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Power, Susann

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 25
2019
Local Residents’ Activism: Cultivating an
Environmental Ethic among Beach Visitors in
Northern Ireland
Susann Power
University of Ulster, UK
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Recommended Citation
Power, Susann (2019) "Local Residents’ Activism: Cultivating an Environmental Ethic among Beach Visitors in Northern Ireland,"
Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 25.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/25
CTS 2019 
Title: Local Residents’ Activism: Cultivating an Environmental Ethic among Beach Visitors in 
Northern Ireland 
 
Author:  
Susann Power  
University of Ulster, UK 
 
Abstract: 
Leisure and tourism visits to coastal areas account for 26% of domestic tourism in 
Northern Ireland (NISRA 2018), and beach quality is the key decision-making factor in visitor 
choice of a coastal destination (Nelson & Botterill, 2002); particularly clean, litter-free sand and 
seawater (Tudor & Williams, 2006). Ballance, Ryan and Turpie (2000) found that up to 97% of 
the economic value of beach visits could be lost through lower cleanliness standards. However, 
on average, 473 pieces of litter can be found for every 100m of Northern Irish beaches (KNIB 
2018). As a response to these poor beach cleanliness standards, local residents have taken to the 
beach, self-organising into groups of beach cleaners and dedicating their personal time to 
cleaning up – consequently not just improving local environmental quality but also the local 
tourism product itself. This research explores this extraordinary and relatively new phenomenon 
of beach cleaning as a form of local residents’ activism and its implications for cultivating a 
wider environmental ethic and for coastal tourism policy. Using Charmaz’s (2014) approach to 
constructing Grounded Theory, the researcher has immersed herself as a complete participant 
(Saunders et al. 2016) by joining various different groups of beach cleaners. She has participated 
in 20 separate beach clean-up events, taking place over the course of six months and equating to 
approx. 40 hours observation of close to 200 local residents as they engage in this activity. 
Conversations and observations were recorded through the use of a research diary and creating 
research memos, which were analysed using Constant Comparison Analysis – a staple of 
Grounded Theory methodology. The aim of this research is twofold: first, to develop substantive 
theory for the concurrence of local residents’ activism and environmental ethics; and second, to 
develop a set of tourism policy recommendations for cultivating a wider environmental ethic 
among beach visitors. This is significant, as 80% of all coastal litter originates from human use 
of beaches (KNIB 2018). The research provides an original investigation of the active, yet 
inadvertent influence of local residents on shaping tourism policy and setting standards for a new 
ethic against littering. Much of tourism research focuses on residents’ attitudes and perceptions, 
and less so on the potential of residents as activists, and thus, tourism shapers and movers. It also 
contributes a novel interpretation of environmental ethics in tourism research, which has to date 
focused on the dichotomy of biocentrism vs. anthropocentrism, animal welfare and rights, as 
well as tourist (mis-)behaviour. The findings highlight the need for a renewed focus on 
individual responsibility and a principle-based tourism policy for an otherwise hedonistic 
activity. Generational conflicts have also emerged as problematic in the cultivation of an 
environmental ethic. Storytelling around littering is used as a form of sense-making.  
Furthermore, tourism policy planners could benefit from reviewing family leisure activities in 
particular in a bid to improve local environmental quality, cultivating environmental ethics and 
improving the local coastal tourism product. 
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Ballance, A., Ryan, P. G., Turpie, J. K. (2000) How much is a clean beach worth? The impact of 
litter on beach users in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 
96(5), 210-230.  
Charmaz, K. (2014) Constructing Grounded Theory: A practical guide through qualitative 
analysis. 2nd ed., Sage: London. 
KNIB (2018). Marine Litter Report 2017/18. Keep Northern Ireland Beautiful.  
Nelson, C., Botterill, D. (2002) Evaluating the contribution of beach quality awards to the local 
tourism industry in Wales—the Green Coast Award. Ocean & coastal management, 45(2), 
157-170.  
NISRA (2018) Tourism Statistics Bulletin: Northern Ireland Domestic Tourism 2017, Northern 
Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. (2016) Research Methods for Business Students. 7th ed., 
Pearson: Harlow.  
Tudor, D., Williams, A. T. (2006) A rationale for beach selection by the public on the coast of 
Wales, UK. Area, 38(2), 153-164.  
  
