The Stacks (Library of Anglo-American Culture & History - FID AAC, Göttingen State and University Library)
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Hermeneutik und Germanistik – Ansätze, Voten, Diagnosen
No full textIt may seem trivial to stress that our background knowledge is essential for literary interpretation, but what about practical wisdom, the inarticulable background knowledge? Can we articulate all the things that we know and are able to do in literary interpretation? Are we fully aware of all the assumptions behind our literary arguments? Instead of generally reflecting the status of hermeneutics at a macro-level, this essay argues that one way for hermeneutics to remain meaningful today is not to be tried as a theoretical whole, but as a source of sporadic inspiring arguments. To show that, at a micro-level, we can evaluate the strength of these arguments case by case without generalizing, we analyze from a cognitive perspective Gadamer’s argument that practical wisdom is crucial for literary interpretation. Using cognitive science to provide insights for literary study does not make the latter subservient to the former. Rather, cognitive poetics is a two-way street where each field complements the other by providing hypotheses and functioning as a testing ground. By demonstrating that we know more than we can tell in literary interpretation and that the three features Aristotle and Gadamer attribute to practical wisdom (contingent, inarticulable, and only learnable through experience) are at least tentatively empirically justified, this essay argues that hermeneutics has offered a noteworthy example for the two-way street of cognitive poetics.Es ist trivial, dass unser Hintergrundwissen für die Literaturinterpretation wesentlich ist, aber was ist mit der praktischen Weisheit, dem unartikulierbaren Hintergrundwissen? Können wir alles artikulieren, was wir bei der Literaturinterpretation wissen und können? Können wir uns immer aller Annahmen, die hinter unseren literarischen Argumenten stehen, voll bewusst sein? Anstatt allgemein den Status von Hermeneutik auf einer Makroebene zu reflektieren, argumentiert dieser Aufsatz, dass eine Möglichkeit für Hermeneutik heute sinnvoll zu bleiben darin besteht, nicht als ein theoretisches Ganzes geprüft zu werden, sondern als eine Quelle von sporadisch inspirierenden Argumenten. Um zu zeigen, dass wir auf einer Mikroebene die Stärke dieser Argumente von Fall zu Fall bewerten können, ohne zu verallgemeinern, analysieren wir aus einer kognitiven Perspektive Gadamers Argument, dass praktische Weisheit für die literarische Interpretation entscheidend ist. Die Einbeziehung der Kognitionswissenschaft in die Literaturwissenschaft bedeutet nicht, dass letztere der ersteren untergeordnet wird. Vielmehr ist die kognitive Poetik eine Zweibahnstraße, in der jede die andere ergänzt, indem sie Hypothesen liefert und als Testfeld fungiert. Dieser Aufsatz argumentiert, dass die Hermeneutik ein bemerkenswertes Beispiel für die Zweibahnstraße der kognitiven Poetik geboten hat, indem er zeigt, dass wir in der Literaturinterpretation mehr wissen, als wir sagen können, und dass die drei Eigenschaften, die Aristoteles und Gadamer der praktischen Weisheit zuschreiben (kontingent, unartikulierbar und nur durch Erfahrung erlernbar), zumindest versuchsweise empirisch gerechtfertigt sind.Freie Universität Berlin (1008
Morphological Spelling
No full textThe graphemic distinctiveness of simple word stems in written English (henceforth stems) is usually discussed in terms of the discrimination of homophones: Two or more distinct stems that share a phonological form each have a unique graphemic form (e.g., meat / meet; pair / pear / pare) and in some cases we cannot ascribe the different spellings to etymology: scent ‘should’ be spelled sent given its history (borrowed from French sentir and Latin sentire). The lists in Carney (1994) and Venezky (1999) of heterographic words show that there is a considerable number of homophones that are discriminated in spelling. But there are also many homographic cases (e.g., bank, can), so any stipulated ‘principle of heterography’ is not universal. In this paper, we determine the scope and limitations of this principle empirically. Using the CELEX corpus as well as printed dictionaries, we first determine the number of homophonous simple stems in our data (like bank / bank or pair / pear / pare). Of these, we determine the fraction that has a distinct spelling (like pair / pear / pare). The overall ratio is well below 50%, which means that the principle is not as far-reaching as often assumed. Historically, it appears that in many cases we are not dealing with a graphemic differentiation of stems, but with a conservation of spellings. As a consequence, most distinctive spellings probably corresponded to distinctive sound forms at some point in their history. Sound change then led to homophony, but the graphemic form often remained distinct (as with e.g. loan / lone). Expressing lexical differences in the written form of stems does not seem to be overly important to English writers; there is no widespread lexical or morphological principle at work when it comes to the spelling of English stems.Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn (1040
Occupational Devotion and Lifestyle Entrepreneurship: Doing what you love, loving what you do!
