University of Washington: ResearchWorks Journal Hosting

"Every page presents evidence of his competence and trustworthiness.

Noble, Frederic  Perry

BOOK REVIEWS
THE MINING ADVANCE INTO THE INLAND EMPIRE. By Will~
iam ]. Trimble, Professor of History and Social Science in North Dakota
Agricultural College. (Madison, Wisconsin. The University of Wis-
consin, 1914. Pp.254.)
This monograph, which was written as a thesis for the doctor's degree
while Mr. Trimble was a fellow at the University of Wisconsin, is an
epic in spirit, though a work of historical and economic science and ex-
pressed in prose. It is the thrilling and romantic story of a movement
which, because it eventuated in the creation of civilized society and po-
litical order, is of kin with the swarming of the Teutonic peoples into
the Roman Empire.
Specifically, it is a study of the beginnings of mmmg for precious
ores il) the territories now known as the Inland Empire, and also in parts
of the regions adjoining this territory. In addition, it studies laws and
mstitutions originating from the mining industry. It is a significant
symptom of appreciation of the Pacific Northwest and especially of this
inland district by old institutions of learning east of the Rockies.
Investigation of the subject was rendered feasible through use of
such libraries as those of the University of Wisconsin, the University of
California, the Province of British Columbia, the Historical Society of
Oregon, the Historical Society of Montana, the University of Idaho and
the private collections of Mr. Bagley of Seattle, Mr. Howay of New
Westminster, Mr. Justice Martin of Victoria and others; and through the
generous cooperation of personal authorities on our northwestern history
as Professor Frederick J. Turner of Harvard University, Judge Howay of
New Westminster, Mr. Elliott of Walla Walla and others. It opens with
the statement that the decade following 1858 brought the expansion of
American mining on a large scale for gold and silver into many parts of our
mountainous area.
Who first discovered gold here is not known. But the vicinity of •
Fort Colville, Washington, saw the occurrence of a movement in 1855
which ushered in the golden age of the Inland Empire. The miners
labored under measureless disadvantages. Supplies were scant. From
Puget Sound there were no suitable roads. Steamboating on the Co-
lumbia had only begun. The Indians frequently proved a baffling ob-
stacle at first. But the friendship of the Nez Perces for the whites and
(309)
310 Book RevieDJs
the policy of peace pursued by this tribe became a determining factor
in the wars with the natives and the development of this new country.
In justice to the Indians it is due to admit that conditions for which they
were not responsible made the situation ripe for desperate measures on
their part.
On November 23rd, 1857, the miners in the neighborhood of Col-
ville effected a rude governmental organization. In 1858 the stern
measures of Colonel George Wright brought just and lasting peace to the
Indian country and cleared the way for pushing forward the frontier
of civilization. In 1861 the final fixation of the boundary between
British Columbia and Washington drew clearly the artificial line of dif-
ferent governments where, as Professor Trimble exhaustively and con-
clusively demonstrates, nature had made one country. Consequently, the
political differentiation contributed to making the construction of the
famous old Mullan Road in every wayan important matter. This noble
highway of empire, not unworthy of comparison with Rome's Appian
Way, was completed in 1862 at a cost of $230,000 for its 624 miles of
length.
In a few years the carriers on the Columbia enjoyed an immense and
profitable traffic in the transportation of miners and their supplies. Pro-
fessor Trimble's description of steamboating on the rivers of the Inland
Empire is intensely vivid and interesting. In 1861 came the great move-
ment of miners into these new fields. Among the most important of the
localities they entered were the Nez-Perce and Salmon-River districts in
northern Idaho.
A swiftly accelerating stream of travel started in 1861 for the new
mmes. A new era of development began. The Portland Oregonian then
predicted that there would follow "tremendous stampedes from California,
"a flood of overland immigration and vastly increased business on the
Columbia." The shrewd forecast of the sagacious editor was fulfilled
to the foot of the letter.
Of the total yield from the mining districts in northern Idaho it is
impossible to secure exact figures. A conservative estimate would put the
production from the time of discovery until 1900 at about $50,000,000,
of which probably $35.000.000 were obtained before 1870. In th.is
connection Dr. T rimhle rightly directs attention to the fact that the mines
of eastern Oregon have not yet received the study that their importance as
builders of that part of the state would warrant.
The mines of the Boise basin in Idaho not only were rich and easily
worked. but were so situated as to encourage homemaking and the uw
building of a permanent community. Soon towns with stable interests and
Mining Advance Into the Inland Empire 311
staple industries arose. The mining founders of Boise showed themselves