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Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings, Vol. 2019 [2019], Art. 25
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English

Local Residents’ Activism: Cultivating an Environmental Ethic among Beach Visitors in Northern Ireland

Mulindwa, Dirisa

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 32
2019
Analysing Street food in Uganda from a
Transformative Social Innovation Perspective:
Street Food, Urban Poor, Empowerment, Social
Innovation
Dirisa Mulindwa
University of Sunderland, UK
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Recommended Citation
Mulindwa, Dirisa (2019) "Analysing Street food in Uganda from a Transformative Social Innovation Perspective: Street Food, Urban
Poor, Empowerment, Social Innovation," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 32.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/32
CTS 2019 
Title: Analysing Street food in Uganda from a Transformative Social Innovation Perspective: 
Street Food, Urban Poor, Empowerment, Social Innovation 
 
Author: 
 
Dirisa Mulindwa 
University of Sunderland, UK 
 
Abstract:  
Food is an essential part in the everyday social life. Food and foodways, taken together 
represent the ways in which people relate to one another as well as the spaces in which they live. 
As urban spaces transform, people’s ways of sourcing for food, eating and the sociocultural 
meanings of food also change, food cultures become fused, reinvented or improvised to engender 
new gastronomic spaces (Lee, 2017; Low and Ho, 2017). The focus of this study was a street 
food known as ‘the Rolex’ in Uganda. This is a street food that fused different food cultures to 
create a new product. It is made with chapatti (Indian origin), omelette (introduced in Uganda by 
the British) and a combination of vegetables including onions, tomatoes, cabbage and pepper. 
Uganda is a developing country where employment opportunities are rare, there is insufficient 
labour demand due to inadequate firm creation and growth. New responses to poverty reduction 
such as the ‘Rolex’ to help poor household to earn income in informal, low investment activities 
are needed in Uganda.  
The objective of the study was to analyse the transformative dynamics of street food in 
Uganda with a focus on the Rolex. Transformative dynamics are here conceptualised as the 
forces that stimulate change within a system (Haxeltine et al. 2013). The data for this study was 
collected using the qualitative approach. Data collection was conducted in period of three weeks 
in December 2017 and January 2018. It consisted of semi-structured interviews with the street 
food venders in Kampala. The study examine the origin and local significance of the ‘Rolex’ to 
the everyday socio-economic life of Ugandans. Street food is rarely associated with social 
innovation or transformative change, therefore the novelty of this study lies on the Weick’s 
(1984) idea that small wins could create the momentum for larger scale changes. The findings of 
the study contribute to the understanding of social innovation in street food and the role it plays 
in transforming the socio-economic lives of the poor.    
 
Haxeltine, A., F. Avelino, J. Wittmayer, R. Kemp, P. Weaver, J. Backhaus, T. O ́Riordan (2013) 
Transformative Social Innovation: A Sustainability Transitions Perspective on Social 
Innovation, Paper presented at NESTA Social Innovation Research Conference, November 
14-15. 2013, London, UK 
Lee, R. L. M. (2017). “Malaysian Identities and Mélange Food Cultures.” Journal of 
Intercultural Studies 38 (2): 139–154 
Low .K. E. Y & Ho .E.L (2018) Eating in the city. Food, Culture & Society, 21:1, 2-8,  
Weick, Karl E. (1984). Small Wins: Redefining the Scale of Social Problems. American 
Psychologist 39 (1): 40–49 
  
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Analysing Street food in Uganda from a Transformative Social Innovation Perspective: Street Food, Urban Poor, Empowerment, Social Innovation

Jeffrey, Heather

Stephens, Sian

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 49
2019
Guiding Women around the World
Heather Jeffrey
Middlesex University Dubai
Sian Stephens
Middlesex University, UK
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Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Jeffrey, Heather and Stephens, Sian (2019) "Guiding Women around the World," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 ,
Article 49.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/49
CTS 2019 
Title: Guiding Women around the World 
 
Authors:  
 
