what is around us. Also, though we can see them in the screen, we can’t touch or feel the warmth 
of the flower, the dog or the atmosphere of the beautiful country unless we go there actually. In 
the human relationship, it is important for us to meet and communicate with people actually, not 
communicating virtually with people through the screen of the smartphone. To face and look 
into eyes directly and shake hands with each other, we can feel our heart and expression, and 
it connects to our humanity. The rich connection of humans is essential for us not to lose our 
humanity.
In my opinion, humanity isn’t just rich, smart, beautiful and so on, so what is humanity? 
Artificial Intelligence is complete and never makes mistakes, but a human being is incomplete. 
Because human beings have absolute freedom, we can choose and determine everything by 
ourselves. We can decide what to do, where to go and eat, and we can act according to our 
− 31−
choices. With Artificial Intelligence, everything is programmed visibly by humans, however, 
humans importantly share things that are unseen. For example, in the twentieth century novel, 
The Amber Spyglass by Philip Pullman, Lyra hears the story of Dr. Malone’s first love from her. 
When Lyra hears of the emotion of falling in love with someone, she 
Felt something strange happen to her body. She felt as if she had been handed the key to a 
great house she hadn’t known was there, a house that was somehow inside her, and as she 
turned the key, she felt other doors opening deep in the darkness, and lights coming on (444).
Humans are the only animals that have language and speak, and Dr. Malone and Lyra share 
the feeling of falling in love with someone. We can tell and share with someone our feelings like 
anger, happiness and sorrow that are unseen. By doing so, humans can understand and support 
each other. The definitive difference between humans and Artificial Intelligence is that Artificial 
Intelligence needs no others, but humans live by connecting with each other. Technology often 
takes heart away from humans. Technological equipment is convenient for us, so we overuse 
and depend on it, and it leads to human relationships weakening. Therefore, we shouldn’t be 
swallowed by the wave of technology, and we should think of the correct way to use technology 
for us. 
The one thing we must not do is abandon our creation like Dr. Frankenstein. In the story 
of Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley, Victor Frankenstein is interested in life. “One of the 
phenomena which had peculiarly attracted my attention was the structure of the human frame, 
and, indeed, any animal endued with life” (52). Shelley shows how Victor “revolved these 
circumstances in my mind, and determined thenceforth to apply [himself] more particularly to 
those branches of natural philosophy which relate to physiology” (52). Then, after working hard, 
Victor “succeeded in discovering the cause of generation and life”. Actually, he goes even further 
and becomes, “capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter” (53). However, Victor’s 
pride is shaken and he is horrified by the ugly figure of his creation, and he rejects and abandons 
it. The monster however, has intelligence and feelings and demands of Victor: “’ You must create 
a female for me, with whom I can live in the interchange of those sympathies necessary for my 
being” (147). Victor promises to create a female monster for him, but he breaks his promise. 
“’Begone! I do break my promise; never will I create another like yourself, equal in deformity 
and wickedness” (172). His words make the monster mad. To Victor, he said: “Slave, I before 
− 32−
reasoned with you, but you have proved yourself unworthy of my condescension. Remember that 
I have power; you believe yourself miserable, but I can make you so wretched that the light of 
day will be hateful to you. You are my creator, but I am your master―obey!”’ (172).
Yuval Noah Harari, a historian, philosopher and the best-selling author of Sapiens and Homo 
Deus compares the bad aspects of Artificial Intelligence to Frankenstein observing that:
In 1818 Mary Shelley published Frankenstein, the story of a scientist who tries to create a 
superior being and instead creates a monster. At first sight, the Frankenstein story appears 
to warn us that if we try to play God and engineer life we will be punished severely. Yet the 
story has a deeper meaning. The Frankenstein myth confronts Homo sapiens with the fact 
that the last days are fast approaching. […] the pace of technological development will soon 
lead to the replacement of Homo sapiens by completely different beings who possess not only 
different physiques, but also very different cognitive and emotional worlds (461-462).
In my opinion, ‘completely different beings’ means Artificial Intelligence, and this state 
relates with Frankenstein’s monster. Human beings create many things to make our lives more 
convenient without considering the possible risks of our creations. The monster that Frankenstein 
created, and rejected, took revenge on him by killing his precious person, and then, between 
Victor Frankenstein and his monster a deep hatred grew. It shows that what is created by humans 
may become superior to their creators; then, the creator may be destroyed because of his creation. 
Frankenstein really connects with the problems of Artificial Intelligence, and this situation is 
similar to what is happening in our society. Artificial Intelligence is one of the most significant 
inventions of technology to date and has become part of our everyday life. Scientists have created 
many kinds of robots, Artificial Intelligences and information terminals such as smartphones, 
cellphones and computers to make our lives more convenient and comfortable.