to be exceptionally enterprising and farsighted men.
As the Caribou, British Columbia, mines had shown that in placer
fields the individual, once a camp was established, could do little except
labor for some one else or in lieu of this prospect for new fields, some
form of organized or cooperative effort being essential to the develop-
ment of mining, even in its simpler stages; so now the War-Eagle quartz-
mines of Idaho, remote and newly born, called for outside capital and
for science.
The mining advance gave occasion for the creation of British Co-
lumbia, Idaho and Montana as political units. In considering the so-
cieties that owe their origin to mining it is essential to remember that al-
most from the moment of discovery cooperation is indispensable in the
development of gold-fields and also that the individualism of placer-min-
ing frequently is greatly exaggerated. In the period now under review
"the lone prospector" was much of a myth. This and similar seemingly
small matters are among the many observed by Dr. Trimble's microscopic
eye, which also is not wanting in telescopic range, that show how thoroughly
he has surveyed his field and with what scruplous science he has interpreted
all his facts.
Prospecting generally was done by organized parties numbering
anywhere from five to' fifty men. These companies consisted of ex-
perienced miners, who usually had already mined in California. 'Careful
preparation in advance was ,made. An expedition might travel for weeks
or even for many months, studying the geology of the land as carefully as
professors from great universities and prospecting wherever promising in-
dications presented themselves. When diggings that seemed to afford
reasonable liklihood of profit were found, claims were staked out. The
plan of the miners' camp corresponded more closely to that of a town than
to that of a country district. This feature is another of several which
prove that combination, cooperation and organization formed basic fea-
tures in the work of the miner. It is not the least of the merits of Dr.
Trimble's monograph that it enables and in fact compels the lay reader
unacquainted with the ways of miners to see that their social and govern-
mental activities were a seed of the political commonwealth and rendered
its existence and growth inevitable.
The discoverers of pay-dirt as a rule had to return for supplies to
some commercial center. Here the news of a find invariably leaked out
and generated a stampede to the new field. Merchants and packers
pushed freight-caravans ahead with strenuous but reasoned energy. The
man who rushed a well supplied set of teams into a new community
312 Book Reviews
was certain to reap great profits. Before much work was performed by
the miners at their Eldorado they held a mass-meeting and organized the
community. A judge, recorder and sheriff were elected, and laws for
the camp enacted. The political instinct of the English and the Americans
for government and ordered society was prompt to manifest itself.
Men who had been schooled in the Californian camps not only had
learned to mine skillfully, but turned spontaneously to the form of political
organization that the mines of that golden commonwealth had developed.
This was the case no less in British than in American communities. Work
on claims ceased and universally or almost universally in winter, but
might stop at other times. such as seasons of drouth, when want of water
handicapped operations. The arrangement gave the miners an opportunity
to visit home or to pass the winter at such towns as Boise, Lewiston or
Portland. Men seldom thought of making homes for themselves at the
Mining camps. But a considerable number would usually remain there
through cold weather. and in deep diggings actual mining could still be
carried on.
The miner's lot was a most laborious life. It did not consist in
picking large, loose nuggets from streams and in spending most of the
time on fun or adventure. There were cabins to build-and the skill of
American axmen, especially of the Missourians, was greatly admired by
English observers-ditches to be dug, flumes and sluices to be constructed,
and lumber to be obtained.
The skill of the pioneer Californians in every industry stood out
preeminently. Everywhere their methods and judgment were held in
high esteem. At Orofino they superciliously sneered that the Willamette
farmers in the mines did not know how to sift gold from the dirt, but the
Oregonians could have retorted that they were not Californian experts at
losing their gold in gambling. But placer mining then, in spite of such
skill as that of the Ca"lifornians, was wasteful work. Men mined to make
the maximum of money in the minimum of time. The enormous ex-
pensiveness of operation and transportation rendered it profitable to work
only the richest gravel. In I 868 Ross Browne, who knew mining con-
ditions better than any other American then living, declared that "since
the discovery of our mines there has been an unnecessary loss of more
than $300,000,000 of precious metals. The question arises whether
it is not the duty of government to prevent, so far as may be consistent
with individual rights, this waste of a common heritage in which not only
ourselves but posterity are interested."