Heather Jeffrey 
Middlesex University Dubai 
 
Sian Stephens 
Middlesex University, UK 
 
Abstract: 
Writing for the Guardian, Linda Kinstler (2018) has recently reported the censorship of 
advice for women travelers on TripAdvisor, especially when that advice relates to their personal 
safety. Much of the academic literature centred on women’s travel highlights their own 
responsibility in safeguarding themselves from dangers abroad. As such this paper aims to widen 
discussions from personal responsibility to institutional responsibility by honing in on the travel 
trade press and its promulgation of discourses on women’s travel. 
The world’s largest publisher of guidebooks is Lonely Planet (Bender, Gidlow & Fisher, 
2013), and the prominence of Lonely Planet has been noted by Tegelberg (2010: 494), who 
postulates that the guide book is a commercial instrument that silences ‘alternative perspectives 
[and] raises important questions about the epistemological implications of the wide 
dissemination and use of Lonely Planet guidebooks.’ Acknowledging that Lonely Planet is an 
important brand in travel advice, but also that many tourists now turn to internet based advice, 
this research is centred on a discourse analysis (Foucault, 1972) of the Lonely Planet website’s 
advice for female travelers. 
Web pages on Women Travelers from the five most visited countries of each continent 
were collected utilising NVivo and then analysed individually by both researchers. The discourse 
analysis shows that the different regions offer specific advice for female travelers, which is 
arguably shaped by postcolonial relations. Interestingly destinations in the West utilize negative 
auto stereotypes highlighting dangers for female travelers, whereas those destinations that have 
been criticized by the mass media as sexist play down any dangers that female travelers may 
face. While mass media can often be critiqued for discursively engaging in ‘specific sexism’ 
(sexism over there) to obscure Western gender relations and justify discrimination (Gianettoni & 
Roux, 2010). Lonely Planet online creates a culturally relativist paradigm within which 
guidebooks create discourses on women’s rights. 
  
1
Jeffrey and Stephens: Guiding Women around the World
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Guiding Women around the World

Gordon, Pauline

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 60
2019
Journey into Higher Education: A Study of
Postgraduate Indian Students’ Experiences, as They
Make the Journey to a New Teaching and Learning
Environment in the UK
Pauline Gordon
Edinburgh Napier University, UK
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Gordon, Pauline (2019) "Journey into Higher Education: A Study of Postgraduate Indian Students’ Experiences, as They Make the
Journey to a New Teaching and Learning Environment in the UK," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 60.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/60
CTS 2019 
Title: Journey into Higher Education: A Study of Postgraduate Indian Students’ Experiences, as 
They Make the Journey to a New Teaching and Learning Environment in the UK 
 
Authors: 
 
