Digital Commons @ TRU Library (Thompson Rivers University)

Hollinshead, Keith

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 55
2019
Tourism and Overcoded Being / Tourism and
Liberated Becoming: Deleuze and Non- Dogmatic
Thinking
Keith Hollinshead
Independent Scholar: England and Australia
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Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
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Recommended Citation
Hollinshead, Keith (2019) "Tourism and Overcoded Being / Tourism and Liberated Becoming: Deleuze and Non- Dogmatic
Thinking," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 55.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/55
CTS 2019 
Title: Tourism and Overcoded Being / Tourism and Liberated Becoming: Deleuze and Non-
Dogmatic Thinking 
 
Author: 
 
Keith Hollinshead  
Independent Scholar: England and Australia 
 
Abstract: 
 
INTRODUCTION: DELEUZE AND OVERCODED TOURISM STUDIES 
 
The French philosopher Gilles Deleuze is something of a maverick thinker whose nonconformist 
conceptions have recently had an oxygenating impact on a number of social science fields. In 
such Deleuzean light, this Ibiza presentation thereby critically examines the power of tourism / 
Tourism Studies to authenticate and authorise the public culture / the public heritage / the public 
nature of places and spaces, and it will inspect certain contemporary paradoxes of and about 
tourism via Deleuzean vistas of being and becoming. In order to synthesise such found 
paradoxes, Deleuzean conceptions will be harnessed to help assess not only who is apparently 
doing what to whom and which through tourism, but (more significantly) how else might 
peoples, places, pasts or presents indeed be more productively inscribed / projected / declared 
through tourism. And thus, in the Ibiza delivery, Deleuze will be brought on board 
ontologically—where ontology (in the paradoxical Deleuzean sense) comprises not what is 
already created but what may be or what could be otherwise discovered. Such will be the 
conceptual service of Deleuze, the arch conceptualist against consolidated / overcoded in-house 
common-sense, or otherwise (according to Williams) the lead ethicist of ‘ventillated thinking.’ 
 
BACKGROUND: DELEUZE AND THE DOGMATIC IMAGE OF THOUGHT  
 
In order to assess how Deleuzean concepts can indeed be employed to gauge the expectations, 
the cross-expectations, and the un-expectations of tourism, the presentation will develop insight 
into Deleuze’s own regimes of thinking vis-à-vis his distaste for over-secure (or dogmatic) 
institutional knowledge, per se. Principally, Deleuze will be posited as a philosopher who probes 
how else one might live or work, that is exist and operate in a richer and more creative fashion. 
Although he did not specifically write about tourism, ipso facto, one may assume that he would 
regard ‘tourism’/ ‘travel’ akin to the way he regarded art, that is as productive force that can 
enlighten life once tourism / travel is not so much recognised as merely a strong and stable 
industry cum business (viz., in his own favoured terms as ‘a molar machine’), but rather as a 
vibratory event or vantage-point that does not just represent life but opens up understandings 
about it and possibilities for it. The presentation thus seeks to show that what is important to 
Deleuze is thereby the capacity of individuals in any field to release themselves from their own 
normalised imagination, or rather to free themselves from the received figurations (i.e., the 
droning prefigurations) which routinely constrain their thinking about life. 
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Hollinshead: Tourism and Overcoded Being / Tourism and Liberated Becoming: Del
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TOURISM AND THE FLUX OF LIFE: DELEUZE AND PALPATED THINKING 
 
The philosophy of Deleuze—especially when working with Guattari—is far from conventional, 
and it has only rarely ever been adapted to tourism / Tourism Studies. This Ibiza presentation 
thereby argues that his philosophical insights do not constitute a cohesive body of tightly 
reasoned singular sets of arguments for readymade deployment in the domain, but rather 
comprise a distinct mix of new ways of encouraging open and rich reflection about the world. 
Following Spinoza, he did not seek to generate a pool of self-contained expostulations or general 
prescriptions about fixed subjects, but rather sought to build up an interleaved mix of assertions 
about the world where it is not seen as external object ‘out-there-apart-from-us’ (there to be 
concretely judged) but as a protean plane of forces which operate not-so-predictably within and 
upon us. Hence for Deleuze, philosophy is not a foundational matter but is potentially a dynamic 
happening which can mirror the rich mobility of life. In this kaleidoscopic and scizophrenic light, 
the philosophy of Deleuze is a raft of liquid conceptualisations which can inspire new trajectories 
for thinking (or new rhizomatic styles of possibility) for tourism / Tourism Studies, as it can for 
any domain. For Deleuze, it is the teeming relatability of things that counts, or otherwise the 
coupling and the not-yet-imagined conjointment of ‘ideas’ / of ‘possibilities’/ of ‘futures.’ Such 
are the mutable Deleuzean ‘planes of thought’ about becoming-cultures, about becoming-
heritages, and about becoming-natures. And this presentation in Ibiza will show how such 
imbricated Deleuzean connections for things can be profitably palpated (i.e., creatively and 
productively applied) to aspirational worlds / to converted realms / to not-yet-thought 
experiences. 
  
