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MONITORING OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS IN A PETROLEUM REFINERY
No full textIn a petroleum refinery the hydrocarbon emissions which are mostly fugitive in nature are emitted from process, offsites and periodic accidental releases such as: aterials storage & handling, process, equipment leaks, solvent evaporation, combustion sources, waste treatment etc. In India, the monitoring of such emissions in a refinery are limited as also the standards are not set for its limit in
ambient air. Hence there is an urgent need for generating a database for such emissions. Recently in India, MoEF/CPCB has set some guidelines under CREP rules for monitoring such emissions in a refinery. A detailed monitoring of the hydrocarbon emissions from different sources in a typical 10.5 MMTPA Indian refinery is undertaken during 1999–2001 and the results are presented. It is observed that the storage tank emissions alongwith process leaks form the major contributor towards fugitive hydrocarbon emissions.
Keywords: fugitive hydrocarbon emission
THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE PRECURSORS OF RUTHENIA–TITANIA BASEDMIXED OXIDES
No full textStudies on ruthenia–titania based materials have been attractive because of their catalytic properties as well as due to the possibility of
solid solution formation. Samples of pure ruthenia and ruthenia containing various amounts of titania (10–70 mol%) were investigated
during heating of their hydroxide precursors from 20 to 800°C in air using emanation thermal analysis (ETA), thermogravimetry (TG),
and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The resulting mixed oxide type materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), which
indicate the presence of three ruthenia–titania phases. The onset temperature of the crystallization of materials was identified by ETA results,
whereas DTA effects characterized the crystallization in bulk of the samples. A good agreement was found between the ETA results
and other characterization techniques used. ETA results, indicating the microstructural changes in surface and subsurface of ruthenia–titania
based catalytic materials, can be used for optimization of their synthesis protocols to achieve the better physical properties
INDOOR AIR QUALITY AT SALARJUNG MUSEUM, HYDERABAD, INDIA
No full textDeterioration of art objects at Salarjung Museum has been noticed such as blackening of white and pink pigments of Indian miniature paintings and other objects like pigments, paints, varnishes, coatings, silver ware, zari works, textiles, which are displayed in museum galleries. The
cause of deterioration of the artifacts is attributed to air pollution. The outdoor air pollution levels with respect to suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, aldehydes and oxidants are observed to be high when compared with background environment and ambient air quality standards for sensitive areas. The indoor air quality levels in terms of various parameters including temperature and relative humidity (RH) observed to be more than the threshold limits. The climatic conditions coupled with polluted indoor air are the main causes for the deterioration of art objects. Hence remedial measures are suggested to avoid further deterioration of object
Improvement in optical brightness of flayash based zeolite-A for use as detergent builder
No full textDemonstration of Components of Antigen 85 Complex in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Tuberculous Meningitis Patients
No full textTuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most common form of chronic infection of the central nervous system.
Despite the magnitude of the problem, the general diagnostic outlook is discouraging. Specifically, there is no
generally accepted early confirmative diagnosis protocol available for TBM. Various Mycobacterium tuberculosis
antigens are now recognized as potential markers for diagnosis of TBM. However, their presence remains
questionable, and many of these antigens are reported in the blood but not in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
This study identifies a specific protein marker in CSF which will be useful in early diagnosis of TBM. We have
demonstrated the presence of a 30-kDa protein band in CSF of 100% (n � 5) of confirmed and 90% (n � 138)
of suspected TBM patients out of 153 TBM patients. The 30-kDa band was excised from the gel, destained
extensively, and digested with trypsin. The resulting peptides were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem
mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Partially purified proteins from CSF samples of TBM were analyzed by
two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. Immunoblotting and enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to confirm the presence of proteins in the 30-kDa protein band.
The antigen 85 (Ag 85) complex was detected in CSF of TBM patients by indirect ELISA using antibodies
against Ag 85 complex. The results of this study showed the 30-kDa protein band contained MTB proteins
Rv3804c (Ag85A) and Rv1886c (Ag 85B), both members of the Ag85 complex. This was also confirmed by using
immunotechniques such as indirect ELISA and the dot immunobinding assay. Detection of Ag85 complex was
observed in CSF of 89% (71 out of 80) of suspected TBM patients that were 30-kDa protein positive. The
observed 30-kDa protein in the CSF is comprised of the MTB Ag85 complex. This protein was earlier reported
to be present in the blood of patients with extra-central nervous system tuberculosis. Therefore, this finding
suggests that this protein can be used as a molecular marker for any type of tuberculous infection. It also
provides a more sensitive immunoassay option for the early and confirmatory diagnosis of TBM
Assessment of the mechanical stability and chemical leachability of immobilized electroplating waste
No full textThe effectiveness of cement based treatment technology, in immobilizing chromium laden electroplating sludge was
assessed by conducting toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The mechanical stability of the blocks was
tested by measuring the compressive strength. Other leaching tests such as NEN 7341 test, ANS 16.1 and multiple
TCLP (MTCLP) test conducted on select solidified blocks showed that chromium was immobilized by the binder studied.
A linear relationship was obtained between the cumulative fraction of chromium leached (CFL) and square root of
time in the solidified samples proving that diffusion is the controlling mechanism for leaching of chromium. The leachability
indices (LI) obtained for the solidified materials using cement and cement-fly ash system (EPC6, EPFC6A and
EPFC6B) satisfy the guidance value as per US NRC, which clearly indicates that chromium is well retained within the
solid matrix. Chromium concentrations in the TCLP leachates of the above mix ratios were well within the regulatory
level of United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Molecular characterization of the solidified material was carried out using Fourier transformation infra red (FTIR) technique
Microaerophilic–aerobic sequential batch reactor for treatment of azo dyes containing simulated wastewater
No full textAzo dyes are considered to be resistant to attack by aerobic microorganisms and not amenable to aerobic effluent treatment process. Azo dyes are decolorized under anaerobic or microaerophilic condition by the enzyme azoreductase secreted by microorganisms. The present study is a new approach to decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes from simulated wastewater in an aerobic sequencing batch reactor. Facultative microorganisms under microaerophilic conditions decolorize azo dyes and total biodegradation occurs under aerated conditions. Laboratory flask experiments with various combination modes of aeration and static have shown 92.84% initial COD reduction along with
99.0% decolorization. Accordingly, an investigation was made on a laboratory scale to assess the feasibility of microaerophilic fixed film bed reactor system to decolorize simulated textile wastewater including the influence of operating conditions. Work was carried out with a laboratory scale down flow reactor, equipped with beads used in insulation as support. A continuous reactor for decolorization/biodegradation of azo dyes in aerobic sequencing reactor needs an understanding of a sequence. The first reactor was always operated under microaerophilic
down flow fixed film fixed bed conditions, where the azo dyes from simulated wastewater were decolorized at 7.72 h hydraulic retention time with 2.2392 kg/m3 per day loading rate. COD reduction of 74.67% was achieved. The second reactor operated in a down flow fixed bed, and shows a significant decrease in COD along with ammonia, nitrite and nitrate
