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Novel application of bacteriophage for controlling foaming in wastewater treatment plant- an eco-friendly approach
No full textThis addendum to “Novel application of bacteriophage for controlling foaming in wastewater treatment plant- an eco-friendly approach “ includes characteristics of the phages NOC1, NOC2 and NOC3 not discussed in the previous paper. The phage adsorption and host interaction properties, their sensitivity to pH and temperature are inferred. NOC2 is seen to be more temperature resistant while others are not. All the phages show pH sensitivity. There is a variance observed in the behavior of these phages. Also, applicability of the phage based system to large scale reactors is studied and discussed here
The Identification of Discriminating Patterns from 16S rRNA Gene to Generate Signature for Bacillus Genus
No full textThe 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene has been widely used for the taxonomic classi-
fication of bacteria. A molecular signature is a set of nucleotide patterns, which constitute a
regular expression that is specific to each particular taxon. Our main goal was to identify
discriminating nucleotide patterns in 16S rRNA gene and then to generate signatures for
taxonomic classification. To demonstrate our approach, we used the phylum Firmicutes as a
model using representative taxa Bacilli (class), Bacillales (order), Bacillaceae (family), and
Bacillus (genus), according to their dominance at each hierarchical taxonomic level. We
applied combined composite vector and multiple sequence alignment approaches to generate
gene-specific signatures. Further, we mapped all the patterns into the different hypervariable
regions of 16S rRNA gene and confirmed the most appropriate distinguishing region as
V3–V4 for targeted taxa. We also examined the evolution in discriminating patterns of
signatures across taxonomic levels. We assessed the comparative classification accuracy of
signatures with other methods (i.e., RDP Classifier, KNN, and SINA). Results revealed that
the signatures for taxa Bacilli, Bacillales, Bacillaceae, and Bacillus could correctly classify
isolate sequences with sensitivity of 0.99, 0.97, 0.94, and 0.89, respectively, and specificity
close to 0.99. We developed signature-based software DNA Barcode Identification (DNA
BarID) for taxonomic classification that is available at website http://www.neeri.res.in/
DNA_BarID.htm. This pattern-based study provides a deeper understanding of taxonspecific
discriminating patterns in 16S rRNA gene with respect to taxonomic classification
Phytochemical Diversity in Essential Oil of Vitex negundo L. Populations from India
Get PDFVitex negundo L., commonly known as the ‘Nirgundi’ has a long history of medicinal use in traditional and folk medicines for various diseases. To explore the diversity of the essential oil yield and composition of V. negundo, 23 populations were collected during spring season from the western Himalayan region. The essential oil yields varied from 0.06 to 0.10% in different populations of V. negundo. GC-FID, GC-MS, and statistical analysis of the leaf volatile oils showed significant phytochemical diversity. The volatiles of V. negundo were complex mixtures of 61 constituents, with sabinene (2.8-40.8%), viridiflorol (10.7%-23.8%), β-caryophyllene (5.3-21.4%), terpinen-4-ol (0.1-7.2%), epi-laurenene (2.2-5.9%), humulene epoxide II (0.5-4.6%), and abietadiene (0.1%-4.3%) as major constituents. Based on the distribution of major constituents, four groups were noticed by the multidimensional scaling and hierarchical average linkage cluster analyses. In conclusion, the yield and composition of the essential oils isolated from V. negundo varied considerably, depending on the origin
Bactria Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fermented Bamboo Food Product
Get PDFPure bacterial cultures were isolated from fermented products collected from two locations of North East India (Assam and Arunachal Pradesh). Forty four variants were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The dominant microbial genera found were Bacillus, Paenibacillus followed by Oceanobacillus and Lactobacillus in Assam and Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus in Arunachal-Pradesh food products. Bacillus isolates showed extracellular enzyme production (amylases, proteases and lipases) as analyzed through plate assay. GC-MS analysis showed beneficial chemical components like organic acids, esters, aminoacids, vitamins in fermented bamboo shoot products. Probiotic attributes of culturable bacterial isolates from bamboo fermentations gives promiscuity for human consumption. Beneficial microorganisms from bamboo shoot fermented food products of North-Eastern region of India were explored and compared using bioinformatics tools
Experimental study of effect of pressure on pyrolysis of biomass
Get PDFPyrolysis is thermal treatment of solid waste in the absence of an oxidizing agent (in inert atmosphere) which generally yields
three products namely pyrolysis-oil (liquid), char (solid residue) and gas. The products obtained in pyrolysis can be further used
as energy source. Rice husk and saw dust are considered as solid wastes in this study. The effect of temperature and pressure on
pyrolysis was studied in a fixed bed reactor. The experimental runs were performed in nitrogen atmosphere. The temperature was
varied from 300°C to 500°C, while the operational pressure was fixed at 4 bar, 7 bar and 10 bar. The products such as solid char,
liquid pyrolysis oil and syngas were obtained. The solid char was characterized by CHNS analysis, while the pyrolysis oil was
characterized by FTIR analysis
The role of sand, marble chips and Typha latifolia in domestic wastewater treatment – a column study on constructed wetlands
No full textThe relative importance of sand, marble chips and wetland plant Typha latifolia is evaluated in constructed wetlands (CWs) for the treatment of domestic wastewater intended for reuse in agriculture. The prototype CWs for the experiments are realized in polyvinyl chloride columns, which are grouped into four treatments, viz. sand (<2 mm) + Typha latifolia (cattail), sand, marble chips (5–20 mm) + cattail and marble chips. The removal percentage of organic and nutritional pollutants from the wastewater is measured at varying hydraulic retention time in the columns. The statistical analysis suggests that the main effects of sand and cattail are found to be significant (p < .05) for the removal of biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand from the wastewater. The presence of cattail significantly (p < .01) contributes to the conversion
of total nitrogen in wastewater into NO− 3 by fostering the growth of favorable microbes for the nitrification. The removal of PO3− 4 and turbidity from the wastewater is significantly (p < .01) influenced by sand than the presence of cattail. The maximum PO3 4− adsorption capacity of the
sand is estimated to be 2.5 mg/g. Marble chips have significantly (p < .01) influenced the removal of SO2−
4 and its maximum removal capacity is estimated to be 9.3 mg/g. The negative correlation between the filter media biofilm and column hydraulic conductivity is also reported
for all the treatments. Thus, the findings of this study elucidate the role of low-cost and easily available filter media and it will guide the environmental practitioners in designing cost-effective CWs for wastewater treatment
Effect of Fagonia arabica on thrombin induced release of t-PA and complex of PAI-1 tPA in cultured HUVE cells
No full textFagonia arabica (FA) possesses a thrombolytic property which has been earlier reported in our laboratory.
