Universidad Internacional del Ecuador
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Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Sacbrood virus in the Republic of Türkiye Molekularna detekcija i filogenetska analiza virusa Sacbrood u Turskoj
No full textSacbrood virus (SBV), infecting both larva and adult honeybees, is one of the most common honeybee viruses encountered worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of SBV in honeybees, and to determine the role of Varroa destructor (V. destructor) in the transmission of this virus. Adult honeybee samples were collected from randomly selected apiaries (n=62) in the Hatay Province in Türkiye. The presence of the V. destructor was investigated using a stereo microscope, whereas one step real time RT-PCR method was used to detect SBV in honeybees and V. destructor samples. It was determined that 8.1% (5/62) of the apiaries were infected with SBV. Furthermore, V. destructor was detected in 17 (27.4%) apiaries. However, the presence of SBV could not be detected in V. destructor samples. The results of the phylogenetic analysis, based on the SBV polyprotein gene, indicated that the isolates detected in this study belonged to the Türkiye genotype, displaying a separate cluster from the European-South American, Korean and Asian genotypes. This result suggests that genetic differences between SBV isolates vary depending on geographical distribution. Thus, further research is required to determine the SBV genotypes in Türkiye, and to understand the role of V. destructor in SBV transmission
‘Ortanique’ Tangor Çeşidinin Soğukta Muhafazası Üzerine Sıcak Su ve Kitosan Uygulamalarının Etkileri
No full textBu çalışmada Tuzcu 31‒31 turunç anacı üzerinde yetiştirilen ‘Ortanique’ tangor meyvelerinin soğukta depolanmasına sıcak su ve kitosan uygulamalarının etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Meyvelere sıcak su, kitosan ve sıcak su+ kitosan uygulamaları yapılmış ve meyveler 3 ay 5 C sıcaklıkta %90 oransal nemde ve raf ömrü için ise depolamadan sonra 20 °C sıcaklıkta %70±5 oransal nem koşullarında 7 gün süreyle depolanmıştır. Bulgularımıza göre, ‘Ortanique’ tangor meyvelerinin muhafazanın son ayında tüm uygulamalarda görünüş puanları kabul edilebilir sınırın altına inmesi ve ağırlık kayıplarının >%10 olması nedeniyle tüm uygulamaların ekonomik olarak pazarlanabilirlik özelliklerini kaybettikleri görülmüştür. Hiçbir uygulamada ‘Ortanique’ tangor meyvelerinin tat puanları kabul edilebilir seviyenin altına düşmemiştir. Ağırlık kayıplarını önlemede kitosan uygulaması sıcak su uygulamasından daha başarılı bulunmuştur. Farklı uygulamalar yapılan Tuzcu 31‒31 turunç anacı üzerinde yetiştirilen ‘Ortanique’ tangor meyvelerinin kaliteli olarak 2 ay 5 C’de %90 oransal nemde muhafaza edilebileceği saptanmıştır.In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of hot water and chitosan treatments on the cold storage of 'Ortanique' tangor variety grown on Tuzcu 31−31 sour orange rootstock Hot water, chitosan and hot water + chitosan treatments were applied to the fruits, and the fruits were stored at 5 C and 90±5% relative humidity for 3 months during storage and within the shelf life at 20 °C at 70±5% relative humidity conditions for 7 days. According to our findings, it was observed that 'Ortanique' tangor fruits lost their economically marketable properties in the last month of storage due to the fact that their appearance scores fell below the acceptable limit and their weight loss was >10% in all applications. In no treatment did the taste scores of 'Ortanique' tangor fruits fall below the acceptable level. Chitosan application was found to be more successful than hot water application in preventing weight loss. It had been determined that the fruits of the 'Ortanique' tangor variety grown on Tuzcu 31−31 sour orange rootstock, which have been applied differently, can be stored in good quality for 2 months at 5 C temperature and 90% relative humidity conditions
Response surface methodology use in construction of polianiline-coated carbon paste electrode–based biosensor: Modification and characterization