The early mining communities whose economic basis was placer mines
were unstable, and this is a fact of social importance. For the purpose
Mining Advance Into the Inland Empire 313
of overcoming this instability business men, the more substantial miners
and governmental authorities everywhere turned their attention to quartz.
Working quartz claims and building quartz mills required the use of
capital and of corporate methods. The significant development of min-
ing in the Inland Empire during 1860-70 consisted in the supersedure of
the surface methods of the placer by quartz mining and in the working
of deep placers by corporations. The individual working in informal or-
ganization had had free play, but his day was passing. Individualism
began to become submerged, capital to become foremost and corporate
methods to enter.
What was the total of the product from the labor and capital in-
vested in the mining advance? Until 1867 there was no governmental
attempt in the Inland Empire, though there was in British Columbia,
to gather statistics. Express companies, however, especially the Wells-
F argo, were a fairly trustworthy source of information. George M.
Dawson's estimate for British Columbia and Ross Browne's for the In-
land Emipre are regarded by Dr. Trimble as falling well inside the truth.
British Columbia during 1858-67 inclusive is believed to have produced
$26,110.000 of the precious metals; Idaho, Montana, Oregon and
Washington together from the beginning of mining to the close of 1867 to
have yielded $140,000,000. Montana led with $65,000,000. Idaho
followed with $45,000,000 and Oregon with $20,000,000. Washing-
ton brought up the rear with $10,000,000. After deducting the prob-
able production in western Oregon, because this territory lies outside the
regions considered by Professor Trimble, the grand total for British
Columbia and these four American commonwealths during the decade of
1858-67 appears to have aggregated $156,110,000.
In order to value this stupendous yield aright, it must be borne in mind
that nearly all of it was an economic surplus and also in such shape as to
be transformed with ease into the commodities of civilization. Conse-
quently civilization's material body sprang forth full panoplied from
those early mining communities. This aspect of the mining advance-
a phase too frequently forgotten these days-gave the first civilization in
the Inland Empire a compelling power and a vitalness that were out of all
proportion to the relatively small number of the miners who originated that
civilization. This life and energy contributed greatly 'to the swift de-
velopment of this Inland Empire after the railroads arrived. The pro-
duction of so huge and mobile an economic surplus as $156,110,000
of the precious metals helps to explain the greatness of the immigration in
the eighties into these mining commonwealths. The farmer, the manu-
facturer, the merc;hant and the banker of the Pacific Northwest during
Every page presents evidence of his competence and trustworthi-
ness. He inspires confidence thro his candid confession that "the student
of the history of a section may overrate its importance. 'to 'to 'to It may be
that revaluation by comprehensive historians will be necessary." There
speaks the historical conscience that rates loyalty to the fact as the supreme
good in writing history. But this student has done his work so judicially
and with such scholarship, that it will not require to be done again.
It is an honor to him and his university and an invaluable service to the
Pacific Northwest.
FREDERIC PERRY NOBLE, PH. D.
Spokane, Wn., June, 1914:
the past generation owe a great debt to the miner of the sixties of the last
century.
Nor these only. The nation also is deeply indebted to the economic
development wrought here by mining in those far days. The Inland Em-
pire's production of gold during the terrible years of 1861-5, when the
republic was pouring out blood and treasure like water to save its life, had
great effect in supplying those financial sinews of war on which so
largely depended the credit of the United States.
Thus Dr. Trimble threshes out to the last straw the bearings of
mining upon government in the Inland Empire, upon agriculture, graz-
ing, transportation and many other interests. What he has done is really
to write a history of civilization in these states during their intermediate
era.
MASTERS OF THE WILDERNESS. By Charles Bert Reed, M. D.
Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1914. Pp. 144.)
This beautifully printed and illustrated little book should find many
readers among those who care for the beginnings of American history. Its
scope and purpose are well revealed by the brief table of contents as fol-
lows: The Masters of the Wilderness, a study of the Hudson's Bay
Company from its origin to modern times; The Beaver Club, some social
aspects of the fur trade; A Dream of Empire, the adventures of T onty in
old Louisiana.
Dr. Reed has assembled his material in very readable and entertain-
ing fashion. For the benefit of those who wish to pursue the subjects
further he appends a brief but serviceable bibliography. The book is one
of the Chicago Historical Society's Fort Dearborn Series.
EDMOND S. MEANY.
Boo~ Reviews314


