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Isolation and Enrichment of Bacteriophages by Membrane Filtration Immobilization Technique
No full textThe method described here enables rapid bacteriophage isolation and enrichment
of host-specific bacteriophages from an environmental sample. This is
achieved by using a simple 0.45-μm Millipore membrane where a specific host
is immobilized on the membrane and a sample suspected of containing bacteriophages
is exposed to the immobilized cells with the help of a membrane
filtration unit. This filtration step facilitates host-specific interaction of bacteriophages
with the host and maximization of this interaction using a classic
membrane filtration method. Under the effect of vacuum from a vacuum pump,
a filter assembly provides a chance for every bacteriophage in the sample to
interact with the specific host on the membrane filter. Our technique allows
retaining specific bacteriophages on the membrane along with its host cells via
adsorption; these adsorbed bacteriophages (along with their hosts) on a filter
disc are then enriched in regular nutritive broth, tryptone soya broth (TSB),
by incubation. With help of a plaque assay method, host-specific phages of
various bacterial species can be isolated, segregated, and enriched. C � 2018 by
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Removal of organic pollutants by peroxicoagulation
No full textPeroxicoagulation is an electrochemical advanced oxidation processes in which both ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide are
generated in the cell. Organic pollutants are thus removed by degradation and coagulation. The peroxicoagulation process
is a combination of electro-Fenton and electrocoagulation processes. The peroxicoagulation process is very efficient for the
removal of aniline and herbicides from water and for the treatment of landfill leachate and textile wastewaters. Under acidic
conditions, electro-Fenton is the predominant removal means, whereas electrocoagulation is the main removal means under
neutral and alkaline conditions. As a consequence, pH regulation to acidic conditions is essential for the mineralization of
organic pollutants
Titania Gold Composite: Effect of Illumination on Size of Gold Nanoparticles with Consequent Implication on Photocatalytic Water Splitting
No full textThis work deals with the study of photodeposition (PD) of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on TiO2
by using different illumination sources, Medium pressure Mercury lamp (ML), Solar Simulator equipped
with AM 1.5 (SL) and Tungsten lamp (WL). Different particle size of AuNPs on TiO2 were obtained by photodeposition
method under different illumination sources, which clearly proves the influence of light source
on the synthesis of Au–TiO2. The plasmonic activity of Au–TiO2 photocatalyst for water splitting reaction
was observed to be strongly influenced by the particle size of Au as well as illumination source. Amongst the
three different illumination sources used, smallest particle size for AuNP–TiO2 were observed under ML followed
by SL and WL, as revealed by TEM analysis. Different illumination sources were also investigated to
evaluate the activity of Au–TiO2 samples thus prepared under different illumination conditions. The order of
hydrogen evolution rate (HER) observed for Au–TiO2 with different source of illuminations is ML > SL >
WL. The highest HER of 1709 μmol/h was observed for Au–TiO2, which was synthesized and evaluated
under ML irradiation. This may be explained on the basis of reduced catalytic activity and photothermal
effect of Au nanoparticles with increasing particle size
Effect of biochar on bio-electrochemical dye degradation and energy production
No full textThe effect of coconut shell biochar on dye degradation in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) was investigated in the
present study. Two different doses of biochar (0.5 g and 1 g) and one control without bio-char were studied. The
highest COD removal efficiency was about 77.7% (0.5 g biochar), maximum current (1.07 mA) and voltage
(722 mV) were obtained with 1 g biochar. Biofilm optical microscopy characterization revealed the micro colonies
intricate plate-like structures. High adsorbent dosage might provide a high surface area for biofilm to
generate electricity. BET results of coconut shell biochar showed the maximum surface area of 0.9669m2/g and
macroporosity (0.0032 cm3/g). The overall results highlighted the possibility of using biochar as an additive in
MFC for efficient dye degradation
Nano SWADIS Bottles: Boon for Remote communities
No full textEnvironmental contamination is one of the most ubiquitous issues of current world
and addressing the concern of waterborne pathogens calls out for cheap and ecofriendly
oriented research. In this regard, solar water disinfection (SWADIS) is a
clean and sustainable technology to inactivate the rapidly growing bacterial
pathogens. In current work, we highlight technological developments to enhance the
efficiency of SWDIS using a carbon nanoparticles (CNP) based Nano SWADIS
bottles.The system was proven to be able to performed 100% bacterial
inactivation in sunny days. Experiments were performed over 8 months by adding
106 CFU mL-1 concentration of Escherichia coli (E.coli) in water to mimic field
conditions. The efficacy of the system was indicated by bacterial analysis
(presence/absence of total coliform and faecal coliform) performed, making it
appropriate for treatment of water
An integrated approach for microalgae cultivation using raw and anaerobic digested wastewaters from food processing industry
No full textAn integrated approach has been proposed to produce microalgal biodiesel using both raw wastewater (RW) and
anaerobically digested wastewater (ADW) of food processing industry without addition of extra nutrients or
carbon source for cultivation besides obtaining effluent discharge permissible limits of TN, TP, and COD. Three
microalgae species cultivated with following different combinations: RW, ADW, RW+ADW, and