Pauline Gordon 
Edinburgh Napier University, UK 
 
Abstract:  
In recent years the number of postgraduate students from India studying in the United 
Kingdom (UK) has significantly increased, bringing substantial economic benefits to the higher 
education sector and the wider economy. In particular, Indian students studying on postgraduate 
programmes in the UK form the largest group of postgraduate students (58%), which is forecast 
to grow annually, by 3.1%, until 2024 (British Council, 2014; HESA, 2018). However, 
increasing international competition along with evolving government restrictions on student 
immigration and the decision to leave the European Union (EU), has put the sector in a very 
vulnerable position. Currently, there are various groups of international students who have come 
from different academic backgrounds and encountered various challenges moving to an 
unfamiliar Teaching and Learning Environment (TLE). Hence it is crucial that Higher Education 
Institutions (HEIs) understand from a student perspective, the issues and challenges that students 
experience, so that they can design and implement appropriate support strategies that facilitate 
the needs of different cohorts of students.    
The search for specific studies carried out on Indian postgraduate students’ educational 
experience into (HEIs) in the UK has generated few results. Indeed much of the research that 
currently exists about international students’ educational experience has centred on specific 
aspects of transition such as: widening participation, social and academic integration, retention, 
and the social and academic institutional systems that support students Harvey, Drew and Smith, 
2006; Johnson, 2010; Roberts, 2003; Trotter and Roberts, 2006; Yorke and Longden, 2008). 
However, this study makes an attempt to move the discussion forward by viewing transition as 
an educational process rather than as an outcome. By viewing transition as an educational 
process, it allows the researcher to capture student’s experiences as they make their journey from 
one (TLE) to another. This DBA study focusses on capturing the educational experiences of a 
group of Indian students who have chosen to study on various postgraduate degree programmes 
within a Business School at a Scottish university. The study follows the students’ educational 
journey, as they move from their previous (TLE) to a new (TLE) in the UK. Using a purely 
qualitative approach to gather data, the research captures students’ experiences as they journey 
into a new (TLE) in the UK, thus allowing the researcher to obtain a deep understanding of the 
issues and challenges through the voices of students. 
Research data was gathered using two sets of unstructured interviews, which were 
conducted at two critical points in the students’ journey.  There were six students interviewed at 
two different stages and each interview lasted between one to one and half hours. Subsequently, 
the data was analysed using thematic analysis which identified six specific themes that were 
presented and discussed. The findings revealed the issues and challenges that Indian 
postgraduate students experienced when they made the educational journey from their home 
(TLE) to a new (TLE) in the UK.  The findings also reveal that the support strategies 
implemented by the host institution were not effective in helping students to successfully adapt 
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Gordon: Journey into Higher Education: A Study of Postgraduate Indian Stu
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CTS 2019 
to their new (TLE).  The study makes a contribution to knowledge in two ways. Firstly it moves 
the discussion forward by allowing the researcher to study transition from a different perspective.  
For example, this study views transition as an educational process that captures student’s 
experiences, therefore it explores experiences rather than simply capturing the outcome of an 
educational journey. Secondly the study contributes to knowledge by providing Indian students 
with a voice to share their experience in the context of a postgraduate programme. 
Recommendations from the study are presented and based on the needs of Indian students, with 
some ideas being unique because they were suggested by the students themselves.  These can be 
used to inform the host (HEI), the teachers who teach these students, as well as the wider 
academic community. 
 
  
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Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings, Vol. 2019 [2019], Art. 60
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Journey into Higher Education: A Study of Postgraduate Indian Students’ Experiences, as They Make the Journey to a New Teaching and Learning Environment in the UK

Gewinner, Irina

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 63
2019
What Is a Successful Career in Tourism and
Hospitality Academia?
Irina Gewinner
University of Luxembourg and Leibniz University Hannover
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Gewinner, Irina (2019) "What Is a Successful Career in Tourism and Hospitality Academia?," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol.
2019 , Article 63.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/63
CTS 2019 
Title: What Is a Successful Career in Tourism and Hospitality Academia? 
 
Author: 
 
Irina Gewinner 
University of Luxembourg and Leibniz University Hannover 
 
Abstract: 
Women are still sometimes seen as less suitable for leadership in academic life courses 
than men (Wolfinger et al., 2009; European Commission, 2012; Piotrowski & Kang, 2016). 
Scholars have revealed that while men’s careers are considered normative and exhibit a 
relatively stable, gradual development, female academic life courses demonstrate higher 
individualisation due to significant vertical and horizontal inequalities (Beaufaÿs et al., 2012). 
These are characterised not only by the social origin and the field of study, but also increasingly 
by gender (Bagilhole & White, 2013). Despite current policy regulations to bring more women 
into leading positions in academia, women are underrepresented in professorships in many 
European countries. One of the explanations argues that scientific institutions are challenged by 
innovations and diversity policies, but at the same time still reproduce patriarchal cultures and 
lack contemporary gender role models. This entails persisting cultural stereotypes that hinder 
women in advancing their academic careers.  
Past research has hardly addressed gendered leadership issues in tourism and hospitality 
academia in its own right. Notable exceptions (Fotaki, 2013; Munar et al., 2015; Becken et al., 
2016; Chambers et al., 2017; Munar, 2017) demonstrated a substantial gender gap in tourism 
academia and claimed “…we simply do not know what gender looks like on the career ladder in 
tourism academia” (Munar et al., 2015, p. 17). Even less is known about diversity issues 
pertinent to leadership in this vibrant field of study, especially those linked with migration 
background and ethnicity. Previous studies found that senior positions in tourism and hospitality 
academia are distributed unequally (Becken et al., 2016) and that research networks and impact 
creation are gendered (Munar et al., 2015). However, a comprehensive picture of a successful 
academic career and academic leadership with regard to gender and diversity in tourism and 
hospitality academia is lacking.  
 This paper, offered for oral presentation, aims at reducing the existing research gap by 
exploring the distribution of gender and the extent of diversity in leadership positions of 
German-speaking tourism and hospitality academia. Focusing particularly on senior stages of 
scholarly career as a lived manifestation of ability to lead in research work is crucial for 
understanding common key points in careers, identifying successful career patterns and gaining 
insight into knowledge production mechanisms under consideration of geographical contexts and 
institutional framing conditions of global academia. This investigation examines careers of 
senior researchers (R3 and R4 according to EU definition) in tourism and hospitality with special 
attention to aspects of gender and diversity. By doing so, the article develops a better 
understanding of academic leadership by giving insights into the role of gender in a successful 
academic career in this field of study in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The examination is 
based on a reconstruction of professional history and quantitative analysis of CVs of professors 
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Gewinner: Women in leadership, Gender Inequality, Policy Regulations, Gender Leadership
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CTS 2019 
collected from online screening of 10 best higher education institutions that provide bachelor’s 
degrees. Aspects under consideration are gender, age, academic mobility, publication activity, 
affiliations, migration background and topics of interest. Preliminary results show that academic 
leadership in tourism and hospitality is predominantly white and masculine.  
  