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English

Tourism and Overcoded Being / Tourism and Liberated Becoming: Deleuze and Non- Dogmatic Thinking

Goodsir, Warren

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 64
2019
It Just Feels Right: The Intuitive Mind and Decision
Making
Warren Goodsir
Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
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Recommended Citation
Goodsir, Warren (2019) "It Just Feels Right: The Intuitive Mind and Decision Making," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 ,
Article 64.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/64
CTS 2019 
G 
Title: It Just Feels Right: The Intuitive Mind and Decision Making 
 
Author: 
 
Warren Goodsir 
Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand 
 
Abstract:  
The introduction to the Handbook of Decision Making (Nutt & Wilson, 2010) calls for 
managers “to choose wisely in order to benefit both the organisation and its key stakeholders” (p. 
3). Yet within the 679 pages of the Handbook of Decision Making, wisdom is only mentioned 
once. However, this oversight of wisdom is not uncommon, as The Oxford Handbook of 
Organizational Decision Making (Hodgkinson & Starbuck, 2008) makes no mention of wisdom 
whatsoever. However, there is increasing acknowledgement that rational decision-making 
models are not adequate for complex social systems (Hodgkinson & Starbuck, 2008; Nutt & 
Wilson, 2010; Stacey, 2011). As a result, there is growing interest in the role of intuition within 
decision making (Malewska, 2015a; Weber & Lindemann, 2011). There are conflicting 
interpretations and descriptions of intuition. Intuition has been described as “a paranormal 
force,” “a sixth sense,” (Malewska, 2015b) “premonitions,” “unbidden hunches” and “gut 
reactions” (Myers, 2002). Conversely, intuition is also described as a rational process, where the 
input into the process is generally provided by knowledge or experiences stored in the long-term 
memory and processed automatically in the subconscious (Betsch, 2008; Malewska, 2015b; 
Sadler-Smith, 2010). Similarly, Claxton, Owen, and Sadler-Smith (2015) suggest that intuition 
exists at the “nexus of cognition and affect” (p. 57). These descriptions of intuition suggest that it 
is an expertise-based response as opposed to a mystical experience. This research adopted a 
qualitative research methodology and paradigmatic case study methods (Flyvbjerg, 2011) to 
investigate decision making and the use of intuition within the hospitality environment. Data 
collection methods included in-depth semi-structured interviews and document analysis 
(Merriam & Tisdell, 2015; Neuman, 2014). Data analysis involved inductive and abductive 
reasoning to guide and inform ongoing interpretation and examine divergence within the data 
(Patton, 2002). The finding revealed that intuition is an important contributor to the decision-
making process by many of the participants as it informed interpersonal interactions and also 
provided relevant and sometimes compelling information. While the participants used terms like 
instinct, gut and emotions to describe intuitive processes, it is apparent that the participants’ 
intuition was generally associated with values, feelings and tacit knowledge gained from 
experience. The value placed on intuition by the participants and their acceptance of it as a valid 
form of information challenges the dominance of rational decision-making strategies (e.g. 
Beshears & Gino, 2015) which, as Sadler-Smith (2010) suggests, regard the use of intuition as 
undesirable and to be avoided if possible. Instead, intuition is identified as a key source of 
information within this study. It is developed over time, which requires practice in listening to 
and interpreting feelings, exercising values, and accumulating tacit knowledge. This description 
is consistent with Cokely and Feltz’s (2014) claim that intuitions are based on past experiences, 
connections and feelings. However, rather than intuition being mystical, random and irrational, 
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Goodsir: It Just Feels Right: The Intuitive Mind and Decision Making
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CTS 2019 
the findings of this study conceptualise intuition as natural, purposeful and sensible, and in this 
sense, when mastered it can be described as intelligent intuition. 
 
