Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment (AZOJETE)
Not a member yet
627 research outputs found
Sort by
Effect of Lantana Camara, Cassia Occidentalis and Rucinus Communis Seeds and Leaves Extract as Corrosion Inhibitors of Mild Steel in 2M HCL Solution
No full textCorrosion phenomena, control, and prevention are significant scientific issues that require ongoing attention due to the increasing demand for metallic materials in various technological developments. The use of natural inhibitors is an attractive option for preventing corrosion due to their environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and ease of sourcing and renewability. This research investigates the potential of locally sourced, non-edible plants as corrosion inhibitors. Specifically, extracts from Lantana camara, Cassia occidentalis, and Ricinus communis seeds and leaves were tested on mild steel in a 2M HCl solution to determine their corrosion prevention potency and compare the inhibitive properties between the leaves and seeds of each plant. The maceration method was employed for extraction using ethanol as the solvent. Corrosion tests were conducted using the weight loss technique to determine the corrosion rate of mild steel coupons over a 14-day period, with measurements taken at 24-hour intervals. The results indicate that Cassia occidentalis leaves and Lantana camara leaves exhibit lower corrosion rates compared to their respective seeds. Conversely, Ricinus communis seeds showed a lower corrosion rate than its leaf extract. All inhibitors demonstrated notable inhibitive properties, with Cassia occidentalis leaves displaying the highest inhibitive efficiency, likely due to its high phytochemical constituents
Synthesis and Simulation of Tannery Wastewater Treatment Process with Biogas Generation Using WRC STOAT Software
No full textTannery wastewater is characterized by its high organic load and toxicity, primarily due to the presence of putrescible matter and heavy metals. This study aimed to simulate a comprehensive treatment process for tannery wastewater using Sewage Treatment Operation Analysis over Time (STOAT) software. The quality of treated wastewater from the simulation was evaluated against the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) discharge standards to meet environmental safety requirements. The treatment system incorporated a multi-stage approach, including physical preliminary treatment units, chemical primary treatment, and biological secondary treatment. Additionally, the system featured a biogas production section and sludge dewatering units to maximize resource recovery. The simulation effectively modeled the treatment processes, capturing operational dynamics and interactions across the treatment units. Key pollutants, such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia, and nitrate were monitored. Additionally, the study explored the impact of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on treatment efficiency. The results indicated that all parameters met NESREA's permissible discharge limits at various residence times. Similarly, the observed trends aligned with findings reported in the literature. Furthermore, the biogas yield from the simulation was 0.27 kg/m³ of tannery influent, with a maximum methane purity of 41%. Digested sludge was generated at a rate of 0.072 m³/m³ of tannery influent. However, extending digester residence time did not significantly enhance biogas yield or methane concentration, suggesting the need for process optimization or pre-treatment strategies. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of STOAT as a simulation tool for designing tannery wastewater treatment processes, ensuring compliance with stringent regulatory standards while optimizing resource recovery through biogas generation and sludge management. The findings emphasize the necessity of integrating physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes to enhance contaminant removal and improve the sustainability of tannery wastewater management
Optimization of Machining Parameters and Nano-Lubricant Effects on Drilling, Grinding, and Turning Machining Process; Challenges and Future Trends - A Review
No full textAny machining operation that generates heat must adequately dissipate it to minimize thermal stresses on the tool-workpiece contact. This inescapable heat production phenomenon, caused by using suboptimal machining parameters and a lack of long-lasting machining lubricant, adversely impacts the finished surface quality, tool destruction rate, and workpiece structure. Therefore, this review focuses on optimizing machining parameters and nano-lubricant effects on the various response parameters such as surface finishing, materials removal rate, tool wear rate, and cutting forces under drilling, grinding, and turning machining. The study reviewed reputable articles from Elsevier, Springer, and other quality outlets. This review cut across the impact of machining parameters and nano-lubricants on the drilling, grinding and turning process. The study also discussed the challenges of optimizing machining parameters during the drilling, grinding, and turning
Assessment of Vegetation Loss and Land Surface Temperature Changes in Bwari Area Council, Abuja Nigeria