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Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings, Vol. 2019 [2019], Art. 63
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What Is a Successful Career in Tourism and Hospitality Academia?

Figueroa-Domecq, Cristina

de Jong, Anna

Williams, Allan

Kimbu, Albert

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 67
2019
Women, Entrepreneurship and Tourism: A
Systematic Review
Cristina Figueroa-Domecq
University of Surrey
Anna de Jong
University of Surrey
Allan Williams
University of Surrey
Albert Kimbu
University of Surrey
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Figueroa-Domecq, Cristina; de Jong, Anna; Williams, Allan; and Kimbu, Albert (2019) "Women, Entrepreneurship and Tourism: A
Systematic Review," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 67.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/67
CTS 2019 
Title: Women, Entrepreneurship and Tourism: A Systematic Review 
 
Authors: 
 
Cristina Figueroa-Domecq 
University of Surrey 
 
Anna de Jong 
University of Surrey 
 
Allan Williams 
University of Surrey 
 
Albert Kimbu 
University of Surrey 
 
Abstract: 
Despite tourism having been a fertile field for entrepreneurship, there is relatively little 
research on this topic in the tourism journals, the numbers of papers are relatively static, and 
theoretical work remains at a consistently low level (Li, 2008). Gender issues are also under-
theorised and little researched empirically despite the growing importance of women 
entrepreneurs (de Bruin et al., 2006, 2007; Brush, et al. 2009), and updated studies are needed.  
Consequently, the aim of this study is to provide a critical map examining Women, 
Tourism and Entrepreneurship (WomENt) research. Through a bibliometric analysis and a 
systematic review, 102 articles have been identified in this area. Three main 
findings/observations emerge from the analysis. There are distinctive but inter-related 
geographies of the performed fieldwork and the intellectual origin of the investigations. The 
location of universities researching in WomEnt are concentrated in Spain (26 contributions, 
12.5%), Greece (25 contributions, 12%), United States (23 contributions, 11.1%), Australia (21 
contributions, 10.1%), Portugal (19 contributions, 9.1%), United Kingdom (19 contributions, 
9.1%), New Zealand (8 contributions, 3.8%), Sweden (8 contributions, 3.8%). Meanwhile, 
fieldwork shows an interest in developed countries in Europe (53.4%), North America (13.5%) 
and Oceania (13.9%), but also an important participation of Asia (11.1%), Africa (6.3%), and 
Central and South America (1.9%), covering a broader area than the intellectual origin of the 
research actions. It is both a case of who studies whom, and who studies where, being indicative 
of underlying power relationships.  
Another important research finding is the stereotyping of the role of women as 
entrepreneurs: concentrating on rural tourism (Brandth & Haugen, 2010; Petterssonn & Cassel, 
2014; Raditloaneng & Chawawa, 2015), hand-crafting (Kwaramba et al., 2012; Bakas, 2017) and 
accommodation (Hikido, 2017; Dieguez-Castrillon et al., 2012). That is a focus that potentially 
overlooks the role women undertake in innovative, entrepreneurial areas such as technology.  
Finally, this specific research area seems disarticulated from feminist and gender-aware 
scholarship, with a low integration of feminist theory around the empirical research, and 
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Figueroa-Domecq et al.: Women, Entrepreneurship and Tourism: A Systematic Review
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CTS 2019 
important insights that can be gained from this approach (Chambers, Munar, Khoo-Lattimore & 
Biran, 2017); these results are aligned with the lack of usage of a feminist epistemology in the 
tourism industry (Tribe, 2006; Pritchard & Morgan, 2017; Figueroa-Domecq et al., 2015). The 
review reveals a number of important research gaps (territories, topics or industries) in the midst 
of the highly selective literature in this area, gaps that inhibit understanding of the gendered 
dimensions of entrepreneurship.  
 
