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Series on the law of the sea, climate change and human rights
Get PDFThis instalment brings together reflections on the convergence of these three essential regulatory frameworks, whose articulation has become more relevant since 2024 and 2025, based on the advisory opinions issued by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The purpose of the series is to deepen the understanding and practical application of the duties of States at the intersection of these three legal areas, articulating the obligations of guarantee, prevention, cooperation, and protection under a comprehensive view of environmental, climate, and marine justice
Socioeconomic disparities in hypertension prevalence among adults in Islamic Republic of Iran
No full textHypertension is a major risk factor for non-communicable disease morbidity and mortality globally, and its prevalence varies significantly across socioeconomic groups. To investigate the socioeconomic disparities in hypertension prevalence in northwestern Islamic Republic of Iran, focusing on gender and socioeconomic and education status. We analysed data on Ardabil, Northwest Islamic Republic of Iran, extracted from the Persian cohort study, a population-based study involving 20 149 individuals aged 35-70 years, conducted between May 2017 and February 2020. Hypertension status was determined through self-reported diagnosis and clinic records. We used the multilevel logistic regression models to assess factors associated with hypertension prevalence, and the slope index and relative index of inequalities with Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to quantify socioeconomic inequalities. Older age, male sex, lower education level, marital status, lower economic status, and higher body mass index were the main determinants of hypertension prevalence. Prevalence was 25.1% (95% CI: 24.3-25.9) among men and 32.5% (95% CI: 31.4-33.7%) among women. It was substantially higher among the poorest population groups than the richest (25.8% vs 13.7% crude rate and 28.4% vs 19.9% adjusted rate). Individuals with lower education status exhibited higher hypertension rates (22.3%) (95% CI = 19.9-24.9). These disparities were more pronounced among women (CI = -0.167) than men (CI = -0.041). Significant disparities exist in hypertension prevalence in northwestern Islamic Republic of Iran: prevalence was higher among individuals with lower socioeconomic and education levels and among women. Interventions to address the gender and socioeconomic inequalities and promote education attainment are crucial to effectively control hypertension among the population group
How women’s transformational leadership induces employees’ innovative behaviour through trust and connectivity: A sequential mediation model
No full textA number of women are leading a variety of organizations in Pakistan. The available research on the effectiveness of women’s leadership is not so clear, and there have been mixed findings across different contexts. The present research attempts to view women’s transformational leadership as a source of employees’ trust and connectivity that leads to innovative behaviour of employees in women-led organizations of Pakistan. The study also investigates the simple as well as sequential mediation of trust and connectivity in the relationship between women’s transformational leadership and employees’ innovative behaviour. Using a survey-based questionnaire, cross-sectional data were collected from 366 employees of different organizations which are led by women. These organizations include educational institutes, advertising agencies and fashion houses. The data were analysed using the MEDTHREE analysis for direct and indirect hypotheses (single and sequential mediations). The results indicate that women’s transformational leadership fosters trust, connectivity and innovative behaviour in the employees. Further, the results supported that employees’ trust in their leader and connectivity mediate the relationship between women’s leadership and innovative behaviour of the employees
Voices from the village: A multi-voiced relational perspective of character development in leadership learning
No full textThis article builds on previous work that has investigated character development within leadership learning. We take up the analogy of developing character through ‘being in a village’. We do so by gaining unique access to leadership learning within a Norwegian military academy (the village). We take a Bakhtinian perspective in analysing the data, and by doing so, we uncover multiple and competing voices that situate themselves within and across character dimensions. We contribute to the learning and development literature by showing how character dimensions are narratively constructed from differing perspectives within context. Hence, they must be considered in relational terms in any attempt to develop character and/or leadership. We show that character development is not dependent on explicit character frameworks but perhaps the role of the social dynamics in a community (village). We also uncover some of the interrelated, intertwined and competing voices that make up character in this given context which points to the way these character dimensions are ‘lived’, ‘rehearsed’ and ‘re-rehearsed’ in any context or setting. We go on to make recommendations for further research and practice
Utility of routine data reporting injuries requiring hospitalisation in Nepal: A secondary data analysis
No full textBackgroundInjuries are an important public health issue in Nepal, contributing significantly to both morbidity and mortality. There is no injury surveillance system available, however healthcare service use is routinely reported to central government using the Health Management Information System (HMIS). The study was conducted as part of a wider programme of research to explore the burden of injuries in nepal, funded by the UK National Institute for Health Research (Ref 16/137/49).ObjectivesTo explore the utility of HMIS data to understand the burden of injuries in Nepal, inequalities by age and sex and changes over time.DesignSecondary analysis of published dataSettingNepalData sourcesWe used published national HMIS data on hospitalised injuries in Nepal, between 2009/2010 and 2016/2017, classified using International Classification of Disease codes. We grouped codes to report data by injury type, using the Global Burden of Disease injury classification framework where possible. We calculated crude rates of total unintentional injuries and self-harm and crude rates by year for each type of unintentional injury, with correlation coefficients to describe any trends over time.Results The trend in crude unintentional injury rate increased over time. Road Traffic Injury (RTI) admissions increased from 4.28/100,000 (95% CI 4.03-4.52) population in 2009/2010 to 10.55/100,000 (95% CI 10.17 to 10.92) in 2016/2017 (r=0.93), while admissions following poisoning almost halved over the same period, from 7.52/100,000 (95% CI 7.19-7.84) to 3.62/100,000 (95% CI 3.40- 3.84) (r=-0.87). Inequalities by age and gender were noted; during the period 2014/2015- 2016/2017, admissions following RTI most commonly affected adults of working age (13.82/100,000; 95% CI 13.50 to 14.14), and were 1.78 times more common in men (13.63/100,000; 95% CI 13.27 to 13.99) than women (7.77/100,000; 95% CI 7.49 to 8.05).LimitationsThe coding and completeness of the injury data currently limit the utility of their use for monitoring and decision making.ConclusionsThe cause of injury admissions between 2009/2010 and 2016/2017 appears to have shifted over time, with trends varying by injury type. In the absence of an injury surveillance system, routine inpatient data collected through HMIS has the potential to inform policy and practice. Future workSupport to enhance the completeness of data collection and accuracy and consistency of data coding has the potential enhance the utility of this existing data system.Fundin