No full textThis study explored the occupational devotion of lifestyle entrepreneurs and their well-being. Although the number of enterprises in the sports industry increased over the past years, limited literature exists on this topic. Therefore, this paper focused on lifestyle entrepreneurs who turned their sports into their occupations. We conducted semi-structured interviews and a follow-up survey with lifestyle entrepreneurs (N = 13) from various sports (e.g., yoga, kiting, football). The thematic analysis revealed a strong connection between the individuals’ choice of career and well-being. Other themes (and sub-themes), such as mental and physical health and value (co-)creation, were identified, corroborating the authors’ assumption that these lifestyle entrepreneurs started a career in their sports to reach a higher quality of life. The results uncovered that well-being and occupational devotion are closely linked. Co-creation is connected to well-being, and this can accrue social capital in the community. Thus, the results recommended support for lifestyle entrepreneurs as they provide community benefits.Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln (DSHS) (3095
Risk in Trustworthy Digital Repository Audit and Certification
No full textRisk is a foundational concept in digital preservation. While it has been examined from technical, economic, and organizational perspectives, I argue that it is also a social phenomenon. In this study I report on the results from 42 interviews with stakeholders in the Trustworthy Repositories Audit & Certification (TRAC) system, and analysis of documents relating to the ISO 16363 standard in order to examine how standard developers, auditors, and repository staff members understand the concept of risk for digital repositories. The results of this research demonstrate that members of these three stakeholder groups identified risk in the TRAC audit and certification process in terms of specific potential threats or sources of risk, which I have organized into five main categories: finance, legal, organizational governance, repository processes, and technical infrastructure. While standard developers, auditors, and repository staff generally shared an understanding of the major sources of potential risk that face digital repositories, they disagreed about whether and how these risks can be mitigated and how mitigation can be proven. Individuals who were more removed from the day-to-day work of the repositories undergoing an audit were more likely to accept well-documented risk identification and mitigation strategies as sufficient evidence of trustworthiness, while repository staff were skeptical that documentation was sufficient evidence of risk assessment and mitigation and thus questioned whether this would translate to actual trustworthiness for long-term digital preservation.Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, University of Michigan
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006801Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (1034
A Cross-National Analysis of Cultural Representations in English Textbooks Used in China and Germany
No full textCulture learning is complicated in teaching English as an international language (EIL), given the global contexts in which English is being used for various purposes. This study aims to examine cultural representations in four series of high school English language textbooks distributed in China and Germany. It categorized cultures into four cultural types and four cultural elements within each type of culture in order to question the breadth and depth of cultural representations. The findings indicate that China’s English textbooks seem to balance among different cultures, but they still present factual knowledge and static information. The underlying value orientations are therefore underestimated. Germany’s English textbooks encompass the majority of contents about the target culture and put the emphasis on students' multicultural perspectives, communicative competence and intercultural skills. Thus, target cultures dominate cultural contents and source cultures are rare in Germany’s textbooks. Lastly, the findings are discussed and some recommendations for textbook writers and English teachers are suggested.Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (1024
Epistemic Breaches, Materiality of Knowledge, and Globalization in Joseph-François Lafitau (1681–1746)
No full textThis study is dedicated to 2 texts written by French Jesuit father Joseph-François Lafitau (1681–1746), created in the context of his missionary stay in Nouvelle France: Mémoire concernant la précieuse plante du gin-seng de Tartarie (1718) and Mœrs des Sauvages amériquains comparées aux mœrs des premiers temps (1724). Both texts permit a multi-level analysis of material dimensions of culture and knowledge in the history of knowledge, the first dealing with a botanical subject, the second an anthropological one. They convey a meta-reflective discourse on material-specific epistemological problems that is realized through narrative textual structures. These texts enable a structural view point of systemic functions of the materiality of knowledge in historical epistemological orders. Finally, they show exemplary and significant transmedia representation techniques and the associated textualization and visualization strategies.Technische Universität Dresden (1019