However, there are many people who have been becoming addicted to smartphones and 
internet games recently. The incidents of associated sleeping disorders are rising. People created 
machines, but recently they seem to be becoming slaves of these machines, and we see the 
suffering of Frankenstein connecting with the technological problems of our current society.
Artificial Intelligence is expressed in terms of the perfect machine: it never makes any 
mistakes. However, if Artificial Intelligence could not control itself or obey its creators, like 
Frankenstein’s monster, what could people do to stop them? Humans can’t control Artificial 
− 33−
Intelligence with their intelligence forever because the intelligence of AI is superior to human 
brains, but can we find a way for people to live their lives and exist with Artificial Intelligence? 
The difference between humans and Artificial Intelligence is that humans have feelings, and the 
feelings of warmth and love are important for humans. If people could become friendly with their 
creations, would this improve things? It is of utmost importance that people consider and realize 
how to relate with the things they have created such as Artificial Intelligence.
Conclusion
Technological progress has shaped our society, and the evolution of Artificial Intelligence will 
never stop. Artificial Intelligence is used in various fields and it has both positive and negative 
effects on humans. It helps to make our lives more convenient and comfortable. However, we 
sometimes suffer from the ‘disease’ of Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence also carries 
out jobs quickly and correctly without any complaining. Why are people afraid of the power and 
the ability of Artificial Intelligence? Because we are addicted by them, make bad use of them, 
and this leads to trouble. People also fear that the thing that humans have created will destroy our 
lives, like Frankenstein’s monster.
Moreover, humans are becoming friendly with Artificial Intelligence and humanoid robots, 
but this difference is important: Human beings have feelings, emotions and heart, and Artificial 
Intelligence doesn’t have them or feel at all. People are weak creatures, and we live by helping 
and supporting each other, so we have cultivated sympathetic and kind hearts. That is the strong 
and great point of humanity which Artificial Intelligence and humanoid robots don’t have. That 
is the essential difference between humans and Artificial Intelligence. Furthermore, the feelings 
of humans show something warm, and the insensibility of robots and machines show something 
cold.
Scientists continue to create things so that our lives become more convenient. Do we realize 
how the improvement of technology influences us? Robot technology, medical technology and 
Artificial Intelligence have great impacts on our life. The influence is overall good for humans, 
but humans mustn’t forget the bad influences of technology. However, at the same time, we 
mustn’t abandon them like Dr. Frankenstein. In other words, ‘Don’t throw the baby out with the 
bath water’. If we think the improvement of technology is annoying, we must never desert them, 
because humans created Artificial Intelligence, robots and machines. We must keep having our 
great senses, and feelings like love and figure out ways to coexist with Artificial Intelligence.
− 34−
‘The singularity’ is the concept that Artificial Intelligence is growing and superior to humans, 
and making a big change in human nature. In the future, we may be under the control of Artificial 
Intelligence, and suffer from it like Dr. Frankenstein unless we properly take care of all of our 
relationships.
Technology is a force that makes it possible for us to do things we could not do before. For 
example, it is ordinary now to be able to record beautiful scenery and exciting experiences in 
digital form using a camera. In addition, we can easily talk with people far away by cellphones.
We use technology for doing work faster and more perfectly, by sharing our ideas and 
memories, watching beautiful scenery in foreign countries using smartphones and computers. 
However, is it really good that technology occupies so much of our lives?
We learn what humanity is through our relations both with what we have created and with 
what we have fostered. Technological progress has influenced us with both good and bad effects. 
It has taught us the differences between humans and Artificial Intelligence. We must consider our 
future with technology, what it teaches us and how we relate with it.
Works cited
Harari, Yuval Noah. Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. New York: HarperCollins 
Publishers, 2017. Print.
Harari, Yuval Noah. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. London: Vintage, 2011. Print.
Hoffman, Michael. “What’s to become of humanity when AI replaces us all?” The Japan Times. 
24 Feb. 2018. Web. 14 Mar. 2018
Pullman, Philip. The Amber Spyglass. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. Print.
Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. London: Penguin Classics. 1985. Print.
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Contents

A Comparative Study of the Novel and Film Adaptation of The Portrait of a Lady

Contents

奥付

奥付

Documents Related to the Buddhist Pilgrim Called Rokujurokubu Archived in "Kemmon-Zuihitsu(Essay)", Owned by Iwase Bunko,Nishio City,Aichi Pref.

On Difficulties in Mourning Work : The Dead Mother Complex

Proposal for an "ESD Habit-Check-Sheet" that Shows the High Effectiveness : Developing Tools for Achieving "ESD by 2030"

What technology reflects about humanity

Another World within the World of Violence : Elizabeth Bowen's Irish Modernism in "Recent Photograph" and "Look at All Those Roses"

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