Beshears, J., & Gino, F. (2015). Leaders as Decision Architects. (cover story). Harvard Business 
Review, 93(5), 51–62. 
Betsch, T. (2011). The nature of intuition and its neglect in research on judgement and decision 
making. In H. Plessner, C. Betsch, & T. Betsch (Eds.), Intuition in judgment and decision 
making. (pp. 191–208). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.  
Cokely, E., & Feltz, A. (2014). Expert intuition. In L. M. Osbeck & B. S. Held (Eds.), Rational 
intuition: philosophical roots, scientific investigations (pp. 213–238). New York, NY: 
Cambridge University Press.  
Flyvbjerg, B. (2011). Case study. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of 
qualitative research (pp. 301–316). Los Angeles: Sage, [2011]. Hodgkinson, G., & 
Starbuck, W. (Eds.). (2008). The oxford handbook of organizational decision making. 
Oxford University Press, USA.  
Hodgkinson, G., & Starbuck, W. (2008). Organizational decision making: Mapping terrains on 
different planets. In G. Hodgkinson & W. Starbuck (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of 
Organizational Decision Making (pp. 2–29). Oxford University Press, USA.  
Malewska, K. (2015). Intuition in Decision Making -Theoretical and Empirical Aspects. 
International Journal of Business & Economic Development, 3(3), 97–105.  
Malewska, K. (2015). Intuition in managerial decision-making: The results of the empirical 
study. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Management, Leadership & 
Governance (pp. 254–261). Lisbon, Portugal: Academic Conferences and Publishing 3 
International Limited Reading, UK. Retrieved from 
http://ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=
bth&AN=111356841&site=eds-live&scope=site  
Merriam, S., & Tisdell, E. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation 
(Vol. Fourth edition). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Retrieved from 
http://ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=
nlebk&AN=1022562&site=eds-live  
Myers, D. G. (2002). Intuition: its powers and perils. New Haven: Yale University Press. 
Neuman, W. (2014). Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches (7th 
ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson.  
Nutt, P., & Wilson, D. (2010). Crucial trends and issues in strategic decision making. In P. C. 
Nutt & D. C. Wilson (Eds.), Handbook of decision making (1st ed., pp. 3–29). 
WileyBlackwell.  
Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (Vol. 3rd). London: Sage 
Publications. Sadler-Smith, E. (2010). The intuitive mind: profiting from the power of your 
sixth sense. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2010.  
Stacey, R. (2011). Strategic management and organisational dynamics: The challenge of 
complexity (6th Revised edition). Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education.  
Weber, E. U., & Lindemann, P. G. (2011). From intuition to analysis making decisions with your 
head, your heart, or by the book. In H. Plessner, C. Betsch, & T. Betsch (Eds.), Intuition in 
judgment and decision making. (pp. 191–208). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Retrieved 
from http://grail.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=957186  
  
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It Just Feels Right: The Intuitive Mind and Decision Making

Fang, Shupin (Echo)

Prayag, Girish

Ozanne, Lucie

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 69
2019
“I Feel Hopeful and Optimistic”: Post-Quake
Psychological Resilience in Small Tourism Firms in
Kaikoura, New Zealand
Shupin (Echo) Fang
University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Girish Prayag
University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Lucie Ozanne
University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Fang, Shupin (Echo); Prayag, Girish; and Ozanne, Lucie (2019) "“I Feel Hopeful and Optimistic”: Post-Quake Psychological
Resilience in Small Tourism Firms in Kaikoura, New Zealand," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 69.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/69
CTS 2019 
F 
Title: “I Feel Hopeful and Optimistic”: Post-Quake Psychological Resilience in Small Tourism 
Firms in Kaikoura, New Zealand 
 
Authors: 
 
Shupin (Echo) Fang 
University of Canterbury, New Zealand 
 
Girish Prayag 
University of Canterbury, New Zealand 
 
Lucie Ozanne 
University of Canterbury, New Zealand 
 
Abstract:  
The ability for small tourism firms to bounce back from adversity has been linked to the 
resilience of both individuals, such as business owners and employees, and the organization 
itself. Studies examining how psychological resilience manifests in small tourism organizations 
are scarce. More importantly, the question of how psychological resilience of business owners 
and managers contributes to business recovery in the aftermath of a disaster remains unanswered. 
Using Kaikoura, New Zealand, as a case study, this paper attempts to understand how hope and 
optimism as markers of psychological resilience contribute to business recovery of small tourism 
firms. In 2016, Kaikoura was hit by a magnitude 7.8 (Mw) earthquake causing extensive damage 
to tourism infrastructure leading to a drastic fall in tourism numbers and expenditure. Post-quake 
international spending dropped to zero. In 2017, 17 small business owners and managers were 
interviewed on several aspects of business recovery. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the 
data. The findings reveal two prominent themes in shaping psychological resilience, hope and 
optimism.  
Hope consists of three components namely, goal, pathway and agency thinking. Drawing 
from Snyder (2002), hope refers to the perceived capability of an individual to derive pathways 
to reach the desired goals and motivate oneself through agency thinking to use these pathways. 
Luthans et al. (2007) suggest that hopeful organisational leaders are crucial to the survival and 
growth of organisations in the face of environmental change. Fifteen out of the 17 participants 
exhibited hope. Those participants were used to setting personal and business goals to cope with 
change. By having clear goals in mind, these participants had a good picture of what they wanted 
to achieve for their business post-quake. More importantly, this also implied that they set 
realistic and achievable goals, which enabled them to plan business recovery in an effective way.  
In addition, when thinking in an entrepreneurial context, the ‘pathway’ component of 
hope suggests that the entrepreneurs who can demonstrate hope have the ability to come up with 
multiple courses of action for the business to overcome the event (Baron, Franklin, & Hmieleski, 
2016). Participants in this study who were hopeful were able to proactively find alternative 
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Fang et al.: “I Feel Hopeful and Optimistic”: Post-Quake Psychological Resilie
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CTS 2019 
pathways to reach their goals, and were strongly determined in achieving those goals by adapting 
their plans to achieve the desired outcomes.  
Optimism refers to holding positive expectations for the future (Carver, Scheier, & 
Segerstorm, 2010). Studies have shown that optimism is positively related to authentic leadership 
and entrepreneurial venture creation intention (Lindebaum & Cartwright, 2010; Mathew & 
Gupta, 2015; Trevelyan, 2008). Optimism is positively related to individual wellbeing post-
quake (Kuijer et al., 2014). The findings reveal that 15 out of the 17 participants exhibited 
optimism. When faced with adversity, optimistic attributions to the extenuating circumstances 
provide the necessary impetus for accepting and implementing change. One participant 
mentioned that he focuses his attention on the positive side of things as these generate business 
opportunities. The findings have implications for the well-being of small business owners and 
the type of business support that must be offered post-quake. 
 