English

The Mining Advance Into the Inland Empire

W rilings of Washinglon 317
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. By Matthew Page Andrews,
M. A. (Philadelphia and London, J. B. Lippincott Company. Pp. XVII.
378, XLVIII.)
A text book for schools in which the subject matter is up to date but
the arrangement, proporitions and printing are decidedly behind the times.
WRITINGS OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. Edited by Worthington C.
Ford. (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1914. Vol. 3, 1801-
1810. Pp.555. $3.50 net.)
Volume 1 of this important work was noted in this Quarterly for
April, 1913, page 131 and Volume 2 in the issue for January, 1914,
page 61. At the chronological rate followed it is likely that the next
volume will reach the time when the distinguished statesman began his
work on the Oregon question.
THE BALKAN WARS, 1912-1913. By Jacob Gould Schurman.
(Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1914. Pp. 140. $1.00 net.)
This timely work by the distinguished President of Cornell Univer-
sity is divided into two parts: Turkey and the Balkan States and The
War Between the Allies. Each part is supplied with a map and the book
carries an adequate index. Interest in the work will, of course, be en-
hanced by the present war in Europe. e
THE PHYSICIAN IN ENGLISH HISTORY. By Norman Moore, M. D.,
Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. (Cambridge, England, U ni-
versity Press, 191 3. Pp. 57.)
This is the Linacre Lecture, 1913, in St. John's College, Cambridge.
It is issued in the same attractive form that characterizes all the works
from the Cambridge University Press. Those in the medical profession
will find the book illuminating.
WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON RELATING TO THE NATIONAL CAP-
ITAL.. (Washington, The Columbia Historical Society, 1914. Pp.
258.)
This may be called a source book on the subject indicated as there is
no attempt at narrative or connective matter. The letters are simply re-
produced. However, the source of each letter is shoWb and there is a
preface by the compiling committee. The book is Volume 17 of the so-
ciety's records.


The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913

"This may be called a source book on the subject indicated as there is no attempt at narrative or connective matter.

Writings of Washington Relating to the National Capital

Other Books Received 319
plates, mostly of stone implements. Future students will find the work
of prime value.
Other Books Received
AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Annual Report" 1912.
(Washington. Government, 1914. Pp. 734.)
CANADIAN ANNUAL REVIEW, 191 3. (Toronto. Annual Review
Publishing Co. 1914. Pp. 766.)
CROSS. ARTHUR LYON. History of England and Greater Britain.
(New York. Macmillan, 1914. Pp.1165. $2.50.)
FRANK. TENNEY.
millan Company. I 91 4.
Roman Imperialism. (New York. The Mac-
Pp. 365. $2.00 net.)
ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Transactions. 1912.
(Springfield, Society. 1914. Pp.233.)
NEW HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.. Manual, 1914.
(Printed for the Society, 1914. Pp.62.)
RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings. 1913-1914.
(Providence" The Society. 1914. Pp. 66.)
ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. Proceedings and Transactions.
Third series. Volume 7.1913. (Ottawa. Hope. 1914.)
SONNECK. OSCAR G. T. The Star Spangled Banner. (Wash·
ington, Government. 1914. Pp. 115. PI. 25.)
WASHINGTON STATE GRANGE. Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth
Annual Session. 1914. (Olympia. The Society, 1914. Pp.196.)
WASHINGTON STAT"- FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS.
Eighteenth Annual Report. 1914-15. (Hoquiam, The Society. 1914.
Pp. 135.)
WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings. 1913.
(Madison. The Society. 1914. Pp.238.)