No full textUrban vegetation is one of the key essential components that contributes to ecological balance and environmental sustainability. However, due to rapid urbanization in the last few decades, there has been cases of vegetation loss which has increased the land surface temperature (LST) and affected the environmental sustainability. Thus, the aim of this study is assessing the impact of vegetation loss on Land Surface Temperature of Bwari Area Council during the periods of 1990-2021, using geospatial techniques. The support vector machine (SVM) supervised classification algorithm was used to classify Satellite imageries into land use land cover (LULC) maps according into buildup area, water body, vegetation and rock/bare ground using ArcGIS Pro. All the classified LULC maps had an overall accuracy of more than 90% with the overall Kappa coefficient also more than 0.9. The analysis of LULC estimation suggests a significant increase in Built-up areas (+ 255.45%) and a reduction in Vegetated areas (-75.17 %) from 1990 to 2021. Brightness temperature, Land Surface Emissivity (LSE) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were computed to estimate land surface temperature. The results show that the LST was higher in the regions of built-up areas and rock/bare ground but lower in vegetated areas with the maximum temperature of the study area increasing from 37.11 °C in 1990 to 58.87 °C in 2021. Correlation between land surface temperature and NDVI/NDBI for the study periods was carried out. The results show that correlations between NDVI and LST are rather weak negative, but there is a strong positive correlation between NDBI and LST. These results call for implementation of policies to control rapid urban growth in Bwari Area Council and preserve vegetal covers and as well an extension of the implementation of the Abuja Master Plan to Satellite Towns around Abuja
Seismic Behaviour of High-Rise Buildings Equipped with Fluid Viscous Dampers: A Review
No full textEarthquakes pose a significant threat to structural integrity and human safety, necessitating effective seismic mitigation strategies. This review paper explores the effectiveness of Fluid Viscous Dampers (FVDs) in mitigating seismic responses in high-rise structures. FVDs, as passive energy dissipation devices, enhance structural resilience by reducing inter-story drift, base shear, and overall structural accelerations without significantly altering stiffness. The study compares FVDs with alternative damping systems, including Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs), Hysteretic Dampers (HDs), Friction Dampers (FDs), and Lead Rubber Bearings (LRBs), highlighting the superior adaptability and efficiency of FVDs in high-rise applications. Placement strategies for FVDs, their integration with other damping systems, and their effectiveness under varying seismic intensities are examined. Findings indicate that uniform distribution across all stories ensures balanced energy dissipation, while targeted placement at lower levels enhances efficiency in specific structural configurations. Also, hybrid approaches, such as combining FVDs with BRBs or base isolation, show promising outcomes in optimizing seismic resilience. The review suggests the importance of further research into computational optimization and practical implementation, torsional irregularities, uniform load distribution in high-rise structures on FVD performance particularly in developing regions like Nigeria, where seismic risks are evolving
Tribological Evaluation of Canarium Shweinfurthi (African Elimi) Oil as Lubricant in Metal Forming
No full textReducing cost of production arising from high energy due to friction and tool failure using cheaper readily available and environment friendly lubricant is evaluated in this study. An experimental evaluation of tribological properties of Canarium Shweinfurthi (African Elimi) was carried out using Ring Compression Test. This was carried out using Boron Nitride as additive to determine the best quantity that can be added in vegetable oil lubricants. The formulated oils were applied to the die/ring surfaces as they were compressed in the Califonia Bearing Ratio (CBR) using digital display Testometric Universal Testing Machine. The results show that friction factors for the developed lubricant range between m = 0.3 and 0.4 while the frictional coefficient results show μ = 0.07 to 0.09 which compared favorably to referenced (mineral) oil which has m = 0.4 and μ = 0.12. Additionally, frictional coefficient obtained from the developed lubricant are within the range for vegetable lubricants such as groundnut oil, palm oil, palm kernel and shear oil which range from 0.072 to 0.3. Furthermore, it was observed that Canarium Shweinfurthi oil could be used as substitute to mineral based oils that are currently in use as lubricants in manufacturing process. Therefore, industrial organizations can take advantage of the benefits this natural, environmentally friendly, biodegradable and low toxicity oil lubricant presents
Effect of Adsorbent Dosage on the Kinetics and Isotherms of Lead(II) Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Husk
Get PDFHeavy metal contamination in water presents a critical environmental challenge, necessitating effective and sustainable solutions. This study explores the use of natural corn husk as an adsorbent for lead (II) removal from aqueous solutions. The corn husk was processed by drying, crushing, and sieving through a 75 μm mesh screen, followed by characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of adsorbent dosage on the isotherms and kinetics of lead (II) removal. The results revealed that the percentage removal of lead increased with both adsorbent dosage and contact time, achieving equilibrium at 105 minutes. The highest removal efficiencies were 73%, 93%, and 96% for dosages of 0.5 g/L, 1 g/L, and 1.5 g/L, respectively. However, the adsorption capacity decreased with increasing dosage, from 111.72 mg/g to 49.06 mg/g. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and ether groups, which contributed to the adsorption mechanism through chemisorption. Similarly, BET results showed a high surface area of 114.55 m²/g with microporous characteristics, while SEM micrographs revealed a dense, rough, and porous morphology with well-distributed active sites. Furthermore, Isotherm analysis demonstrated that the Langmuir model provided the best fit across all dosages, indicating monolayer adsorption with maximum adsorption capacities (qm) ranging from 85 mg/g to 178.57 mg/g. Separation factor (RL) values of 0.2 and 0.19 at lower dosages indicated favorable adsorption conditions, while RL = 0 at 1.5 g/L suggested irreversible adsorption. Kinetic studies confirmed the pseudo-second-order model as the most accurate across all dosages, highlighting chemisorption as the rate-determining mechanism. These findings underscore the significant role of adsorbent dosage in adsorption efficiency and provide insights into optimizing isotherms and kinetics for lead removal using corn husk
Mapping and Stimulating Flash Flood in the Catchment of Jukskie River
Get PDFFlash floods are among the most severe hydrological hazards, posing significant threats to urban areas worldwide. This study focuses on flash flood mapping of Jukskei River, a catchment in Johannesburg, South Africa, prone to frequent flash flooding. The study employed combination of remote sensing and GIS techniques. The approach follows an analytical framework using satellite imagery and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) Major extreme rainfall events were analyzed such as rainfall covering 241.6 mm (over 6 hours) and 122 mm (over 4 hours)—corresponding to return periods of 100 and 50 years, respectively. The results of the HEC-RAS simulation were integrated into QGIS to visualize the spatial extent of flooding for the rainfall intensities. The DEM data was processed to identify areas prone to overland flow accumulation, and flood extents were mapped based on the water surface elevations calculated for the 40.27 mm/h and 30.5 mm/h intensities. The mapping results highlighted critical zones where water levels exceeded the riverbanks, potentially endangering residential areas and infrastructures. The findings emphasized the importance of integrated flood risk management strategies to mitigate future hazards and enhance urban resilience
Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and Forecasting of Urban Land Use and Land Cover Change in Maiduguri Using Google Earth Engine and Machine Learning
Get PDFUrbanization is one of the defining processes of the 21st century, particularly in the rapidly developing country like Nigeria. Google Earth Engine (GEE) and machine Learning techniques were utilized in this study to quantify spatio‐temporal Landuse and Landcover (LULC) dynamics for 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2025 and to forecast the future trends to 2035 in Maiduguri Metropolis. A decadal classification framework was adopted to facilitate long-term LULC analysis, while the inclusion of 2025 enables the capture of emergent post-conflict land transformations and the spatial impacts of the 2024 flood event, which significantly altered land cover configurations. The projection to 2035 maintains a 10-year forecasting interval, ensuring consistency with established temporal benchmarks. Landsat imagery of the selected years was acquired and processed in GEE using the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm to classify major LULC categories, including built-up areas, cropland, vegetation, wetlands, bare surface, and water body. The overall accuracy for all the assessed years was 80% which indicates high classification reliability. The generated LULC was used to carryout Regression models (linear for five classes and polynomial for cropland) were fitted in Python’s scikit‐learn to project 2035 distributions. The results revealed that built‐up area expanded from 324.8 km² (19.0%) in 2000 to 464.9 km² (27.2%) in 2025, cropland plummeted from 966.9 km² (56.7% ) to 103.6 km² (6.1% ) and bare land surged from 33.6 km² (1.9% ) to 834.1 km² (48.9%). The wetlands and water bodies exhibited fluctuating trends linked to insurgency‐driven land abandonment and the 2024 flood event. Forecasts for 2035 indicate bare land will dominate nearly 72% of the study area, built‐up will reach 517.4 km², and cropland will shrink to 75.3 km². Given these findings, the study strongly recommends integrated sustainable land-use planning and conflict-sensitive restoration strategies to mitigate escalating environmental and socio-economic risks in rapidly urbanizing conflict zones like Maiduguri
Identification, Classification and Ranking of the Causes of Building Collapse in Abuja, Nigeria – A Review
Get PDFThis study examines the incidences of reported building collapses from inception in Abuja, Nigeria from 2008 to 2024 and the attendant increasing loss of lives, properties and injuries, with a view to determining leading causes of building collapses, it’s classification and ranking within the FCT - Abuja. It also highlights the casualties arising from these occurrences. There has been conflicting information on casualties and damages resulting from building collapses in Nigeria perhaps due to ineffective coordination amongst agencies responsible. Findings of this study revealed the leading causes of building collapse in the FCT in decreasing order as to include Use of sub-standard building materials, structural failures, use of quacks, poor or lack of supervision and lack of conduct of geotechnical investigation/inappropriate foundation. A total of thirty (30) cases of building collapses were identified to have occurred in the FCT leading to the confirmed death of at least fifty-seven (57) persons. Recommendations were made in line with the leading causes of building collapse in the FCT