References available upon request. 
  
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“I Feel Hopeful and Optimistic”: Post-Quake Psychological Resilience in Small Tourism Firms in Kaikoura, New Zealand

Cai, Wenjie

Southall, Carol

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 77
2019
Gay Parents in Heterosexual Family Holiday Space
Wenjie Cai
University of Greenwich, UK
Carol Southall
Staffordshire University, UK
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Cai, Wenjie and Southall, Carol (2019) "Gay Parents in Heterosexual Family Holiday Space," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol.
2019 , Article 77.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/77
CTS 2019 
Title: Gay Parents in Heterosexual Family Holiday Space 
 
Authors: 
 
Wenjie Cai 
University of Greenwich, UK 
 
Carol Southall 
Staffordshire University, UK 
 
Abstract:  
There is a growing research interest in demographic characteristics and motivational 
factors of the LGBT travel market (Hughes and Southall, 2012; Vorobjovas-Pinta and Hardy, 
2016). However, the profile of LGBT travellers has been predominantly single gay men with 
high levels of disposable income and education, whose main travel motivation is to look for 
sexual encounters and escape from their daily heterosexual environment (Gluckman and Reed, 
2012). This homogeneity and overrepresentation in the LGBT tourist profile has been criticised 
for neglecting lesbians, transgender persons and families (Badgett, 1997). Indeed, Lucena et al. 
(2015) and Hughes and Southall (2012) emphasise the importance of researching LGBT 
families, given their distinctive motivations and characteristics. A recent report by the European 
Travel Commission (2018) suggests that LGBT family tourism broaden the idea of a ‘gay 
vacation’ and contribute to a more inclusive concept of gay travel.    
Holiday spaces are socially constructed spaces in which social interaction, group 
dynamics and self-identities take place and are negotiated. Heteronormative assumptions 
continue to regulate sexuality in public spaces, often generating tension for gay men and 
lesbians. For homosexual families with children, there is the added pressure of the potential for 
heightened visibility and inadvertent disclosure of sexuality on holiday.  
This presentation discusses a work-in-progress project about exploring sexuality 
negotiations of same-sex parents in heteronormative family holiday space, and the impact of the 
overall travel experience. Responding to Lucena et al. (2015)’s call on researching how the 
presence of children affects the ways parents navigate their sexuality in public holiday spaces, 
this presentation firstly synthesises the complexities of performing homosexual family lives, as 
well as the additional complexities of space with the fluidity and blurred boundaries between 
public and private, virtual and physical, as well as heterosexual and homosexual. We then 
propose a queer paradigm with toolkits of worldviews, philosophies, and methods to 
conceptualise an inclusive holiday space above heteronormative family space and/or 
homogeneity of the gay space. Empirically, in order to understand same-sex parents’ emotional 
journeys within the socially constructed space, we will discuss how the queer paradigm and 
queer theory will influence our research design. In this research, we are planning to apply non-
representational theory and performance theory to allow investigating the embodied experience 
of same-sex parents in the homogeneous holiday space. A detailed research plan and potential 
research contribution of the empirical study will be presented. 
 
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Cai and Southall: Gay Parents in Heterosexual Family Holiday Space
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CTS 2019 
European Travel Commision. (2018) Handbook on the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and  
Queer (LGBTQ) Travel Segment. Brussels: ETC Market Intelligence. 
Hughes H and Southall C. (2012) Gay and lesbian families and tourism. Family Tourism:  
Multidisciplinary Perspectives 56: 125-139. 
Lucena R, Jarvis N and Weeden C. (2015) A review of gay and lesbian parented families’ travel  
motivations and destination choices: gaps in research and future directions. Annals of 
Leisure Research 18: 272-289. 
Vorobjovas Pinta O and Hardy A. (2016) The evolution of gay travel research. International 
Journal of Tourism Research 18: 409-416. 
  
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Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings, Vol. 2019 [2019], Art. 77
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Gay Parents in Heterosexual Family Holiday Space

Lourenço, Fernando

Angelica La Rosa Gutierrez, Maria

#Metoo too in Macao: Sexual Harassment of Migrant Workers

Anderson, Wineaster

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings 
Volume 2019 Article 92 
2019 
Critical Tourism Themes Emerging from the Sub-Saharan Africa 
Wineaster Anderson 
University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 
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 Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Anderson, Wineaster (2019) "Critical Tourism Themes Emerging from the Sub-Saharan Africa," Critical 
Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 92. 
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/92 
This Keynotes and Special Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU 
Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital 
Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca. 
 