Other Books Received

Elliott, T. C.

The Fur Trade in the Columbia River Basin Prior to 1811

"At the annual meeting held in Portland on December 19 the following officers were elected…

NEWS DEPARTMENT
Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association
The eleventh annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch of the
American Historical Association was held in San Francisco on November
27 and 28. The programmes were interesting and included the following:
Friday afternoon-"English Royal Income in the Thirteenth Cen-
tury (from an unpublished manuscript)" by Professor Henry L. Cannon
of Stanford University; "Japanese Naturalization and the California Anti-
Alien Land Law," by Professor Roy Malcolm of the University of South-
ern California; "The Anglo-Saxon Sheriff," by Professor William A.
Morris of the University of California.
F riday evening-The Annual Dinner, Professor Ephraim D. Adams
of Stanford University, presiding. The President's Address: "Name of
the American War of 1861-1865," was delivered by Professor Edmond
S. Meany of the University of Washington. There followed a series of
a dozen short, interesting addresses by representative men and women.
SatiJrday morning-"Election Maps of the United Kingdom." by
Professor Edward B. Krehbiel of Stanford University; "Chinese Trade
and Western Expansion" by Professor Robert G. Cleland. of Occidental
College; "The Components of History," by Professor Frederick]. T eg-
gart of the University of California.
At the business session Professor Herbert E. Bolton of the Univer-
sity of California was elected to serve as president for the year 1915.
Saturday afternoon-Teachers' Session. "Hgih School Courses in
European History" 1. A Two-Year Course: a 10th Grade by Miss
Grace Kretsinger of the Berkeley High School; b. 11 th Grade by Miss
Elizabeth S. Kelsey of the Berkeley High School; 2. A One-Year
Course in General History by Miss Anna Frazer, vice-principal of the Oak-
land High School. Discussion led by W. ]. Cooper, vice-principal of the
Berkeley High School.
The convention sent a telegram of encouragement to Professor H.
Morse Stephens of the University of California, who was in the East ar-
ranging for the meeting of the American Historical Association to be held
in San Francisco during the Panama-Pacific Exposition.
Oregon Historical Society
At the annual meeting held in Portland on December 19 the follow-
ing officers were elected: President, Frederick V. Holman; vice-president,
(74)
N orthIDestern Tribute to Three Diplomats 75
Leslie M. Scott; secretary, Professor F. G. Young; treasurer. Edward
Cookingham; dirctors, Leslie M. Scott and Charles B. Moores. The
principal address of the meeting was delivered by Thomas W. Prosch of
Seattle. His subject was "The Indian Wars of Washington Territory."
The press comments on the address indicate that it was worthily presented
and the speaker was unanimously thanked by the society.
President Holman spoke briefly on the great need of a permanent
home for the society's valuable collections.
Northwestern Tribute to Three Diplomats
Historians in the Pacific Northwest have known that the contest
usually called the "Oregon Question" by which soverignty in this region
was determined hinged most upon the diplomatic achievements of three
great Americans-John Quincy Adams. Henry Clay and Albert Gallatin.
The long series of events so important in this regard began with the Treaty
of Ghent in the negotiations for which it was conceded that Astoria, at the
mouth of the Columbia River. should remain American no matter what
had happened there during the War of 1812. The three named of the
five negotiators continued their work for the Oregon country throughout
their lives.
The Treaty of Ghent. signed December 24, 1814, marked the be-
ginning of the century of peace between the United States and Great
Britain. This great event was to have been celebrated throughout the
Union but President Wilson asked that such celebration be deferred on
account of the war in Europe. His request was complied with, except
for the tribute paid to the memory of the three American diplomats by the
Pacific Northwest.
While serving as President of the Pacific Coast Branch of the
American Historical Association, Edmond S. Meany, Professor of History
in the University of Washington, took it upon himself to represent the his-
torians of the Pacific Northwest in arranging for this tribute. Three large
wreaths of evergreens from the forests of this "Oregon Country" were
prepared and sent, one to the grave of each of the three great peace
makers.
Worthington C. Ford, of the Massachusetts Historical Society. and
editor of the works of John Quincy Adams now being published, took
charge of the ceremony whick was held in First Church. Quincy, Mass-
achusetts, where John Quincy Adams lies buried. The pastor, Rev. A. L.
Hudson, entered into the plan with zest. The President of the Mass-
achusetts Historical Society is Charles Francis Adams. He did not feel
at liberty to take the initiative to honor the memory of his grandfltther