Current study was undertaken to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of FA on thrombin-induced
tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) release from
cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (HUVE) for studying its clot lytic activity. For this,
establishment of cell line model has been done by isolating the cells from human umbilical cord. Cell
toxicity was evaluated using XTT assay. Estimation of t-PA and PAI-1 t-PA complex were done using ELISA
technique. Thrombin treatment induces the t-PA and PAI-1 release from HUVE cell line, and FA treatment
was found to antagonize the thrombin induced t-PA and PAI-1 release. Our preliminary results suggest
that FA may be used as an alternative to thrombolytic drug. However, study demands further experiments
using animal model of thrombosis to establish the role of FA as a novel thrombolytic drug.
Copyright © 2015, Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University. Production and hostin
Nested PCR Assay for Eight Pathogens: A Rapid Tool for Diagnosis of Bacterial Meningitis
No full textPurpose Bacterial meningitis is a dreadful infectious disease
with a high mortality and morbidity if remained undiagnosed.
Traditional diagnostic methods for bacterial
meningitis pose a challenge in accurate identification of
pathogen, making prognosis difficult. The present study is
therefore aimed to design and evaluate a specific and sensitive
nested 16S rDNA genus-based polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) assay using clinical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for
rapid diagnosis of eight pathogens causing the disease.
Methods The present work was dedicated to development
of an in-house genus specific 16S rDNA nested PCR
covering pathogens of eight genera responsible for causing
bacterial meningitis using newly designed as well as literature
based primers for respective genus. A total 150
suspected meningitis CSF obtained from the patients
admitted to Central India Institute of Medical Sciences
(CIIMS), India during the period from August 2011 to May
2014, were used to evaluate clinical sensitivity and clinical
specificity of optimized PCR assays.
Results The analytical sensitivity and specificity of our
newly designed genus-specific 16S rDNA PCR were found
to be C92 %. With such a high sensitivity and specificity,
our in-house nested PCR was able to give 100 % sensitivity
in clinically confirmed positive cases and 100 % specificity
in clinically confirmed negative cases indicating its applicability
in clinical diagnosis
Evaluation of the effect of size reduction and thermal treatment on metal extraction from PCBs of mother board and digital video drive of desktop PC
Get PDFThe study aims at evaluating the effect of particle size and thermal treatment on printed circuit boards (PCBs) of Mother Board (MB) and DVD on metal extraction. Results show around 90-95% (w/w) and 35-40% (w/w) of total Al and Cu respectively, in CPU could be recovered by systematized disassembly. Remaining embedded Al and Cu require metallurgical or hydro-metallurgical processing. Cu extraction increases with size reduction. Thermal treatment of MB-PCB shows reduction in Cu extraction (23-38%) for all sizes in comparison without thermal treatment, while DVD-PCB showed surge in extraction after thermal treatment (41-141%) in comparison without thermal treatment
Response of Anaerobic Digester Sludge for Activator Aided Rapid Composting and its Effects on Compost Quality
Get PDFThe anaerobic treatment is in growing demand as an advanced methodology rendering sustainable treatment
option for organic wastes. The Anaerobic digester sludge (ADS) is the product of anaerobic digestion of organic
matter by microbial activity in an oxygen-deficit environment. It is a good supplement to soil as it enriches soil with
nutrients, increases the availability of minerals to plants and helps in soil conditioning. Though ADS is frequently
used in agriculture, there are opinions supporting the fact that ADS contains more recalcitrant than its nutritional
components. Hence, there is a need for the post-processing of ADS to make it compatible for soil application. In the
present study, an attempt has made to assess the response of ADS for CA aided composting and to study the
effectiveness composting on the quality of finished compost