glucose+ADW. Results indicated that the addition of RW as a carbon source in ADW significantly enhanced BP,
LP, and TN removal as compared to the ADW alone. The runs with RW+ADW removed COD, TN, and TP by
89%, 84%, and 70%, respectively. Sc. obliquus showed highest biomass and lipid productivities (211 and
27.5 mg L−1 d−1) for RW+ADW. The addition of RW or glucose in ADW significantly lowered PUFA contents to
5–15% CDW (as against 35–50% with ADW) for Chl. sorokiniana and Sc. obliquus
Technological Pathways for Bioenergy Generation from Municipal Solid Waste:Renewable Energy Option
No full textWorld’s biggest challenge today is safe disposal and treatment
of municipal solid waste (MSW). This review presents an
overview of pathways for the generation of the bioenergy from
MSW, through the biological–chemical–thermal route of treatment,
current status, deployment of biochemical–
thermochemical conversion technologies for a biogenic fraction
of MSW, its challenges and performance. Currently, key
challenges posed to the world are energy security, waste management,
and climate change. Out of these, waste management
across the world is in the dejected state due to lack of
proper treatment and conversion technologies. In recent times,
pressure on the global environment increased for the use of
renewable resources due to depleting fossil fuels. Energy from
biomass waste is going to be one of the crucial and dominant
sources of renewable energy harness in the future. Conversion
of a biogenic fraction of MSW to energy will solve waste management
issue as well as offers energy generation in a sustainable
manner and can be termed as “Renewable Waste”. This
study provides technological pathways for the generation
of biofuels using MSW biomass as a feedstock, and the technology
progression of various pathways and gaps for implementation
of these technologies were also analyzed in this
study
Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Ethyl Cellulose- Based Polymeric Calcium(II) Hydrogen Phosphate Composite
No full textThe present report deals with the synthesis, characterization and testing of an
ethyl cellulose–calcium(II) hydrogen phosphate (EC–CaHPO4) composite,
where a sol–gel synthesis method was applied for the preparation of the
composite so as to test its efficacy towards the electrochemical, biological, and
adsorption related applications. The physical properties of the composite were
characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet–
visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
On testing, the mechanical properties indicated that the composite is
highly stable due to the cross-linked rigid framework and the enhanced
interactions offered by the EC polymer supported for its binding very effectively.
In addition, the conductivity of EC–CaHPO4 is completely governed by
the transport mechanism where the electrolyte concentration has preference
towards the adsorption of ions and the variations in the conductivity significantly
affected the material’s performance. We observed an increasing order of
KCl> NaCl for the conductivity when 1:1 electrolytes were applied. Further,
the material was tested for its usefulness towards the purification of industrial
waste waters by removing harmful metal ions from the samples collected near
the Aligarh city, India where the data indicates that the material has highest
affinity towards Pb2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and Fe3+ metal ions. Finally, the biological
efficiency of the material was confirmed by means of testing the antibacterial
activity against two gram positive (staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus thuringiensis)
and two gram negative bacteriums (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Patoea dispersa). Thus, from the cumulative study of outcomes, it indicates
that the EC–CaHPO4 composite found to serve as a potential smart biomaterial
due to its efficiency in many different applications that includes the
electrical conductivity, adsorption capability, and antimicrobial activity
Microbial Desalination Cell Technology: Functions and Future Prospects
No full textThis chapter discusses Microbial desalination cell (MDC) technology for removal of salinity in water, electricity generation, and wastewater management. MDCs integrate microbial fuel cells (MFC) and electrodialysis processes in an energy-sustainable way. This technology uses the organic contaminants present in wastewater or biomass as the energy source. The electric potential gradient created by exoelectrogenic bacteria through MFC desalinates water by driving ion transport through a series of ion-exchange membranes (IEMs). The Introduction section presents the concept of the MDC and its significance. A comprehensive overview of MDC configurations, functions, optimization, and performance are then explained. The scale-up and practical difficulties faced during technological applications in the field are discussed. A detailed discussion on the feasibility and evaluation of a proposed design for a wastewater treatment plant integrating the MDC technology is also discussed
An Excellence Method on Starch-Based Materials: A Promising Stage for Environmental Application
No full textStarches are the main source of food which is a part of polysaccharides derived
from plant and is the primary source of carbohydrate molecule in the diet of a
person in daily life, as it contains 70%–80% of the required calories. The granules
of starch are hydrophilic and readily absorb water which is insoluble in ambient
temperature. The swelling in the granule is least because of the hydrogen bond and
crystalline nature. There are various enzymes activated for carbohydrate hydrolysis
as well as for the modification which performs on starch to develop different
products from the process of hydrolysis. The bio-products of starch possessing
exceptional features such as biocompatibility and biodegradability are on the path
of development and are widely functional for numerous applications. Hence, it can
be said that the upcoming application of starch is quite nourishing and it gathers
the interest of researchers as well