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Laryngeal mask vs. laryngeal tube trial in pediatric patients (LaMaTuPe): a single-blinded, open-label, randomized controlled trial [data]
No full textBackground
Children have poor hypoxia tolerance; hence, airway management is crucial. While endotracheal intubation is the gold standard, this requires extensive experience. Current guidelines recommend the usage of laryngeal masks (LM) over laryngeal tubes (LT) based on randomized-controlled trials (RCT) using first-generation supraglottic airway (SGA) devices. This study assesses insertion time, first and overall pass success in children <18 years with the latest generation SGA.
Methods
This prospective, monocentric RCT included children <18 years old undergoing elective anesthesia. Patients were allocated in a 1:1 ratio to the LM (control) or LT (intervention) group. The primary endpoint was the insertion time, starting with removing the face mask until the first reliable etCO2 trace was observed on the ventilator. In failed attempts, a declaration of failure was used as the endpoint. Secondary outcomes included first- and overall pass success (FPS / OPS) rates. Subgroup analyses were performed on pre-defined age groups: 0-2, 3-6, 7-11, and 12-17 years. Due to the high cross-over rate, per-protocol and as-treated analyses were performed. Patients and caregivers were blinded to the group assignment.
Findings
The final intention-to-treat analysis included 135 patients, 74 allocated to the LM and 61 to the LT group. The median age was 4·9 and 5·4 years, respectively. Median insertion time was significantly longer in the LT group (37 seconds vs. 31 seconds; p = 0·031). In addition, the LT was associated with a lower odds ratio for FPS and OPS with 0·043 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0·015 to 0·129) and 0·012 (95% CI 0·001 to 0·100). Subgroup analyses found no differences in the insertion time, while there were significant differences in FPS and OPS in the three youngest age groups. LT was associated with a higher rate of complications.
Interpretation
This RCT demonstrates the LM's superiority over the LT, especially in younger children
Head-to-head comparison of diagnostic accuracy of TB screening tests: Chest-X-ray, Xpert TB host response, and C-reactive protein [data]
No full textBackground Accessible, accurate screening tests are necessary to advance tuberculosis (TB) case finding and early detection in high-burden countries. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of available TB triage tests.
Methods We prospectively screened consecutive adults with ≥2 weeks of cough presenting to primary health centers in the Philippines, Vietnam, South Africa, Uganda, and India. All participants received the index tests: chest-X-ray (CXR), venous or capillary Cepheid Xpert TB Host Response (HR) testing, and point-of-care C-reactive protein (CRP) testing (Boditech iChroma II). CXR images were processed using computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithms. We assessed diagnostic accuracy against a microbiologic reference standard (sputum Xpert Ultra, culture). Optimal cut-points were chosen to achieve sensitivity ≥90% and maximize specificity. Two-test screening algorithms were considered, using two approaches: 1) sequential negative serial screening in which the second screening test is conducted only if the first is negative and positive is defined as positive on either test and 2) sequential positive serial screening, in which the second screening test is conducted only if the first is positive and positive is defined as positive on both tests.
Results Between July 2021 and August 2022, 1,392 participants with presumptive TB had valid results on index tests and the reference standard, and 303 (22%) had confirmed TB. In head-to-head comparisons, CAD4TB v7 showed the highest specificity when using a cut-point that achieves 90% sensitivity (70.3% vs. 65.1% for Xpert HR, difference 95% CI 1.6 to 8.9; 49.7% for CRP, difference 95% CI 17.0 to 24.3). Among the possible two-test screening algorithms, three met WHO target product profile (TPP) minimum accuracy thresholds and had higher accuracy than any test alone. At 90% sensitivity, the specificity was 79.6% for Xpert HR-CAD4TB [sequential negative], 75.9% for CRP-CAD4TB [sequential negative], and 73.7% for Xpert HR-CAD4TB [sequential positive].
Conclusions CAD4TB achieves TPP targets and outperforms Xpert HR and CRP. Combining screening tests further increased accuracy. Cost and feasibility of two-test screening algorithms should be explored.
Registration NCT0492395
Source code and data for the PhD Thesis "Metrics of Graph-Based Meaning Representations with Applications from Parsing Evaluation to Explainable NLG Evaluation and Semantic Search"
No full textThis dataset contains source code and data used in the PhD thesis "Metrics of Graph-Based Meaning Representations with Applications from Parsing Evaluation to Explainable NLG Evaluation and Semantic Search". The dataset is split into five repositories:
S3BERT: Source code to run experiments for chapter 9 "Building efficient and effective similarity models from MR metrics".
amr-metric-suite, weisfeiler-leman-amr-metrics: Source code to run metric experiments for chapters 4, 5, 6.
amr-argument-sim: Source code to run experiments for chapter 8 "Exploring argumentation with MR metrics".
bamboo-amr-benchmark: Benchmark for testing and developing metrics (chapter 5).
