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Estimation of effect of gasoline quality improvement on reduction of air toxic emissions in Dhaka
No full textGasoline quality improvement alone can reduce total
pollution load from vehicles to a considerable extent.
A spreadsheet-based model has been developed in the
present study to demonstrate this. An annual emission
inventory for gasoline-driven vehicles was prepared
with respect to volatile organic compounds, toxic air
pollutants and nitrogen oxides using vehicle population data, growth rate of vehicles and usage characteristics
in Dhaka. Results of the present and projected air
toxic emission inventory using planned improvement in
gasoline quality reveal that an emission reduction of
about 20% may be achieved. A significant reduction of
about 60% in pollutants like benzene justifies gasoline
quality improvement in a developing country like
Bangladesh
One-tenth dose of LC50 of 4-tert-butylphenol causes endocrine disruption and metabolic changes in Cyprinus carpio
No full textOf the huge annual worldwide production (500,000 MT in 1997) of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs) that are widely used as nonionic surfactants and anti-oxidants in variety of products, 60% ends up in water bodies. They undergo biodegradation to form octyl-,butyl-, and nonyl-phenols. This experiment evaluated eVects of 4-tert-butyl phenol (4-TBP) in Cyprinus carpio, a projected candidate species
in sewage fed Wsheries. The 96th h LC50 of 4-TBP was found to be 6.9mg/L. Fishes were treated with 1/10th (0.69mg/L), 1/5th (1.38mg/L), and 1/3rd (2.3mg/L) dose of LC50. Whereas there was signiWcant (P< 0.01) decrease in alkaline phosphatase [EC 3.1.3.1] and aspartate aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.1] activity; alanine aminotranferase [EC 2.6.1.2] and acid phosphatase [3.1.3.2] (except decrease at 1/10th dose of LC50) activity, vitellogenin production in muscle and hepatic- and reno-somatic indices were increased compared to
control. With all the dose levels tested, testicular-somatic index (testis size) was reduced (P< 0.01) and histo-architectural changes in testicular and liver tissue were found even in group given 1/3rd dose of LC50
Atmospheric Concentrations of Sulphur Dioxide in and Around a Typical Indian Petroleum Refinery
No full textModeling rhizofiltration: heavy-metal uptake by plant roots
No full textThe discovery of phytoaccumulation potential of plant species has led to its application for remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil and wastewater, which is termed as phytoextraction/rhizofiltration. For prediction, analysis, planning and cost-effective design of such systems, mathematical models not only are used as a screening tool but also provide optimal parameters like harvesting time, irrigation schedule, etc. Several laboratory and field scale studies have been carried out in the past, and mathematical expressions have been developed by various researchers for different phenomena like metal adsorption in soil, plant root growth with time, moisture and metal
uptake by plant root, moisture movement in unsaturated zone, soil moisture relationship, etc. The complete design of any such phytoremediation program would require the knowledge of behavior of heavy-metal movement in soil, water and plant root system. In this paper, a model for simulating heavy-metal dynamics in soil, water and plant root system is developed and discussed. The governing
non-linear partial differential equation is solved numerically by implicit finite difference method using Picard’s iterative technique, and the formulation has been illustrated using a characteristic example. The source code is written in MATLA
Marine water quality assessment at Mumbai West Coast
No full textIn recent past, Mumbai Municipal corporation was not able to keep pace with required infrastructural facilities due to unprecedented population growth. Sewage disposal is one of the major issues, which needed immediate attention because huge quantity of sewage with only preliminary
treatment is disposed into the nearby coastal areas and has deteriorated the water quality of the near coastal region. World Bank assisted Bombay Sewage Disposal Project (BSDP) undertaken by the Municipal Corporation of Bruhan Mumbai (MCBM) envisaged sewage discharges through marine outfalls at Worli and Bandra and treatment by aerated lagoons for other areas before disposal in creeks. During BSDP programme, studies were undertaken on water quality assessment along the west coast of Mumbai before and after commissioning of the Worli outfall. A pre- and
post-commissioning water quality database for selected parameters was generated for near shore as well as west coast region up to 5 km seaward distance to assess the efficacy of the Worli outfall and delineate the areas affected around diffuser location of the outfall due to sewage disposal.This paper presents observations of the coastal studies at Mumbai and the impact zone of Worli outfall
Anticlastogenic Effect of Redistilled Cow's Urine Distillate in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes challenged With Manganese Dioxide and Hexavalent chromium