Bakas, F. E. (2017). ‘A beautiful mess’: Reciprocity and positionality in gender and tourism 
research. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 33, 126-133. 
Brandth, B., & Haugen, M. S. (2010). Doing farm tourism: The intertwining practices of gender 
and work. Signs: Journal of women in culture and society, 35(2), 425-446. 
Brush, C. G. et al. (2009). A gender-aware framework for women's 
entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 8-24. 
Chambers, D., Munar, A. M., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Biran, A. (2017). Interrogating gender and 
the tourism academy through epistemological lens. An International Journal of Tourism 
and Hospitality Research, 28 (4), 501-2513.  
de Bruin, A. M., Brush, C., and Welter, F. (2006), ‘Introduction to the Special Issue: Towards 
building cumulative knowledge on women’s entrepreneurship’, Entrepreneurship Theory 
and Practice, Vol 30, No 5, pp 585–593.  
de Bruin, A., Brush, C., and Welter, F. (2007), ‘Advancing a framework for coherent research on 
women’s entrepreneur- ship’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol 31, No 3, pp 
323–340.  
Dieguez-Castrillon, M., Gueimonde-Canto, A., Sinde-Cantorna, A., & Blanco-Cerradelo, L. 
(2012). Turismo rural, empreendedorismo e gênero: um estudo de caso na comunidade 
autônoma da Galiza. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural, 50(2), 371-381. 
Figueroa-Domecq, C., Pritchard, A., Segovia-Pérez, M., Morgan, N., & Villacé-Molinero, T. 
(2015). Tourism gender research: A critical accounting. Annals of Tourism Research, 52, 
87-103. 
Hikido, A. (2018). Entrepreneurship in South African township tourism: the impact of interracial 
social capital. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(14), 2580-2598. 
Kwaramba, H. M., Lovett, J. C., Louw, L., & Chipumuro, J. (2012). Emotional confidence levels 
and success of tourism development for poverty reduction: The South African Kwam 
eMakana home-stay project. Tourism management, 33(4), 885-894. 
Li, L. (2008). A review of entrepreneurship research published in the hospitality and tourism 
management journals. Tourism management, 29(5), 1013-1022. 
Pettersson, K., & Heldt Cassel, S. (2014). Women tourism entrepreneurs: doing gender on farms 
in Sweden. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 29(8), 487-504. 
Pritchard, A., & Morgan, N. (2017). Tourism’s lost leaders: Analysing gender and performance. 
Annals of Tourism Research, 63, 34-47. 
Raditloaneng, W. N., & Chawawa, M. (2015). Capacity Building for Sustainable Development 
in D’kar Community. In Lifelong Learning for Poverty Eradication (pp. 221-240). 
Springer, Cham. 
Tribe, J. (2006). The truth about tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), 360-381. 
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Women, Entrepreneurship and Tourism: A Systematic Review

