Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia

Howitt, Angus J.

46 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMl3lA, PROe. (1955) , VOL. 52, APR IL 30 , 1956 
Control of the Cabbage Maggot, HyJelll)'a Brassicae (Bouche), in Rutabagas - 1954 '" 
In evalua ting th e treatm ent s the categor-
ic:: o f injury \\'e re as follows : 
Clean- no maggo t m arks visibl e 
Li ght--sup erfi ci;d maggot injury 
:- lode rate- marke table fo r seco nt! g rade 
af ter triml1l i ng 
Se\'ere- unmarketabl e 
Exp. No. 54-17. Furro\\', Band and S pray 
\lethods, F ive repli ca tes I II randomi zed 
hl ocks. Plantin g date, Jul y 15, Band 
treatm ent s appli ed July 12. Furro\\' treat-
ment appli ed Jul y 15. Second s pra~' treat-
mcnt appli ed Augus t 3T Th e rlltabagas 
,,'c re han'ested Octobe l' 29, apprai ;:al bein g 
ha sed on 40 roo ts pe r plDt, :WU per trea t -
III en 1:. 
--- - - - -----
M eth od of Amoun t T otal To tal Damage Insecticide Application Actual/acrc I nfes tation Damage l{eduction (poullds) Index Index ( pe r cent) 
Check 
Heptachlor dust 2.5 Band 
Heptachlor dust 2.5 Fur row 
Aldrin dust 2.5 Band 
A.ldrin du st 2.5 F urrow 
:\ldrin emulsion Surface 
Heptachlor emulsio n S urface 
I sodrin dust 2.0 Furrow 
An infesta ti on index was determined by 
placing pena lti es o n infes ted plants as fol-
lo\\'s: Clc;1n-O; li ght- I; moderate- 2; 
seve re-4 ; fo r the damage index only th e 
t\\'o latter c;1tegori es w ere used. M aximum 
cla m;1ge ind ex to t;11 800. 
* The m ethod s of appl ica tion ano e\'aill atioll a ft~· 
those descr ibed in detail and di :.:c tt sseo b y ~i tlg, 
K. M . and A. R. l 'orbes, J our. E co n. E n!. 47 (4) : 
b07 -615, 1954. Th e work ~ tl pp l e l11 e nt s t h;\t of Kil1 g", 
K. !\l. , A. H. F orbes, D. C. F in la yson , H . C. Fulton, 
~nd A. J. H o \\- itt , JOllr. Econ. Ent . 48(4) :470·473 , 
] 955 ; a nd Forbes , A. H.. and 1': . 11 King, J our. E CO ll. 
E nt. ( in press) . 
794 794 
5.08 125 16 97.8 
2.54 141 38 95.2 
5.08 154 38 95.2 
2 .. :;4 134 46 94.2 
4.15 168 46 94.2 
2. 18 149 50 93.7 
2.54 337 234 70.5 
Th e re sul ts confirm ea rli er findi ngs of 
co-ope rati ve work ca rri ed Ollt in British Col-
umbi a and \ "'estern \ 'Va sh in gton tha t 
effect ive control of rDot maggots ;1ttackin g 
I'lItabagas is possible with heptachlor and 
a ldrin und er a wid e range of condit ions pr()-
vid ed these chemi cals are prese n t in ade-
quate amounts throughout t he time protec -
ti on from infes tation is needed. 
Allgus / . H otl'ill . 
A HiJtal1t E l1lom% g isl. 
IY? estern IY/ as/Jillgtol1 Experim ent Slalio l1, 
Puyallup, lVa .rh. 


English

Control of the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), in Rhutabagas - 1954

Foxlee, H. R.

Diptera taken at Robson, B.C.

Fulton, H. G.