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Macromolecular Engineering: From Precise Macromolecular Inks to 3D Printed Microstructures [data]
No full textMacromolecules with complex, defined structures exist in nature but rarely is this degree of control afforded in synthetic macromolecules. Sequence-defined approaches provide a solution for precise control of the primary macromolecular structure. Despite a growing interest, very few examples for applications of sequence-defined macromolecules exist. In particular, the use of sequence-defined macromolecules as printable materials remains unexplored. Herein, the rational design of precise macromolecular inks for 3D microprinting is investigated for the first time. Specifically, three printable oligomers are synthesized, consisting of eight units, either crosslinkable (C) or non-functional (B) with varied sequence (BCBCBCBC, alternating; BBCCCBB, triblock; and BBBBCCCC, block). The oligomers are printed using two-photon laser printing and characterized. It is clearly demonstrated that the macromolecular sequence, specifically the positioning of the crosslinkable group, plays a critical role in both the printability and final properties of the printed material. Thus, through precise design and printability of sequence-defined macromolecules, an exciting avenue for the next generation of functional materials for 3D printing is created
Synthesis and structural properties of para-diselenopyrazines [data]
No full textRecently, dithienopyrazines have emerged as promising building blocks in the field of materials science, showcasing their potential as hole-transport materials in organic electronic devices. Herein, we report the synthesis of its heavier analogues, the diselenopyrazines, along with an analysis of their optoelectronic and structural properties. In the acquired crystal structures, interesting molecular packing motifs suitable for potential device fabrication were observed. Additionally, short contact interactions are present in one of the investigated molecules. Data includes: IR, MS, NMR, UV VIS and XRAY Data for the compounds in the manuscrip
The illusory certainty: Information repetition and impressions of truth enhance subjective confidence in validity judgments independently of the factual truth [Dataset]
No full textPeople not only judge repeatedly perceived information as more likely being true (the so-called truth effect) they also tend to be more confident after judging the validity of repeated information. These phenomena are assumed to be caused by a higher subjective feeling of ease (i.e., fluency) when processing repeated (vs. new) information. Based on the suggestion that a higher number of coherent mental activations is promoting a fluency experience, we argue that besides repetition
an already existing information network, that is (nonspecific) prior knowledge, can enhance fluency. Following this argumentation, information repetition as well as the act of judging incoming information as being true (vs. false) should feed into subjective confidence – independently of the factual truth (when judging under uncertainty). To test this, we reanalyzed two published data sets and conducted a new study. In total, participants (N = 247) gave 29,490 truth judgments and corresponding ratings of subjective confidence while attending two judgement phases (i.e., 10 minutes and 1 week after the exposure phase in each experiment). Results showed that (a) repetition (in 3 of 3 data sets) and (b) impressions of truth (in 2 of 3 data
sets) were systematically related to higher subjective confidence. Moreover, we found (c) a significant positive interaction between repetition and impressions of truth after both intervals in all data sets. Our analyses further underline the moderating effect of time: Influences of repetition significantly decreased with increasing time interval. Notably, the factual truth did not systematically affect any of the above reported effects
Source code and data for the PhD Thesis "Measuring the Contributions of Vision and Text Modalities in Multimodal Transformers"
No full textThis dataset contains source code and data used in the PhD thesis "Measuring the Contributions of Vision and Text Modalities in Multimodal Transformers". The dataset is split into five repositories:
Code and resources related to chapter 2 of the thesis (Section 2.2., method described in "Using Scene Graph Representations and Knowledge Bases")
Code and resources related to chapter 3 of the thesis (VALSE dataset).
Code and resources related to chapter 4 of the thesis: MM-SHAP measure and experiments code.
Code and resources related to chapter 5 of the thesis: CCSHAP measure and experiments code related to large language models (LLMs).
Code and resources related to the experiments with vision and language model decoders from chapters 3, 4, and 5.
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Water Consumption in Germany [Dataset]
No full textThis dataset contains information collected via a survey of 5815 respondents based in Germany on their water drinking habits. The data was collected in September 2021 by the company Bilendi & Respondi
Ergänzungsmaterial zu: Eine Siedlungskammer der Ältesten Linearbandkeramik im Nördlinger Ries – Die Sammlung Krippner
No full textDas Nördlinger Ries weist bereits am Beginn der Jungsteinzeit um 5400 v.Chr. mit 16 nachgewiesenen Fundplätzen eine dichte Besiedlung auf. Zudem liegt dort mit dem Fundplatz Enkingen einer der ältesten Plätze der Linearbandkeramik außerhalb ihres Ursprungsgebietes in Transdanubien. Im vorliegenden Buch werden die von Franz Krippner, einem passionierten Hobbyarchäologen, entdeckten Fundstellen ausführlich vorgestellt, ihre Funde wissenschaftlich ausgewertet, die sozialen und ökonomischen Netzwerke untersucht und ein Besiedlungsmodell erstellt. Anschließend wird der Übergang zur nachfolgenden Stufe Flomborn analysiert, bevor das Buch mit einem Ausblick auf die Besiedlung Mitteleuropas am Beginn der Jungsteinzeit schließt
Influence of N-introduction on the electronic structure and properties of polyacenes: experiment and quantum chemistry in concert [research data]
No full textN-Heteropolycycles (NHPCs) represent a promising substance class for applications in functional organic materials, since their electronic structure and the resulting individual molecular properties are efficiently tuneable by number and position of nitrogen atoms in the aromatic structural backbone. The isosteric replacement of a C–H unit by N leaves the geometric structure unchanged, while ionization potential, electron affinity and absorption spectra are altered. In this prespective, we present the potent combination of two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy (2PPE) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) with quantum chemical calculations for the investigation of the electronic structure of NHCPs. In contrast to conventional optical spectroscopies, 2PPE provides insight into electron-detached and attached electronic states of NHCPs, while HREELS delivers the energetic position of the lowest triplet states. Based on our comprehensive investigations, an extension of Platt’s famous nomenclature of the low-lying excited ππ* states could be suggested for NHPCs based on the physical properties of the corresponding excitons. Also, the influence of N-introduction onto the occurrence of the so-called α-band in NHPCs compared to the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons could be explained in detail. While N-substitution of C–H in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is often seen as a simple isosteric replacement, it has a strong influence on the electronic structure and the resulting properties. Therefore rules derived for PAHs can often only be transferred to a limited extent or not at all