Evidence from Germany, Great Britain, and the United States
No full textPeople rely on data-driven AI technologies nearly every time they go online, whether they are shopping, scrolling through news feeds, or looking for entertainment. Yet despite their ubiquity, personalization algorithms and the associated large-scale collection of personal data have largely escaped public scrutiny. Policy makers who wish to introduce regulations that respect people’s attitudes towards privacy and algorithmic personalization on the Internet would greatly benefit from knowing how people perceive personalization and personal data collection. To contribute to an empirical foundation for this knowledge, we surveyed public attitudes towards key aspects of algorithmic personalization and people’s data privacy concerns and behavior using representative online samples in Germany (N = 1065), Great Britain (N = 1092), and the United States (N = 1059). Our findings show that people object to the collection and use of sensitive personal information and to the personalization of political campaigning and, in Germany and Great Britain, to the personalization of news sources. Encouragingly, attitudes are independent of political preferences: People across the political spectrum share the same concerns about their data privacy and show similar levels of acceptance regarding personalized digital services and the use of private data for personalization. We also found an acceptability gap: People are more accepting of personalized services than of the collection of personal data and information required for these services. A large majority of respondents rated, on average, personalized services as more acceptable than the collection of personal information or data. The acceptability gap can be observed at both the aggregate and the individual level. Across countries, between 64% and 75% of respondents showed an acceptability gap. Our findings suggest a need for transparent algorithmic personalization that minimizes use of personal data, respects people’s preferences on personalization, is easy to adjust, and does not extend to political advertising
A Comparison of Regular-Plural and Pluralia-Tantum Nouns
No full textThe alveolar fricative occurs in word-final position in English in different grammatical functions. Nominal suffixes may indicate plurality (e.g. cars), genitive case (e.g. car’s) or plurality and genitive case in cumulation (e.g. cars’). Further, there are the third person singular verbal suffix (e.g. she fears) and the cliticized forms of the third person singular forms of have and be (e.g. she’s been lucky; she’s friendly). There is also non-affixal s (e.g. freeze (noun)). Against the standard view that all these types are homophonous, several empirical studies have shown that at least some of the fricatives listed can actually be differentiated in their duration. The present article expands this line of research and considers a further case, which has not been included in previous analyses: pluralia-tantum nouns (e.g. goggles). We report on a carefully controlled reading study in which native speakers of British English produced pluralia-tantum and comparable regular-plural nouns (e.g. toggles). The duration of the word-final fricative was measured, and it was found that the two do not systematically differ in this acoustic parameter. The new data are interpreted in comparison to relevant previous studies, and against the background of the similarities of pluralia-tantum and regular-plural nouns.Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (3092
Hester Pulter's Psalmic Poems
No full textAbstractThis essay examines the use of psalm structures, rhetoric, and poetics in the devotional poetry of Hester Pulter, a mid‐seventeenth‐century Royalist manuscript poet. Scholarship has shown the adaptability of the voice of the psalms, how it is amendable to both an ‘I’ and a ‘we’ simultaneously. Pulter takes advantage of this flexibility: although these poems generally express the spiritual woes and longings of a lone speaker, Pulter's use of recognizable psalm patterns and motifs situates her poetry within a broader community that engages with the psalms through corporate worship. Pulter thus melds her own distinctive (Royalist) poetic voice with a psalm framework recognizable to any protestant reader, whatever their political orientation. Writing psalmic poems gives Pulter not only a means of expressing her private devotions in an acceptable religious form, but it also allows her to invoke an audience for her poems, an audience that may in turn blend their own voices with the voice of this lone Royalist woman.</p