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Alojz Gradnik and the Slovenian Community in Italy from the Second Half of the Twentieth Century to the Present
Get PDFOntologies in the Time of Linked Data
Get PDFThis paper discusses some of the methodological issues one encounters when creating and using ontologies in the rapidly expanding Linked Open Data (LOD) landscape. Over the years the notion of applied ontologies has transitioned from that of a logically formalized knowledge system with varying degrees of inferencing power to that of a lightweight knowledge representation tool. This shift is reflected in the current lexicon where different actors in the LOD community use the term ontology interchangeably with more generic terms like vocabulary or even namespace or data schema. Applied ontologies have been a key area of research in the context of Semantic Web initiative since the late 1990s. The Semantic Web has recently found a new stream of development in the Linked Data initiative, which is considered its natural evolution (Allemang and Hendler, 2011). While a good deal of literature has been devoted to investigating ontology engineering for the Semantic Web, not enough attention has yet been paid to understanding the nature and role that ontologies play in the linked data context, especially from the lens of knowledge organization research. Based on our ongoing work creating Linked Open Data applications and services for digital resources in the domain of the performing arts, we describe methodological steps and lessons learned in line with the spirit of the linked data initiative, where an agile and pragmatic approach to development is combined with the practice of learning from one another
DATING THE MYANMAR BRONZE AGE: PRELIMINARY 14C DATES FROM THE OAKAIE 1 CEMETERY NEAR NYAUNG’GAN
Get PDFSince 2014 the Mission Archéologique Française au Myanmar has been excavating a prehistoric cemetery, Oakaie 1, adjacent to the famous Nyaung’gan Bronze Age cemetery in Sagaing Division. Oakaie 1 (OAI1) was selected as a Nyaung’gan proxy in order to better understand the Neolithic-Bronze Age-Iron Age chronological transitions in upper-central Myanmar, for eventual regional-scale synthesis. An initial attempt to AMS 14C date 13 human femurs failed due to a lack of collagen but a subsequent effort using an apatite dating methodology on 5 femurs was successful. These preliminary data bracket part of the cemetery from the 9th to 6th c. BC with a 4th-3rd c. BC outlier. Typological and technological analogies between OAI1 and Nyaung’gan pottery grave goods likewise suggest an early 1st millennium BC date for the local Bronze Age
Conflicts between Authenticity and User Retrieval in Classification Work
Get PDFThe field of knowledge organization theory shows major divides in priorities and conclusions: whether the core of classification is structure or meaning (Beghtol, 1986; Mills, 2004; Spärck Jones, 1970), whether a classification designer can or should rely solely on the literature to determine terminology (Fidel, 1994; Hulme, 1911; Mai, 2005), and whether it is the global principles (Ranganathan, 1962) or the individual classification designer’s knowledge and insight (Albrechtsen and Pejtersen, 2003; Feinberg, 2007; Hjørland, 2002) that creates a good system. The field of classification research offers no clear consensus on how classification construction occurs in practice or its ideal version (Park, 2008). Nor do we understand how classificationists negotiate conflicts between these principles and approaches in daily work. For example, if literary warrant is insufficient to make semantic decisions (Fidel, 1994; Mai, 2005), how do classification designers justify and reconcile – to themselves, their institutions, and their users – the inevitable use of personal and contextual information with the belief that the system should represent the documents without bias? Similarly, at what point (if any) in a domain analysis process does the classification designer encounter the impact of his or her system on the field being organized, and how does he or she seek to minimize or justify this distortion
Encoding Multilingual Knowledge Systems in the Digital Age: The Getty Vocabularies
Get PDFThis paper gives an overview of the history, development, and structure of the electronic thesauri produced and maintained by the Getty Research Institute (GRI). We describe the evolution of the Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN), and the Union List of Artist Names (ULAN) as multilingual, cross-cultural knowledge organization systems (KOS); the factors that make them unique; and their potential, when expressed as Linked Open Data (LOD) to play a key role in the Semantic Web
Categories in Charles A. Cutter's Systems of Subject Cataloging and Bibliographical Classification