Oregon Historical Society

"The title of this book is somewhat misleading. It would indicate that the whole of the expansion of the Russian dominion, in America as well as in Asia, up to 1850 would be presented. This is not the case, for the book is devoted to Siberia.

Andrews, C. L.

BOOK REVIEWS
RUSSIAN EXPANSION ON THE PACIFIC, 1641-1850.
Golder. (The Arthur H. Clark Co., Cleveland, 1914.
$5.00.)
By F. A.
Pp. 368.
The title of this book is somewhat misleading. It would indicate
that the whole of the expansion of the Russian dominion, in America as
well as in Asia, up to 1850, would be presented. This is not the case,
for the book is devoted to Siberia, with the exception of the voyages of
Gwosdef and Bering to the American continent.
The author states, in the preface, that his original intention was to
write a history of Alaska. To do this required an examination of the
events and conditions that preceded the discovery of the American con-
tinent. He found, upon taking up this work, that, what he intended as a
background for Alaskan history, was "the closing chapter of a period
of Russian expansion," and "became the principal part of the picture."
The opening chapter is devoted to the administration of government
in eastern Siberia during the 17th century. The explorations along the
Arctic Ocean, the conquest of Kamchatka, the invasion of the valley of
the Amur, each are treated in separate chapters. The voyage of Desh-
nef, in 1648, when he is presumed to have doubled East Cape, Siberia,
is debated at length and the actual passage of th~ cape is brought in ques-
tion. The discovery of America is credited to Gwosdef, in 1732. This
voyage has heretofore been considered indefinite, and the accounts given
have been obscure. The text of Gwosdef's report is given, for the first
time, in an English translation. The geographical beliefs prevalent at the
time are discussed in a chapter on Terra de J eso, which ends with
"Alaska takes the place of Terra de Jeso on the maps; Company Land,
State Island, and Gama Land are three of the Kuril Islands, but on some
charts they retain their old names."
In the account of Bering's First Expedition an extract from a report
of Bering is given on page 148, which states as follows: "On the fifteenth
of August we came to latitude fifty-seven degrees, eighteen minutes, etc."
This is an error, as the correct latitude, according to all other authorities
was 67 deg. 18 min. N. lat. There is either a mistake in the quotation,
or the report was erroneous.
In the chapter on Bering's Second Expedition, the location of the
bay where Chirikof lost his men is given as 57 deg. 50 min. N. lat.
This is about 30 min. farther north than has been quoted by other writers.
( 119)
THE HISTORY OF WYOMING FROM THE EARLIEST KNOWN
DISCOVERIES. In three volumes. By C. G. Coutant. (Laramie. Vol.
1. Pp. 712. lIlus.) ¥
'The Hudson Book Company, 862 Hewitt Place, Bronx, New York
City, announce that a small edition of this work was found stored in the
vaults of a western bank. The author had died before completing the com-
panion volumes. Miss Hebard, Librarian and Professor of Economics of the
University of Wyoming and an authority on Wyoming history, consented to
write the review. It is hoped that she may complete the worl< by Coutant.
-Editor.
In this the author has followed Louis Delisle de la Croyere. who was with
Chirikof on the ship and whose account is given in the appendix.
The illustrations of the volume are reproductions of maps of the period
and in an Appendix are papers translated from records of the Archives of
Russia and France. The bibliographic notes on original sources and
where they may be found. are of special value to students.
The work is more of a critical study of the period than it is of a
popular volume for the masses. Much of the material is given in the works
of Muller. Coxe. Bancroft. Lauridsen and others who have written on
the subject, but this puts it in more accessible form as those works are to
be found in but few libraries. C. L. ANDREWS.
Book Reviews120
Unfortunately the proposed three-volumed history of Wyoming was
only one third written, the first volume appearing in 1890 when it was
privately published in Laramie, Wyoming, and printed by the Chaplin,
Spafford and Mathison Co. The author becoming ill and the expensive
undertaking being impossible, the history was never completed. Much
valuable material collected by the author was disposed of by his widow
for a history.
Mr. Coutant for many years was a newspaper man traveling ex-
tensively in Wyoming in quest of news, making a wide acquaintance with
the people of Wyoming and those things that were old Wyoming. An
old-timer himself, he associated with those individuals who not only made
Wyoming's history but knew the pioneers of the State's earliest days, thus
well qualifying himself for the task he had heroically undertaken.
A running resume of the contents of this first volume will more
adequately detail the contents of the 'history than any other form of re-
view. The delineating of the "Spanish Occupation" of Wyoming is the
only portion of the text th~.t is .lot based on authentic history. There are
many indications and traditions that the Spanish explorers came as far
North as Wyoming in their daring explorations. Interesting speculations
are made as to these earliest occupants of the territory now known as
Wyoming if we may except tribes of Indians whose flint work shops are