14 E NTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COL U MBIA , PROC. (1 957 ) , VOL. 54 , D EC. 16, 1957 
SOIL INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF THE TUBER FLEA BEETLE, 
EPITRIX TUBERIS GENT., IN THE LOWER FRASER VALLEY 
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA! 
H. G. fulton2 
Entomology Laboratory, Chi ll iwack, B.C. 
The tuber fl ea bee tl e, Epilrix Illberis 
Gent., wa s fir st repo rted from the 
southwe stern coasta l area of British 
Columbia in 1940. The losses result -
ing from the la rval feeding in tubers 
were se vere , so that it was necessary 
to deve lop control m easures . Th is is 
a summary report on experiments tu 
dest roy larvae conducted mainly from 
1947 to 1955 on clay loam, sandy to 
gravelly loam, and silt soil s in the 
Agassiz and Chi lli wack areas. The 
work was carried on under th e direc-
ti on of Mr. R. Glend enning, Officer-
in-Charge, Entomology Laborato ry, 
Agassiz, until hi s retirem ent in 1953, 
and was continued by th e writer after 
that time. 
Early experiments showed that a 
thorough appl ication to potato foliage 
of DDT a nd calcium arsenate, o r DDT 
alone, reduced damage to the tubers 
by de stroying the beet les. However, 
thi s methocl of co ntro l sometimes fail-
ed when material s were no t appli ed 
early, often, or tho rough ly enough or 
when weather conditi ons were un-
favorable. The economic adva ntage of 
foliar application is that in sec ticides 
may readily be combined with sprays 
which are routinely applied to control 
la te bligh t. 
An expe rim ent in 1944 on the va lue 
of five materials applied to the foliage 
showed that tuber damage w as by no 
mean s proportional to the numbers of 
adults. With the advent of stable or-
ganic in secticides eff ec tive again st soil 
in sec ts , experiments were conducted 
on ways o f killing th e larvae. 
P reliminary te sts in 1945 and 1946 
with both field- and pot-grown pota-
toes showed that neither ca lcium 
1. Contribution No. 3SR7, Entomology Di\' i :;; ion , 
Sc ience Service, Depar tmt:n t of .Agr icultun:, Ottawa , 
Ca nada. 
2. O fti cer in Charge. 
arsenate no r crvolite was effecti ve a s 
a la rva cid e in the soil. The best con-
trul was outain ed with du st contain -
ing DDT and ca lcium arsenate appli ed 
to the fo li age . 
Experiments in 1947 showed that 
Bl1C fro m different sources applied to 
the surface and worked into the so il 
by va riou s methods gave excellen t 
control, but ca used phytotoxicity at 
ce rtain rates. S tored tubers from all 
the BEC plots deve loped the char-
act eri st ic taint and were ve ry dis-
ta steful by spring. 
.In 1948 similar experiments with 
BHC confirm ed the previous yea r 's 
result s. DDT in th e soi l did not g ive 
any control. The standard control 
remained a du st of DDT and calcium 
a r sena te on the foliage . 
Tests in 1949 showed that soi l pH 
had littl e or no effect on the control 
achieved 'with either crude or refined 
BBC, no r did acidity or alkalinity 
prevent tainting . Good control was 
achi eved w ith chlordane worked into 
the soil. Four appli cations of th e 
standard control proved insufficient, 
poss ibly because the first applica ti on 
wa s not mad e soon enough. 
In 1950, sing le applications of chlo r-
dane, aldr in , and lindane broadcast 
and inco rpo rated into the soil at va ri-
ous ra tes we re com pared with DDT 
and m ethoxychlo r applied to the 
foliage. The soil treatments gave 
excellent control. but four foli age 
trea tm ent s with DDT o r m ethoxychl or 
w ere not effec tiv e. Tubers from th e 
pl ot s treated with lindane w ere COI1-
demn ed beca use th ey were off- Havor-