Ek, Richard

Larson, Mia

Ooi, Can-Seng

Hardy, Anne

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 70
2019
Emotions in the Tourism Sharing Economy
Richard Ek
Lund University, Sweden
Mia Larson
Lund University, Sweden
Can-Seng Ooi
University of Tasmania, Australia
Anne Hardy
University of Tasmania, Australia
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Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Ek, Richard; Larson, Mia; Ooi, Can-Seng; and Hardy, Anne (2019) "Emotions in the Tourism Sharing Economy," Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 70.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/70
CTS 2019 
Title: Emotions in the Tourism Sharing Economy 
 
Authors: 
 
Richard Ek 
Lund University, Sweden 
 
Mia Larson 
Lund University, Sweden 
 
Can-Seng Ooi 
University of Tasmania, Australia 
 
Anne Hardy 
University of Tasmania, Australia 
 
Abstract:  
Emotional labour has for decades been addressed and investigated in tourism studies and 
tourism management. Originally coined by Arlie Hochschild in the late 1970s it has increasingly 
been elaborated upon in relation to tourism service work. This take on the originally sociological 
concept has predominatly been managerial in tourism management studies, and contextualized as 
a clear-cut social interaction between employees and customers, with an employer in the 
background. Faithful to its mission to produce knowledge of value for the management of the 
tourist company (be it a hotel or some similar typical actor in the tourism industry) emotional 
labour has thus been imagined, grasped and understood in specific more or less instrumental and 
functionalistic ways. Emotional labour is something that has to be formalized in a certain way in 
order to be addressable and handable from a managerial rationality. 
However, with the rise of the sharing economy in tourism, with beacons like uber and 
Airbnb in the center, the employee becomes his or her own employer, and at the same time is 
regulated by an assemblage of digital technologies. The established view on emotional labour as 
situated within a triangle of employee, customer and employer does not apply in the same way. 
As a consequence, emotional labour as a societal phenomenon needs to be rethought, outside the 
comfort zone of conventional managerialism. To some degree this has been done in tourism 
studies, but this research is still in its cradle. In particular, there is a lack of reasoning of more 
(sociological) contextual and systematic, as well as critical but also nuanced, takes on emotional 
labour in the tourism sharing economy. This paper offers such a contextual, systematic, critical 
but also nuanced (thus avoiding conventional neoliberalism-bashing) take on the phenomenon, 
with the highlighting the emotional labour of being an Airbnb host as a case. 
  
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Ek et al.: Emotions in the Tourism Sharing Economy
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Emotions in the Tourism Sharing Economy

Andrade, Helena

Breda, Zélia

Dinis, Gorete

Perspective on the LGBTQ Segment: The View of Tourism Accommodation Establishments of the City of Porto

Xiaoyue Zhang, Carol

Chen, Xiaoqing

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 9
2019
Identity Construction through Tourism Education:
Voice from International Students
Carol Xiaoyue Zhang
Portsmouth University, UK
Xiaoqing Chen
University of Aberdeen, UK
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Xiaoyue Zhang, Carol and Chen, Xiaoqing (2019) "Identity Construction through Tourism Education: Voice from International
Students," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 9.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/9
CTS 2019 
Z 
 
Title: Identity Construction through Tourism Education: Voice from International Students  
 
Authors: 
 
Carol Xiaoyue Zhang 
Portsmouth University, UK 
 
Xiaoqing Chen 
University of Aberdeen, UK 
 
Abstract:  
Although tourism and hospitality (T&H) as HE programmes have achieved the 
“remarkable growth in numbers” (Airey, 2015: 13), their maturity “is still highly debatable” 
(Hsu, Xiao & Chen, 2015: 142). The downplaying of liberal education and the high reliance on a 
vocational approach are believed as an inherent challenge that prevents T&H HE from 
developing “well-rounded, knowledgeable and thoughtful individuals (Tight, 2015: 95)” and 
instead is seen as a specialist incubator for the industry (Airey, 2013; Tribe, 2002). Upholding 
the liberal education approach, this research conducts a multimode exploration of international 
student’s self-identity (re)construction. Specifically, we focus on how Chinese international 
students understand their self-development through their overseas education on a daily base, 
looking specifically at tourism and hospitality programmes. Data were collected through the 
combination with self-portrait and collage-making, being supported with semi-structured in-
depth interview. Unlike previous research which  has studied international students as 
homogeneous groups, this research prioritizes the individual heterogeneities—studying 
individual experiences as integrally embedded in students’ everyday lives.  
 