No full textIn this study, the effect of amperometric glucose biosensor construction and using conditions on the current response was investigated in detail applying experimental design. Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized on the carbon paste electrode (CPE) surface using the cyclic voltammetry technique in sodium oxalate (NaOx) electrolyte medium, and an amperometric biosensor was constructed by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOD). Biosensor preparation (aniline, GOD and NaOx concentrations, and scan rate) and operating conditions (pH and applied potential) were optimized by Box–Behnken and optimal designs, respectively, via State Ease Design Expert 7.0.1.1 software. ANOVA analyses showed that among the biosensor preparation parameters, the NaOx concentration has the highest effect on the current measured in the presence of glucose, whereas in the optimization of pH and potential parameters applied in current measurement studies, it has been revealed that pH has a very high effect on the measured current. Several compounds, such as MWCNT, two different ionic liquids and two different organic molecules were added to carbon paste, and, among them, 2-cyanoethylpyrrole (CPy) enhanced the efficacy highly, most probably due to its polymerization in the paste and increasing the electron transfer rate of the CPE. Sucrose- and lactose-sensitive biosensors were also constructed by co-immobilizing GOD with invertase (INV) or β-galactosidase, respectively, onto modified CPE, and sensitivities to their substrates were shown by cyclic voltammetry and impedance analysis. CPy modification caused an increase in the current values, and also Imax/KM values increased approximately 11.8, 7.83, and 2.56 times for glucose-, sucrose-, and lactose-sensitive CPEs, respectively
Clinical Characteristics of Tuberculosis Among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): A Multicenter Study
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A review of primary school students' attitudes towards visual arts course and their painting performances
No full textSARTAN VE TÜREVLERİNİ İÇEREN İLAÇLARDA N-NİTROSODİMETİL AMİN (NDMA) VE N-NİTROSODİETİL AMİN (NDEA) TAYİNİ
No full textAmaç: Bu çalışmada, sartan ve türevlerini içeren ilaçların N-nitrosodimetil amin (NDMA) ve N-nitroso dietil amin (NDEA) miktarlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Etken madde olarak valsartan, losartan, telmisartan, olmesartan, kandesartan, irbesartan gibi sartan ve türevlerini içeren ilaçlar eczanelerden satın alınmıştır. İlaçların NDMA ve NDEA miktarları headspace GC-MS ile belirlenmiştir. Sonuç ve Tartışma: En yüksek NDMA konsantrasyonu losartan etken maddeli ilaçlarda (67.05 ± 0.15 mg kg-1), en yüksek NDEA konsantrasyonu ise kandesartan (22.48±0.06 mg kg-1) ve olmesartan (20.13 ± 0.06 mg kg-1) etken maddeli ilaçlarda bulunmuştur. Her tabletteki NDMA içerikleri 3.6x10-4-1.7x10-2 mg arasında, NDEA içerikleri ise 3.3x10-4- 8.8x10-3 mg arasında saptanmıştır. Avrupa İlaç Ajansı ve Gıda ve İlaç İdaresi tarafından belirlenen kabul edilebilir. Günlük alım limitleri NDMA için 96 ng/gün ve NDEA için 26.5 ng/gündür. Elde edilen değerlerin günde bir tablet alınsa bile kabul edilebilir alım limitlerinin üzerinde olduğu görülmüştür.Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine the amounts of N-nitrosodimethyl amine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethyl amine (NDEA) in drugs containing sartan and its derivatives. Material and Method: Medicines containing sartan and its derivatives as active ingredients such as valsartan, losartan, telmisartan, olmesartan, candesartan, irbesartan were purchased from pharmacies. NDMA and NDEA amounts of drugs were determined by headspace GC-MS. Result and Discussion: The highest NDMA concentrations were found in drugs with losartan active ingredient (67.05±0.15mg kg-1), and the highest NDEA concentrations were found in drugs with candesartan (22.48±0.06 mg kg-1) and olmesartan (20.13 ± 0.06 mg kg-1) active ingredient. The NDMA contents in each tablet were between 3.6x10-4- 1.7x10-2 mg and the NDEA contents were between 3.3x10-4 – 8.8x10-3 mg. The acceptable daily intake limits specified by the European Medicines Agency and the Food and Drug Administration are 96 ng/day for NDMA and 26.5 ng/day for NDEA. It was observed that the values obtained were above the acceptable intake limits even if one tablet was taken per day