Russian Expansion on the Pacific

A Daughter of the Middle Border 307
A Daughter of the Middle Border. By HAMLIN GARLAND. (New
York: The Macmillan Company, 1921. Pp. 405. $2.00.)
A Son of the Middle Border. By HAMLIN GARLAND. (New York:
The Macmillan Company, 1922. Pp. 467. $2.50.)
The two books contain the pioneering record of Mr. Garland's
family. The book devoted to the "Daughter" really succeeds the
other in the narrative. It tells also about the author's own strug-
gles. Though autobiographic, the books read like novels.
OTHER BOOKS REcEIVED
BOLTON, REGINALD PELHAM. Indian Paths in the Great Metropolis.
(New York: Museum of the American Indian, Heye Founda-
tion, 1922. Two volumes.)
CRANE, WILLIAM H. In the Rocky Mountains with the Indian,
Bear and liVolf. (Denver: Carson Press Company, 1922. Pp.
36.)
GAMMON, SAMUEL RHEA: The Presidential Campaign of 1832.
(Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press, 1922. Pp. 180.)
HARRINGTON, M. R. Cherokee and Earlier Remains on Upper
Tennessee River. (New York: Museum of the American
Indian, Heye Foundation, 1922. Pp.321.)
MERRIAM, CHARLES EDWARD. The American Party System--An
Introductory to the Study of Political Parties in the United
States. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1922. Pp. 439.)
MUZZEY, DAVID SAVILLE. The United States of America. I.
Through the Civil War. (Boston: Ginn, 1922. Pp. 621.)
NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Collections, 1919, 1920. Cad-
wallader Colden Papers, Volumes 3, 4. (New York: The
Society, 1920, 1921. Pp. 448, 499.)
NUSBAUM, JESSE L. A Basket-Maker Cave in Kane County, Utah.
(New York: Museum of the American Indian, Heye Founda-
tion, 1922. Pp. 153.)
SCHLESINGER, ARTHUR MEIER. New Viewpoints in American His-
tory. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1922. Pp.299.
$2.40)
SMITH, WILLIAM. First Days of British Rule in Canada. (Kings-
ton: Queen's University, 1922. Pp. 18.)
STREETER, FLOYD BENJAMIN. Michigan Bibliography. (Lansing:
Michigan Historical Commission, 1921. Two volumes. Pp.
753, 466.)


"Reverend J. Edward Rendle of the Nitinaht Mission, Clo-Oose, British Columbia, has presented to the University of Washington Library a file of the first five volumes of the Kamloops Wawa, covering the years 1891-1896. The journal has the distinction of being the only periodical ever regularly published in the Chinook Jargon.