Wineaster Anderson 
Associate Professor 
of Marketing 
University of Dar es Salaam, 
Tanzania 
  
CTS 8 Keynote Address 
Wineaster holds PhD (2008) and Masters (2005) in Tourism and 
Environmental Economics from University of Balearic Islands, 
Spain, and an MBA (2001) and Bachelor of Commerce (1999) from 
University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. She was formerly Dean and 
Associate Dean of University of Dar es Salaam Business School and 
Director of Quality Assurance for the University of Dar es Salaam. 
She has researched and published widely in the areas of innovation 
and sustainability in tourism, international business, and 
internationalization for poverty alleviation, gender, and marketing.  
Wineaster has received various honours, including the 2018 
Tanzania Women Champions in Tourism Award (Africa 
Reconnect), the 2015 Women of Achievement Award in Tanzania 
(TWAA), the Highly Commended African Management Research 
Fund Award (Emerald/ALCS) in 2010, and the Konrad-Adenauer-
Stiftung Honor for the Best Essay in 1999 on East Africa 
Community. She has served and continues to serve on various 
Governmental Committees and Boards in Tanzania, including the 
Technical Advisory Committee to the Minister of Natural Resources 
and Tourism; the National Council for Technical Education - 
Business, Tourism and Planning Board; Tanzania Investment 
Centre; Tanzania Bureau of Standards; and the Tanzania National 
Parks Authority. 
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Anderson: Critical Tourism Themes Emerging from the Sub-Saharan Africa
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Critical Tourism Themes Emerging from 
the Sub-Saharan Africa 
 
The presentation highlights the critical themes emerging from the tourism 
scholarly works published about Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) during the past 
decade. The focus is on Tanzania. Using content analysis, the key themes 
include the pro-poor tourism, innovation and sustainability, inclusive 
tourism development, as well as public-private partnerships and dialogues 
for reforming the business environment. Most discussions are centred on 
three key pillars. First, there is a common agreement that, tourism is one of 
the key economic sectors in the SSA; and therefore, they propose 
responsible and pro-poor tourism strategies as the way forward.  Second, 
inclusive tourism development comes out very strongly as it requires all 
groups of people [regardless of their gender, ethnicity, age, sexual 
orientation, disability or poverty] contribute to creating equal opportunities 
for all, new customer values and experiences. Three, they consider 
favourable business climate a lifeline for attracting more tourism 
investments and tourists to the destination; supporting innovations and 
creativity and eventually, reducing poverty. The presentation, conclusively, 
underlines the prominence of two strategic themes – inclusive tourism 
development and innovations in tourism - and provides an important 
contribution to managerial and policy research. 
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Critical Tourism Themes Emerging from the Sub-Saharan Africa

Yang, Mona Ji Hyun

Khoo-Lattimore, Catheryn

Chiao Ling Yang, Elaine

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 11
2019
Systematic Quantitative Literature Review:
Reviewing Interdisciplinary Literature on Host-
Children
Mona Ji Hyun Yang
Griffith University, Australia
Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore
Griffith University, Australia
Elaine Chiao Ling Yang
Griffith University, Australia
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Yang, Mona Ji Hyun; Khoo-Lattimore, Catheryn; and Chiao Ling Yang, Elaine (2019) "Systematic Quantitative Literature Review:
Reviewing Interdisciplinary Literature on Host-Children," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 11.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/11
CTS 2019 
Y 
Title: Systematic Quantitative Literature Review: Reviewing Interdisciplinary Literature on 
Host-Children 
 
Authors: 
 
Mona Ji Hyun Yang 
Griffith University, Australia 
 
Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore 
Griffith University, Australia 
 
Elaine Chiao Ling Yang 
Griffith University, Australia 
 
Abstract: 
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDG) aims to protect and 
eliminate all forms of child labour by 2025 (United Nations, 2018). According to the 
International Labour Organization (2002), roughly 19 million workers in tourism-related 
industries (15%) are children. However, limited research has investigated this topic because the 
voices of children, in general, have been neglected in tourism research (Poria & Timothy, 2014). 
In response to the scant attention to child labour in tourism, we conducted a Systematic 
Quantitative Literature Review (SQLR) to map existing research on host-children who live and 
work in tourist destinations, in interdisciplinary literature (refer to Figure 1) in order to identify 
knowledge gaps in terms of the disciplines, themes, theoretical frameworks and geographical 
locations of existing research. The review also aims to reveal how and to what extent existing 
literature reflects host-childrens’ voices. This review is expected to shed light on host-children 
from an interdisciplinary perspective and provide directions for future studies on host-children. 
*Note: The shaded boxes are an additional step to the original PRISMA flowchart to identify the 
extent to which the existing literature paid attention to host-children compared with tourist-
children. 
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Yang et al.: Systematic Quantitative Literature Review: Reviewing Interdiscipl
Published by Digital Commons @ TRU Library, 2019
CTS 2019 
 
Figure 1. Modified PRISMA Flowchart (Source: Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, Altman, & Group, 
2009) 
 