No full textCalibration and Validation of Far Field Dilution Models For Outfall Atworil, MUMBAI
No full textThe city of Mumbai, India with a population of 15 million discharges about 2225 MLD of domestic wastewater after partial treatment to adjoining marine water body. Under the Mumbai Sewage Disposal Project Scheme, sewage is being disposed to the west coast at Worli and Bandra through 3.4 kms long submarine outfalls. A field study was conducted at recently commissioned outfall diffuser location at Worli, at the onset of neap flood tide to study the dispersion patterns and measure the far field dilutions using radio and dye tracers. Estimated dilutions using different
tracers were compared with outputs from an empirical model (Brooks) and a 2D numerical model (DIVAST). Validation using parameters such as BOD and FC, indicated a good match for BOD in near field compared to FC. The radiotracer 82Br and Rhodamine WT generally gave good correlation with Brooks’ and DIVAST models for nearfield, however at further distances predictions were not accurate
Trends of particulate matter in four cities in India
No full textParticulate matter (PM) in all the four Metropolitan cities in India are higher than the prescribed standards of Central
Pollution Control Board, India as well as WHO guidelines. Over last 10 years various changes in fuel quality, vehicle
technologies, industrial fuel mix and domestic fuel mix have taken place resulting in changes in air quality in these cities. A set of time series analysis methods viz. t-test adjusted for seasonality, Seasonal Kendall test and Intervention analysis have been applied to identify and estimate the trend in PM10 and total suspended particles (TSP) levels monitored for about 10 years at three monitoring sites at each of the four cities in India. These tests have indicated that overall PM10 levels in all
four metro cities have been decreasing or stationary. The distinct trends for the monthly averages of PM10 concentrations at Parel, Kalbadevi in Mumbai and Thiruvattiyar in Chennai for the period 1993–2003 were declining by 10%, 6% and 5% per annum, respectively. This is ascribed to a shift in the magnitude and spatial distribution of emissions in the city.However, the monthly averages of TSP do not have a clear trend over the period 1991–2003
Study of the formation of perovskite type lanthanum ruthenates by heating their hydrous precursor
No full textEmanation thermal analysis (ETA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetry (TG), evolved gas analysis with mass spectrometric
detection (EGA-MS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the formation of perovskite type lanthanum ruthenates on heating
their hydroxide precursor in argon from 20 to 1200 ◦C. The co-precipitated lanthanum–ruthenium mixed hydroxide containing a small amount of
carbonates was used as a precursor. The mass loss corresponding to the release of water and CO2 from the precursor was determined by TG and
EGA (MS), respectively. The ETA characterized the exposure of sample surface after release of water and CO2, as well as microstructure development
corresponding to the crystallization and structure ordering of LaRuO3 and La3.5Ru4.0O13 perovskite phases. The obtained information
on formation of phases and their transformation is useful for optimizing their synthesis protocols for achieving the desired physical properties,
and to estimate the thermal stability of these materials to be used as catalysts
Seasonal variations of PM10 and TSP in Residential and Industral Sites in an Urban Area of Kolkata, India
No full textAbstract : The objective of the study is to investigate seasonal and spatial variations of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10um) and TSP (total suspended particulate matter) of an Indian Metropolis with high pollution and population density from November 2003 to November 2004. Ambient concentration measurements of PM10 and TSP were carried out at two monitoring sites of an urban region of Kolkata. Monitoring sites have been selected based on the dominant activities of the area. Meteorological parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, temperature and relative humidity were also collected simultaneously during the sampling period from Indian Meteorological Department, Kolkata. The 24h average concentrations of PM10 and TSP were found in the range 68.2-280.6ug/m3 and 139.3-580.3ug/m3 for residential (Kasba) area, while 62.4- 401.2ug/m3 and 125.7-732.1ug/m3 for industrial (Cossipore) area, respectively. Winter concentrations of particulate pollutants were higher than other seasons, irrespective of the monitoring sites. It indicates a longer residence time of particulates in the atmosphere during winter due to low winds and low mixing height. Spread of air pollution sources and non-uniform mixing conditions in an urban area often result in spatial variation of pollutant concentrations. The higher particulate pollution at industrial area may be attributed due to resuspension of road dust, soil dust, automobile traffic and nearby industrial emissions. Particle size analysis result shows that PM10 is about 52% of TSP at residential area and 54% at industrial area