Airey, D. (2013), “Forty years of tourism education and research”, Poznan University of  
Economics Review, 13(4),11-19. 
Hsu, C. X., Xiao, H. & Chen, N. (2017) "Hospitality and tourism education research from 2005 
to 2014: “Is the past a prologue to the future?”", International Journal of Contemporary 
Hospitality Management, 29(1),141-160. 
Taylor, C. (1989) “Sources of the self: The making of the modern identity”, Harvard University 
Press. 
Tight, M. (2015), “Theory development and application in higher education research”, Journal of 
Educational Administration and History, 47(1), 84-99. 
Tribe, J. (2002), “Research trends and imperatives in tourism education”, ActaTuristica, 14(1). 
61-81. 
  
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Xiaoyue Zhang and Chen: Identity Construction through Tourism Education: Voice from Inter
Published by Digital Commons @ TRU Library, 2019


Identity Construction through Tourism Education: Voice from International Students

Seedman, Victor L.

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 20
2019
Reflections on Zygmunt Bauman’s Relevance to
Critical Tourism Studies
Victor L. Seedman
University of Sunderland, UK
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Seedman, Victor L. (2019) "Reflections on Zygmunt Bauman’s Relevance to Critical Tourism Studies," Critical Tourism Studies
Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 20.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/20
CTS 2019 
Title: Reflections on Zygmunt Bauman’s Relevance to Critical Tourism Studies 
 
Author: 
 
Victor L. Seedman 
University of Sunderland, UK 
 
Abstract: 
In this presentation I shall be looking at how Bauman’s major themes of consumerism, 
retrotopia, identity and othering might have resonance in critical tourism studies. 
As a sociologist, ethicist and critical yet hopeful thinker, Bauman does not write much 
specifically on tourism. At times he seems to see tourism as the epitome of all that is wrong with 
the world, a substitute for real encounters with others and for properly ethical action in the world.   
He is well known, also, for drawing a conceptual distinction between the figure of the pilgrim, 
someone who is travelling with a long-term goal in mind, and that of the tourist, emblematic of 
the postmodern / liquid modern world in which people’s motivations are short-term and instant 
desire-driven. For Bauman, tourism is the leading edge of consumerism.  
A critic of consumer society and proponent of a postmodern ethic which sees the essence 
of morality as putting the powerless Other at the centre of one’s concerns, urging action on their 
behalf, it is not surprising that Bauman has little time for tourism. Were he to have engaged with 
CTS scholarship he may well have approved of our general outlook and forms of hopeful 
tourism such as justice tourism, though; other forms such as volunteer tourism too, so long as 
they seek empowerment of those whose misfortune it is to be “toured.”  
Some strands in Bauman’s work have clear resonance with debates in tourism studies 
such as those on mobilities and postdisciplinarity. His emphasis on other mobilities such as 
immigration and his empathy for the migrant lead him to another interesting conceptual 
distinction: the tourist versus (not the pilgrim now but) the vagabond. Where for tourists every 
door is open, vagabonds, destitute immigrants and asylum seekers are more likely to find doors 
slammed in their face. Bauman’s insight here can be used to reinforce the call for tourism studies 
to be considered together with mobilities studies, and reconceptualised as a new research agenda. 
Bauman’s insights can also amplify the call for tourism studies to move beyond economic 
efficiency and envisage itself in a more postdisciplinary manner, taking account of diasporality, 
hybridity and plural knowability; foregrounding the listening to and learning from the 
perspectives of the ”toured”, the “clandestino” and other Othered populations, for a more critical 
understanding of tourism’s effect, or as Bauman called it “the tourism syndrome”, in today’s 
world. 
This will, therefore, be a conceptual presentation and one that could fit neatly into several 
of the Conference’s themes. I want to emphasise in particular how Bauman enables us to think 
critically about retrotopia and how it is making life even harder for immigrants; and Wild World 
and its correlates of liquid modernity and ethics without ontology, both of which concepts are 
Baumanian hallmarks. 
  
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Seedman: Reflections on Zygmunt Bauman’s Relevance to Critical Tourism Stu
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