Get PDFCategories are considered to be an essential element in the design of many knowledge organization systems (KOS), particularly those following the categorial approach of faceted analysis. Standard narratives of knowledge organization (KO) identify S.R. Ranganthan as the founder of the categorial approach to KO. However, they also acknowledge that elements of a categorial approach to KO can be found in a number of earlier KOSs created in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by such pioneers of KO as Paul Otlet, James D. Brown, and Julius O. Kaiser. This paper seeks to expand the list of precursors to the categorial approach by examining the rôle of categories in two KOSs created by Charles Ammi Cutter: the system of subject cataloging outlined in the Rules for a Dictionary Catalog (RDC) and the bibliographical classification known as the Expansive Classification (EC). In the RDC, Cutter divided subjects into three categories—concrete individual, concrete general, and abstract general—which were articulated into a classificatory, hierarchical structure that provided the framework for his principle of specific entry. Cutter also established a “significance order” of precedence for these categories, which functioned as a decision tree for selecting the most specific subject headings under which books treating of complex subjects should be entered. In the EC, Cutter divided the classification into schedules for subjects, a list of bibliographical forms, and an auxiliary table of place names (the Local List), with each of these divisions sharply distinguished from the other by notational means; moreover, he established a mechanism for class synthesis, whereby classes in the classification could take the forms Subject–Place or Place–Subject. Both KOSs were designed to allow maximal treatment of concrete, specific classes and so manifest the underlying unity of Cutter’s vision of KO. The pervasive, but implicit and untheorized, use of categorial structures in both the RDC and EC justifies the inclusion of Cutter among the precursors of the categorial approach to KO
BEYOND SUBSISTENCE: FOOD AND FOODWAYS IN INDO-PACIFIC ARCHAEOLOGY AN INTRODUCTION
No full textIntroduction to a themed issue
GATEWAY TO KOREA: COLONIALISM, NATIONALISM, AND RECONSTRUCTING RUINS AS TOURIST LANDMARKS
Get PDFThis paper traces the evolution of the South Gate (Sungnye-mun) as a must-see destination representing the antiquity, beauty and patrimony of Seoul, the former capital of the 600 year-old Chosŏn dynasty of Korea (1392-1910). Using the case study of the Republic of Korea's premier national treasure, this paper traces the preservation methods, educational, and commercial agendas of the producers, managers, and promoters of heritage remains. The earliest photographic records date back to the late nineteenth century when travel photo- graphs taken by stereo-view companies, photo-studios, and diplomats were recycled in newspapers, postcards, and guidebooks, giving foreigners the first glimpses into the “Hermit Kingdom.” The analysis relies on CRM archives such as photographs, guidebooks, architectural surveys, excavation reports, and material resources compiled by the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA) during the five years of excavations and construction of a replica to replace the original destroyed in an arson fire in 2008. The paper concludes with the grand re-opening ceremony to celebrate not only the resurrection of South Gate but to showcase the successes of the government's centralized heritage management policies, and conservation methods dedicated to preserving the city's architectural heritage
FOODWAYS THROUGH CERAMICS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY: A VIEW FROM SOUTHERN VIETNAM
Get PDFFood related research in Southeast Asian archaeology is heavily biased towards the assessment of subsistence strategies as well as typological and petrographic analyses of ceramics. Little is known about the range of diverse food items, how they were prepared and consumed, and the importance these foods played in the social lives of people in the past. My research seeks to extend the treatment of food in Southeast Asia archaeology from subsistence “strategies” to foodways by incorporating technofunctional and organic residue analyses of earthenware pottery vessels to address outstanding questions about their function with regard to the preparation and consumption of food. This paper presents preliminary findings on a range of prehistoric earthenware pottery excavated from Rạch Núi, An Sơn (Neolithic), and Gò Ô Chùa (Metal Age) sites in Long An Province, Southern Vietnam. Results are compared with similar data from experimental and ethnographic pottery as well as integrated with complementary data associated with the archaeological pottery samples. It is predicted that integrative analysis of technofunctional aspects of earthenware pottery with organic residue analysis will provide new perspectives on the foodways in Southern Vietnam during the Neolithic and Metal Age