Three main gaps were identified from the review. Firstly, the lack of research attention to 
host-children is evident. Within the limited research on children in tourism, even fewer studies 
have explored host-children with empirical data and explicit theoretical underpinnings. Various 
disciplines have shown an interest in host-children, but no discipline has studied this topic in 
depth. In addition, attention is skewed to child sex workers while issues related to general child 
workers outside of child sex tourism have been neglected. Child labour issues in African and 
Asian regions are also scant compared to other regions. Secondly, even though some studies 
investigated utilitarian dimensions such as tourism impacts on children’s health, attitudes and 
commodification, few studies explored how tourism impacts children’s life satisfaction or 
happiness. Finally, there is pronounced absence of host-children’s voices. Children are the best 
informants on issues that concern them and yet, very little research involved the voices of host-
children due to ethical and methodological challenges. Few studies explicitly reported how they 
addressed the ethical issues of involving children in research and only a handful of studies 
briefly mentioned seeking consent from children’s guardians. 
On the basis of the identified gaps, three recommendations are provided. First of all, it is 
necessary to deepen current knowledge about host-children with empirical data but also the 
development of theoretical frameworks for understanding host-childrens’ issues. In particular, 
future researchers should pay attention to all types of child labourers beyond child sex workers, 
and in the African and Asian regions. Scholarly attention to child labour in the tourism industry 
is urgent because of the risky tourism working environment where working hours are long, jobs 
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are not secure, wages are low and laws are often infringed. Secondly, the findings from the 
SQLR suggest that there is a need for researchers to investigate the quality of life of host 
children, and to extend knowledge on less utilitarian dimensions of tourism impacts. Finally, it is 
recommended that future research involving host-children reflect on ethical issues. In summary, 
this study systematically reviewed the existing literature on host-children and identified three 
main research gaps that are the deficiency of studies on general host-children (besides child sex 
workers) and the absence of host-children’s voices. It is hoped that this paper will initiate further 
research on host-children and contribute to achieving the UNSDG (Goal 8.7) which protect and 
eliminate all forms of child labour. 
 
International Labour Organization. (2002). A future without child labour: Global Report under 
the follow-up to the ILO Declaration on fundamental principles and rights at work. 
Retrieved from Switzerland: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---
dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_publ_9221124169_en.pdf 
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Group, P. (2009). Reprint—preferred 
reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Physical 
therapy, 89(9), 873-880. doi:10.1093/ptj/89.9.873 
Poria, Y., & Timothy, D. J. (2014). Where are the children in tourism research? Annals of 
Tourism Research, 47, 93-95. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2014.03.002 
United Nations. (2018). Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and 
decent work for all. United Nation Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from 
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/economic-growth/ 
  
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Systematic Quantitative Literature Review: Reviewing Interdisciplinary Literature on Host-Children

In Wong, Cora Un

Si Man Ao Ieong, Stephanie

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 12
2019
Nostalgic Tourism Ain’t What It Used to Be: What
Makes a Destination Engender Nostalgia?
Cora Un In Wong
Institute for Tourism Studies, Macau
Stephanie Si Man Ao Ieong
Institute for Tourism Studies, Macau
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Recommended Citation
In Wong, Cora Un and Si Man Ao Ieong, Stephanie (2019) "Nostalgic Tourism Ain’t What It Used to Be: What Makes a Destination
Engender Nostalgia?," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 12.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/12
CTS 2019 
Title: Nostalgic Tourism Ain’t What It Used to Be: What Makes a Destination Engender 
Nostalgia? 
 
Authors: 
 
Cora Un In Wong 
Institute for Tourism Studies, Macau 
 
Stephanie Si Man Ao Ieong 
Institute for Tourism Studies, Macau 
 
Abstract: 
Increasing attention has been devoted in the literature to the popularity of nostalgic 
tourism, which could be viewed as a separate form of tourism whose motivation is of a personal 
nature. Scholars have during the last few decades published research articles on nostalgic tourism 
from the perspectives of anthropology, sociology, psychology, management and marketing 
(Davis, 1979; Graburn, 1995; Wildschut, Sedikides, Routledge, Arndt & Cordaro, 2010). From a 
sociological point of view, nostalgia is defined as “a sentimental or bittersweet yearning for an 
experience, product, or service from the past” (Baker & Kennedy, 1994, p. 169).  From an 
anthropological perspective, Graburn (1995, p. 166) commented that nostalgia tourism is 
travelling “with a wish for the past” and it is a personal effort meant to slow down one’s life 
cycle, to indulge in one’s earlier stage of life or as a way to counter rapid changes. Stern (1992) 
suggested that nostalgia can be reflected on one’s own identity, social identity and collective 
memories.  Most of the existing work on this theme focuses on the definition of nostalgia, 
categorization of nostalgia, tourists’ motivation for engaging in nostalgic tourism, nostalgic 
activities undertaken at a destination as well as tourists’ consumption patterns in the course of a 
nostalgic tour. 
The present study adopts an interpretive qualitative approach which aims to reveal 
whether there is a prospect that any destination could be reckoned as a nostalgic destination by 
some and, if it were to be the case, to identify the elements of the destination that has the 
potential of fostering nostalgic feelings. Apparently different destinations may have different 
catalytic elements as regards inspiring nostalgia, but could it be possible that they have some 
elements in common? This paper uses Macau as a research locus to identify the potential 
markers that can attract the tourists to a destination suitable and promotable for a nostalgic 
journey. Macau’s rich history and cultural recourses made it known as a cultural and gaming 
tourism destination rather than a nostalgic destination (Wong and Qi, 2017; Wong, 2013). Macau 
thus is an interesting case to illustrate how a destination can provide a sense of nostalgic feelings 
to tourists; those who would choose to visit Macau repeatedly are the ‘prime suspects’ of being 
motivated at least partly by nostalgia in a tourism context. The rest of the paper begins with a 
section providing an overview of the literature. It is followed by a short introduction to the 
research locus; afterwards comes a methodology section which covers data collection and 
analysis. Section 5 presents the findings meant to provide a better understanding on how a 
destination is perceived by tourists as a nostalgic destination as well as what elements are 
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In Wong and Si Man Ao Ieong: Nostalgic Tourism Ain’t What It Used to Be: What Makes a Destinat
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perceived to be catalysts which can trigger one’s nostalgic feeling towards a destination. The last 
section concludes. 
  
