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Circular Economy Pathways for Municipal Wastewater Management in India: A Practitioner’s Guide
Get PDFThe 2030 Water Resources Group is a unique publicprivate-
civil society partnership that helps governments to
accelerate reforms that will ensure sustainable water resource
management for the long term development and economic
growth of their country. It does so by helping to change the
“political economy” for water reform in the country through
convening a wide range of actors and providing water resource
analysis in ways that are digestible for politicians and business
leaders. The 2030 WRG was launched in 2008 at the World
Economic Forum and has been hosted by the International
Finance Corporation (IFC) since 2012
Insights in Waste Management Bioprocesses Using Genomic Tools
No full textMicrobial capacities drive waste stabilization and resource recovery in environmental
friendly processes. Depending on the composition of waste, a stress-mediated selection
process ensures a scenario that generates a specific enrichment of microbial community.
These communities dynamically change over a period of time while keeping
the performance through the required utilization capacities. Depending on the environmental
conditions, these communities select the appropriate partners so as to
maintain the desired functional capacities. However, the complexities of these organizations
are difficult to study. Individual member ratios and sharing of genetic intelligence
collectively decide the enrichment and survival of these communities. The
next-generation sequencing options with the depth of structure and function analysis
have emerged as a tool that could provide the finer details of the underlying bioprocesses
associated and shared in environmental niches. These tools can help in identification
of the key biochemical events and monitoring of expression of associated
phenotypes that will support the operation and maintenance of waste management
systems. In this chapter, we link genomic tools with process optimization and/or management,
which could be applied for decision making and/or upscaling. This review
describes both, the aerobic and anaerobic, options of waste utilization process with
the microbial community functioning as flocs, granules, or biofilms. There are a number
of challenges involved in harnessing the microbial community intelligence with associated
functional plasticity for efficient extension of microbial capacities for resource
recycling and waste management. Mismanaged wastes could lead to undesired genotypes
such as antibiotic/multidrug-resistant microbes
Biomethanation of vegetable market waste in an anaerobic baffled reactor: Effect of effluent recirculation and carbon mass balance analysis
No full textIn the present study, feasibility of biomethanation of vegetable market waste in a 4-chambered anaerobic
baffled reactor (ABR) was investigated at 30 d hydraulic retention time and organic loading rate of
0.5 g VS/L/d for one year. Indicators of process stability viz., butyrate/acetate and propionate/acetate
ratios were consistent with phase separation in the different chambers, which remained unaltered even
during recirculation of effluent. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile solids (VS) removal
efficiencies were observed to be consistently high (above 90%). Corresponding biogas and methane yields
of 0.7–0.8 L/g VS added/d and 0.42–52 L/g VS added/d respectively were among the highest reported in
case of AD of vegetable waste in an ABR. Process efficiency of the ABR for vegetable waste methanation,
which is indicated by carbon recovery factor showed that, nearly 96.7% of the input carbon considered for
mass balance was accounted for in the product
Determining Heavy Metal Contamination of Road Dust in Delhi, India
Get PDFAir pollution has been considered one of the major environmental challenges because of its effect on ecosystems and human health. The concentration levels and sources of heavy metals contamination were studied in road dust samples collected from various locations including four different activity areas: industrial, highways, residential and mixed use in Delhi, India. Total content of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed by ICP-AES. The results showed high concentration levels of Ni, Cr and Pb in industrial areas. Pearson’ correlations coupled with Principal component analysis revealed that Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb are associated with industrial sources whereas Zn and Cu are mainly contributed by vehicular traffic. Road dust contamination was assessed by various methods: degree of contamination, potential ecological index and pollution index. Contamination factor analysis showed that road dust samples are significantly contaminated by Zn and Pb. Potential ecological indexes indicated high contamination of Cd while moderate contamination of Pb in road dust, but low contamination of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn. Pollution index of most of the metals were higher than 1 indicating deterioration of road dust quality of Delhi city due to anthropogenic emissions. Degree of contamination, potential ecological index and integrated pollution index reveal that the road dust from the industrial area, mixed use area and highway are highly contaminated by the heavy metals. The road dust from the residential area is also contaminated considerably. Evaluations by various methods indicated that all assessment methods are important for environmental quality evaluation
Evaluation of host Hsp(s) as potential biomarkers for the diagnosisof tuberculous meningitis
No full textObjectives: Diagnosis of tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) remains challenging in tuberculosis (TB) endemic
countries. The need for TB biomarkers arises, in part, from the difficulty of accurately diagnosing TBM
with the available methods.