A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions that target the intersection of body image and movement among girls and women
Get PDFBody image concerns and disengagement from movement-based activities are intertwined and disproportionately higher among girls and women, relative to boys and men. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined interventions targeting the intersection of body image and movement experiences among girls and women. A systematic search until February 14, 2023 yielded 8,101 papers; 31 randomized controlled trials were included. Outcomes included body image, movement behavior, and fitness. Most studies evaluated movement-based interventions (k = 29) and were deemed medium (k = 13) to high (k = 12) risk of bias. The meta-analysis indicated a small, significant improvement in body image at post-test (d+ = 0.181, p <.001, 95%CI: + 0.074, + 0.288) but not follow-up (d+ = 0.017, 95%CI: −0.123, + 0.157). The effect size for fitness (d+ = 0.720, p <.001, 95%CI: +.393, + 1.051), but not movement (d+ = 0.036, 95%CI: −0.088, + 0.161), was significant at post-test. Effect sizes were largest for studies with unimodal and atheoretical interventions, participants in mid-to-late adulthood, small sample sizes, active and waitlist controls, and those deemed as high risk of bias. Higher quality research is needed on the intersection of body image and movement, particularly if problematic disparities in girls’ and women’s body image concerns and movement participation are to be remedied
"It opened my eyes": Reflecting with stakeholders on the personal impact of a participatory research project
Get PDFIn this practice case study, we explore the personal impact of a participatory research project on community and university researchers. We discuss the key themes that emerged from a reflective discussion with community researchers and the partner organisation at the end of the project: the importance of building and strengthening relationships throughout the project; the opportunity that the project provided all stakeholders to develop new skills and self-confidence; and the balance between giving back to the community through research while also navigating research as insiders. Our experience underscores the importance of self-reflection throughout participatory research projects. This needs to come with the flexibility to adapt research designs, to ensure that all stakeholders are comfortable with their role in the project. Our discussion also highlights the potential for positive personal impacts as a result of participatory research, particularly the opportunity for researchers to acquire new skills and build confidence. These positive effects may be maximized by embedding opportunities for skill consolidation into the research project from the start
Student-generated metaphor in research supervision: An arts-based method
Get PDFPrevious research has highlighted the impact and importance of the use of client-generated metaphor in psychotherapy (Cott, 2020). While researching this topic, we began to incorporate student-generated metaphor into the research supervision process. This was found to enhance the supervision relationship, providing a quick and immediate insight into the supervisee's lived experience and pastoral needs at each stage of the research journey. This work developed into an arts-based research supervision method, which reduced the power differential in the supervisory relationship, and made space for the supervisee to communicate their learning experience on their own terms. In this paper, we will set out the rationale for using student-generated metaphor in research supervision and share further student feedback on this process, including future ideas for research and practice. We argue that theory and research on research supervision often neglect its pastoral component, and that providing excellent pastoral support to postgraduate researchers is key. The paper will conclude by making the case that the use of student-generated metaphor in research supervision can be a simple and effective way to bring the supervisory relationship into focus
Sexual and domestic violence enquiry: A national exploratory survey of asking and telling in sexual health services in the UK
Get PDFBackgroundGender-based violence in the form of domestic and sexual abuse represent a worldwide public health and civil rights issue. Healthcare and sexual health have a central role to play in prevention, particularly in the identification of sexual and domestic violence/abuse within a frontline service in which it often presents. Survivors of sexual violence and abuse commonly pass through sexual health services without being asked about their victimisation. Healthcare should be able to identify survivors, provide first line support, refer to specialist services and link to comprehensive post assault care.MethodsIn the first study of its kind, with the British Association of Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) and their Sexual Violence Specialist Interest Group (SVSIG) we report the findings of a snapshot, non-probability, exploratory survey of current comparative sexual and domestic violence/abuse enquiry practice in Genito Urinary Medicine services across the UK. Results62 responding services evidenced variable practice around asking, collating data, referral, training and staff supervision. ConclusionsThis benchmarking study of practice in the UK sets a bar against which all services can measure and improve current practice on gender-based violence identification, a crucial role of sexual health services in reducing the inequalities driven harm of undisclosed trauma.
Cryptocurrency returns and cryptocurrency uncertainty: A time–frequency analysis
Get PDFThis study investigates how the uncertainty surrounding cryptocurrency affects cryptocurrency returns (CR) by employing various wavelet techniques. We concentrate on the recently published cryptocurrency uncertainty index (UCRY) and the top eight cryptocurrencies by market capitalization from December 30, 2013, to June 30, 2023. Our results showed that the UCRY index strongly predicted CR. In particular, the UCRY index has a leading position at all frequencies for all cryptocurrencies in our sample. Additionally, when the impacts of economic policy uncertainty and the volatility index are eliminated, the significant comovement of UCRY-CR remains unchanged for the short-, medium-, and long-term investment horizons. Therefore, we conclude that the UCRY-CR relationship is both persistent and pervasive. Our study contributes toward the literature on the relationships between cryptocurrencies and market uncertainties, as well as toward investors who use uncertainty indices to design investment strategies for their portfolios