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Nostalgic Tourism Ain’t What It Used to Be: What Makes a Destination Engender Nostalgia?

Joao Vieira, Maria

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 18
2019
Quality of Life of Tourism Entrepreneurs: Is It
about the Lifestyle?
Maria Joao Vieira
Edinburgh Napier University, UK
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Joao Vieira, Maria (2019) "Quality of Life of Tourism Entrepreneurs: Is It about the Lifestyle?," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings:
Vol. 2019 , Article 18.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/18
CTS 2019 
V 
Title: Quality of Life of Tourism Entrepreneurs: Is It about the Lifestyle?  
 
Authors: 
 
Maria Joao Vieira 
Edinburgh Napier University, UK  
 
Abstract: 
Owners of small businesses, within the tourism and hospitality literature, tend to be 
labelled lifestyle entrepreneurs (LsEs) and described with an emphasis on the style of life they 
want to achieve while running their businesses (Lashley and Rowson, 2010; Skokic and 
Morrison, 2011). The lifestyle label is often related to: a desire to open a small business where its 
owner can take into consideration aspects like family, lifestyle and commercial concerns 
(Saxena, 2015); the possibility of blending lifestyle and work as if they are one and the same 
(Holland and Martin, 2015); and to an ambition of achieving a certain quality of life (QoL) 
aligned with personal preferences and values (Ateljevic and Doorne, 2000). Amongst authors it 
seems relatively consensual that LsEs main motivation to begin an entrepreneurial venture is not 
profit nor desire for growth (Shaw and Williams, 1998; Ioannides and Petersen, 2003). 
Nonetheless, knowledge about the group of tourism entrepreneurs’ is scarce (Thomas et al., 
2011) and tends to be focused on the motivations to start the business. Taking into consideration 
the apparent agreement that exists in the literature regarding QoL as one of the main drivers for 
LsEs to engage in tourism related entrepreneurial ventures (Shaw and Williams, 2004; Getz and 
Petersen, 2005), it becomes relevant to understand how this particular group perceives and 
defines QoL. Given the significance of LsEs in the tourism and hospitality research, both for the 
high number of small businesses in the sector and for the opportunity they represent in terms of 
added knowledge to the current society, having a deeper understanding about LsEs perception of 
QoL might be helpful in advancing the knowledge about this special group of tourism 
entrepreneurs. This presentation aims to introduce the conceptual model of QoL of LsEs that 
emerged from an ongoing doctoral study. The model was developed from the thematic analysis 
of 36 in-depth interviews that were conducted with LsEs, owners of B&B’s in Portugal. The 
findings suggest that there are seven issues contributing to LsEs’ perception of QoL: self-
realization, occupation, interpersonal relationships, finance, home, personal preferences and 
location. Selfrealisation and occupation are the ones that matter the most, reflecting the holistic 
style of life that LsEs want to live. Ideally, a life where there is no distinction between who they 
are and what they do. Realistically, a life with a gap between what they perceive quality of life to 
be and the life quality their day-to-day activities allows them to achieve. Quality of life seems 
not to be about the lifestyle, but about a deep reflexive journey from LsEs’ self into a better 
version of it. The implications of the findings and how they challenge the label LsE will be 
discussed.  
 