Patients and methods: To explore the potential of host Hsps (Hsp 25, Hsp 60, Hsp 70 and Hsp 90) as
an alternative marker in TBM diagnosis, we evaluated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample of TBM (n = 49),
Pyogenic Meningitis (PM) (n = 20), Viral Meningitis (VM) (n = 09), Fungal Meningitis (FM) (n = 04) and non
infectious control (n = 79) patients using indirect ELISA.
Results: Out of four Hsps, Hsp 70 and Hsp 90 yields 89% & 88% sensitivity and 82% & 89% specificity,
respectively. The positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values yielded in TBM group for Hsp 70
was 86.27% (73.74–94.27) and 93.51% (85.48–97.83), respectively. For Hsp 90 the obtained PPV was
89.36% (76.88–96.41) and NPV was 91.36% (82.99–96.44). In 86% of TBM patients all the four Hsps were
found to be positive and none of the patient was found to be negative for all Hsps in the same group.
Conclusions: The data presented in the study indicate that host Hsp 70 and Hsp 90 shows good sensitivity
and specificity and have potential in the diagnosis of TBM disease. The combined use of all Hsps (Hsp 25,
Hsp 60, Hsp 70 and Hsp 90) effectively distinguishes patients with TBM from other disease controls
Mechanically Stable Mixed Metal Oxide of Cu and Mn as Oxygen Carrier for Chemical Looping Syngas Combustion
No full textChemical looping combustion possesses an inherent advantage of separation of
CO2 from the carbon based fuels including thermal power plants that would offer effective
mitigation of CO2 emissions through carbon capture and sequestration. In this study, a stable and
regenerative mixed transition metal oxide of Cu and Mn (CuMn2O4) is synthesized through coprecipitation
method and tested for multi-cycle performance for the oxidation of syngas as fuel.
It was observed that, 90% of oxygen carrying capacity of CuMn2O4 can be utilized for the
oxidation of syngas with almost 100% conversion efficiency in a packed bed reactor. Theconversion efficiency of both CO and H2 was not altered significantly in all the tested cycles.
CO2 and H2O were the sole products of syngas conversion. The phase of CuMn2O4 can be
regenerated solely by aerial oxidation of the reduced products (Cu and MnO) at 800° C.
Utilization of maximum oxygen carrying capacity can reduce the circulation frequency of
oxygen carrier between air and fuel fluidized bed reactors that can reduce the energy penalty
significantly. The pelletized oxygen carrier possess appreciable mechanical strength that showed
micro-hardness up to 2186 N/mm2 which is suitable for fluidized bed CLC reactors
Effectiveness mapping of open raceway pond and tubular photobioreactors for sustainable production of microalgae biofuel
No full textThe production of microalgal biofuels seems to be viable on a large scale with the use of wastewater and freely available sunlight for cultivation of microalgae. In this review article, the scale-up and operational aspects have been addressed for mass production of microalgae using wastewater and sunlight in both open raceway pond (ORP) and tubular PBRs, and the outcomes of previous studies are critically reviewed for different cases. Suitable strategies have been proposed for enhancing the productivity considering operational difficulties in various types of PBRs such as ORP, horizontal loop tubular, and vertical tubular column. The importance of mapping of solar intensity and rainfall data is discussed in the context of large scale production. The costs of biodiesel production evaluated by several researchers were found to vary with respect to the followed route/path in their analyzes. These evaluations are compared with respect to the objectives of this study
Microbial desalination cell technology: Contribution to sustainable waste water treatment process, current status and future applications
No full textMicrobial desalination cell (MDC) has been developed for removing water salinity, electricity generation, and wastewater management. MDC emerged from the microbial fuel cell (MFC) and electro-dialysis had recently received a significant consideration for desalination and wastewater treatment as an environmentally friendly technology. The above process can be combined with regular desalination systems or can perform individually. The current paper explains the potential applications of MDCs viz. sea water and brackish water desalination, hydrogen gas generation, hardness removal and ground water remediation. The present article outlines the principle behind the functioning of a standard MDC arrangement with a short introduction to the bacteriological media. The effect of experimental conditions in enhancing the MDC operation is optimized. This review highlights the importance of research efforts towards the current status, progress and commercialization of MDC