PACIFIC NORTHWEST AMERICANA
Roderick Finlayson Manuscripts
The family of the late Roderick Finlayson have recently pre-
sented the following manuscripts to the Provincal Archives of
British Columbia. The first two are on parchment and are signed
by the Governor and Committee of the Hudson's Bay Company in
London, the third is signed by Queen Victoria. I
1. Roderick Finlayson. Appointed as Chief Trader in Hud-
son's Bay Company. 23rd January 1850.
2. Appointment as Member of Council and Chief Factor in
Hudson's Bay Company. 1 February 1859.
3. Appointment as Member of the Council of Vancouver
Island. Signed by Queen Victoria. 16th March 1852.
Roderick Finlayson was one of the most trusted servants of
the Hudson's Bay Company. He was born March 16, 1818, at
Lochalsh, Rosshire, Scotland, and came to Canada in July, 1837. On
arrival, he at once secured appointment in the service of the Com-
pany, and in 1839 crossed over to the Pacific Coast. In the Spring
of 1842, Finlayson was employed at Fort Simpson. In May, 1843,
he was removed by Mr. Douglas to the intended new post at the
south end of Vancouver Island, now the city of Victoria. When
Fort Victoria was established Mr. Charles Ross was placed in charge
with Finlayson as second. On the death of Ross in the spring of
1844, Finlayson was placed in charge and he there remained for
many years. He was thus virtually the founder of Victoria. He
was a Member of the Legislative Council for Vancouver Island
and its dependencies from 1851 to 1863. He retired in 1872 and
died in Victoria, 30 January 1892.
The "Kamloops Wawa"
Reverend J. Edward Rendle of the Nitinaht Mission, Clo-Oose,
British Columbia, has presented to the University of Washington
Library a file of the first five volumes of the Kamloops Wawa,
covering the years 1891-1896. This journal has the distinction of
being the only periodical ever regularly published in the Chinook
Jargon. The history of the beginning of this publication and a de-
scription of the early numbers is to be found in Pilling's Biblio-
graphy of the Chinookan Languages, pages 45-51. A complete, or
(308)
A New P. N. L. A. Bibliography 309
practically complete, set of this periodical is to be found in the
Provincial Library at Victoria, B. C.
A New P. N. L. A. Bibliography
At its recent meeting in Olympia, the Pacific Northwest Library
Association authorized the publication of a Select List of Titles
relating to the Pacific Northwest. The new work will cover the
most important items relating to the history of the Pacific North-
west. These will be chosen with special reference to the needs of
the smaller libraries of the region. The principal facts regarding
the books will be given, including prices of books in print and the
range of prices on out-of-print items. The compilation is in charge
of E. Ruth Rockwood of the Library Association of Portland. Miss
Rockwood has built up the splendid collection in that Library and
her adequate knowledge of subject matter win be drawn upon in
giving critical annotations upon all important items listed. This
brief list of best books will doubtless prove of great assistance to
collectors and librarians of the smaller libraries.
The Tacoma Daily Ledger of September 9 carries a half column
article upon the "Publishing Activities of the Pacific Northwest
Library Association." The Quarterly refers to this article and
joins in the sentiment there expressed, that "such publishing activi-
ties as these are destined in time to leave their mark on the cultural
development of this entire region."
Hewitt's "Notes by the Way"
The University of Washington Library has recently received
by gift a copy of one of the rarest pamphlet narratives of overland
travel to the Pacific Northwest, namely, Notes by the Way. M emo-
randa of a Journey Across the Plains from Dundee, Ill.} to Olympia,
w. T., May 7 to November 3, 1862, by R. H. Hewitt. This item
was unknown bibliographically until Mr. H. R. Wagner in his The
Plains and the Rockies located and described the copy in the Ban-
croft Library, University of California. The Checklist of Pacific
Northwest Americana later revealed another copy in the Library
of the Oregon Historical Society. The present copy is donated by
the son of the author, Judge Leslie R. Hewitt, of the Superior Court
of Los Angeles, California. Of the original published narrative of
this important journey to the Pacific, there are now three recorded


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The Mining Advance Into the Inland Empire

The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913

Writings of Washington Relating to the National Capital

Other Books Received

Table of Contents

The Fur Trade in the Columbia River Basin Prior to 1811

Oregon Historical Society

Russian Expansion on the Pacific

Other Books Received

The 'Kamloops Wawa'

3,473

5,604