Ateljevic, I. & Doorne, S. (2000). “Staying Within the Fence”: Lifestyle Entrepreneurship in 
Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(5) pp. 378–392.  
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Getz, D. & Petersen, T. (2005). Growth and profit-oriented entrepreneurship among family 
business owners in the tourism and hospitality industry. International Journal of 
Hospitality Management, 24(2) pp. 219–242.  
Holland, C. and Martin, E. (2015). Lifestyle migration and work choices. Hospitality & Society, 
5(1) pp. 23–42.  
Ioannides, D. & Petersen, T. (2003). Tourism “non-entrepreneurship” in peripheral destinations: 
a case study of small and medium tourism enterprises on Bornholm, Denmark. Tourism 
Geographies, 5(4) pp. 408–435.  
Lashley, C. & Rowson, B. (2010). Lifestyle businesses: Insights into Blackpool’s hotel sector. 
International Journal of Hospitality Management. Elsevier Ltd, 29(3) pp. 511–519.  
Saxena, G. (2015) Imagined relational capital: An analytical tool in considering small tourism 
firms’ sociality. Tourism Management. Elsevier Ltd, 49 pp. 109–118.  
Shaw, G. & Williams, A. (2004). From Lifestyle Consumption to Lifestyle Production: 
Changing Patterns of Tourism Entrepreneurship. In Thomas, R. (ed.) Small Firms in 
Tourism: International Perspectives. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 99–114.  
Shaw, G. & Williams, A. M. (1998). Entrepreneurship, small business culture and tourism 
development. In Debbage, K. and Ioannides, D. (eds) Economic Geography of Tourism. 
London: Routledge, pp. 235–255.  
Skokic, V. & Morrison, A. (2011). Conceptions of Tourism Lifestyle Entrepreneurship: 
Transition Economy Context. Tourism Planning & Development, 8(2) pp. 157–169.  
Thomas, R., Shaw, G. & Page, S. J. (2011). Understanding small firms in tourism: a perspective 
on research trends and challenges. Tourism Management. Elsevier Ltd, 32(5) pp. 963–976. 
  
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Quality of Life of Tourism Entrepreneurs: Is It about the Lifestyle?

Maxim, Cristina

Chasovschi, Carmen

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 34
2019
Heritage Tourism and Authenticity: The Case of
Voroneț
Cristina Maxim
University of West London, UK
Carmen Chasovschi
“Stefan cel Mare” University, Romania
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Maxim, Cristina and Chasovschi, Carmen (2019) "Heritage Tourism and Authenticity: The Case of Voroneț," Critical Tourism Studies
Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 34.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/34
CTS 2019 
Title: Heritage Tourism and Authenticity: The Case of Voroneț 
 
Authors: 
 
Cristina Maxim 
University of West London, UK 
 
Carmen Chasovschi  
“Stefan cel Mare” University, Romania 
 
Abstract: 
Culture is an essential component that adds to the attractiveness of a destination and 
contributes to the authenticity of an area through its ‘unique imprint on the cultural landscape’ 
(Timothy, 2011, p. 58). To capitalize on this, cultural tourism has been proposed in many 
destinations as a path to economic prosperity, better job opportunities for locals and increased 
tax revenues. 
This study focuses on heritage tourism, a popular choice among visitors and an area of 
research that has recently attracted increased attention from academics. Heritage is seen as one of 
the main tourism drivers for many regions, helping destinations to differentiate between one 
another in a very competitive environment. The literature on this form of tourism has expanded 
rapidly since the initial debates in the late ‘80s, with the topic being included by Cohen and 
Cohen (2012) among the current issues deserving further attention from researchers. 
Additionally, the present work looks at the role that authenticity plays in tourist 
destinations, ‘an important attribute of heritage tourism […] or at least the perception of it’ 
(Chhabra et al., 2003). While there is a wealth of research on authenticity and its applicability, 
this is mostly focused on Western countries. This research therefore contributes to filling this gap 
by exploring the applicability of the concept in a non-Western context, which it does by looking 
at the importance of the cultural landscape and traditional houses for the sustainable 
development of tourism in a heritage site from a former communist country in Eastern Europe. 
Specifically, the study focuses on objective authenticity and looks at the importance of 
preserving the built environment (i.e. traditional houses) for the sustainable development of 
tourism in the Voroneț area in Romania. Situated in the North-East of Romania, Voroneț is 
considered to be one of the main tourist attractions in the region of Bucovina, and one of the 
most important destinations for cultural, heritage and religious tourism in the country. 
Due to the limited research available on tourism development in Voroneț, the present 
study adopts an exploratory approach. One of the study’s main strengths is that by gathering the 
views of the most important stakeholders in tourism development in Voroneț (i.e. locals, visitors, 
representatives of local and regional Government, non-governmental organisations, and the 
tourism industry – B&B owners and travel agents), it offers a comprehensive image of the topic 
at hand. To that end, the current paper reviews policy documents and analyses interviews 
conducted with a number of the stakeholders, complementing this qualitative data with face to 
face questionnaires. Moreover, the authors – both originally from the studied region, had the 
opportunity to observe first-hand the changes brought over the years by tourism development in 
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Voroneț. Thus, the adopted methodology involves a mixed method strategy that allows the 
collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data to help better understand the 
views of different stakeholders. The results show that the conservation of the area’s authenticity 
and its traditional built environment is recognized by the majority of stakeholders as an 
important aspect in the sustainable development of tourism in Voroneț. However, the lack of 
appropriate policies and planning regulations to guide a harmonious development of the area, 
together with the lax enforcement of existing rules, are putting these valuable assets under threat. 
 
Chhabra, D., Healy, R., Sills, E., 2003. Staged authenticity and heritage tourism. Annals of 
Tourism Research 30, 702–719.  
Cohen, E., Cohen, S.A., 2012. Current sociological theories and issues in tourism. Annals of 
Tourism Research 39, 2177–2202. 
Timothy, D.J., 2011. Cultural Heritage and Tourism: An Introduction. Channel View 
Publications. 
  
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