cd. 
In 195 1, one of the two experiments 
int ended to check the data on singl e 
so il applications of ald rin and chlor-
dane was a failure because o f poor 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1957), VOL. 54, DEC. 16, 1957 15 
tillage. The area occupied by the ex-
perimental plots had been the site of 
permanent hedgerows of evergreens 
for many years. These had only re-
cent ly been removed and it was im-
possible to put the soi l in a condition 
of good tilth. The other experiment 
demonstrated 97 per cent control with 
aldrin at 2t pounds per acre. 
No experiments 'were se t up in 1952 
because the question of residue 
hazards had not been se ttled. 
) . 
p-
In 1953, replicated experiments 
were conducted with a ldrin, dieldrin, 
and heptachlor dusts and granular 
heptachlor, each at 3.6 pounds of toxi-
cant per acre and incorporated into the 
soil in a 12- to 14-inch band along the 
row. The best cont rol was 77 per 
cent with a ldrin, which indicated that 
the insecticides should be distributed 
in a wide band, as better control had 
been obtained with a ldrin broadcast 
at lower rates. Granular heptachlor 
gave only 47 per cent control; the 
T ABLE I.-Percentages of control of the tuber flea beetle. after single soil applications 
of various insecticides by three methods, Sardis, B.C., 1954. 
Material 
T oxica nt 
per Acre, 
pounds 
:Method of 
application 
Infes-
tation 
index 
Co ntro l 
% 
Ald rin, 2.5% dus t 
Aldrin, 5.0% g ranular 
Heptachlor, 2.5% dust 
Check 
4 
4 
2 
4 
4 
4 
2 
Broadcast, deep working 
Broadcast, shallow working 
6-inch band, shallow working 
Broadcast, deep working 
Broadcast, deep working 
Broadcast, shallow working 
6-inch band, shallow working 
No treatment 
6.87 
5.62 
33.75 
9.25 
4.50 
12.50 
20.75 
133.25 
95.0 
95.8 
75.4 
93.1 
96.6 
90.6 
84.4 
o 
Difference necessa ry fo r significance at 5% le vel 16.5 
IAverage fo r 100 tube rs taken at random from each o f 4 replica te plo ts, washed, and 
weighted as follows acco rding to 4 categories of damage: clean, up to 3 light injuries, 0; 
light, 4 to IS feeding ma rks, I; medium, 16 to 30 feedin g marks, 2; heavy, ove r 30 feeding 
marks, 4. Clean and li g ht categorie s marketable. !\laximum infestat ion index: 400. 
carrier used was later found to have 
contributed to a rapid loss of toxicity. 
Chlordane was not tested in 1953 be-
cause of limitations of space and labor. 
In 1954, tests were conduc ted on 
shall ow and deep inco rpo ration of al-
drin and heptachlor dusts and granular 
a ldrin after broadcasting. and on a nar-
row, 6-inch band treatment with the 
two dust s. Table I shows that the 
broadcast treatments ga vc excellent 
control. There was no significant 
difference bctween mate rials worked 
into the soil deeply with a rotary 
cultivator and those worked in shal-
lowly with a hand rake. The band 
treatment was more economical but 
significantly le ss effective. 
In 1955, dusts of aldrin, dieldrin, 
heptachlor, and chlordane were each 
te sted at three rate s to establi sh 
minimum dosages. Before planting, 
the du st s were broadcast on the 
surface and worked into the soil by 
lighc hand rak ing. The rates in 
pounds per acre were: aldrin and 
heptachlor, 4, 3, and 2 ; dieldrin, 2, It, 
and 1; ch lo rdane, 10, 7t, and 5. An 
unusually light infestation helped to 
16 ENTOMOLOGIC AL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1 957 ) , VOL. 54, DEC. 16, 1957 
redu cc to in sign ifi cance t he diffe rcnccs 
betwccn the treatm ent s, which were 
all at o r close to 100 pe r cen t cffec-
tiv eness. No expcriment s w e re con-
du cted in 1956. 
Summary 
Expc riment s from 1940 to 1955 on 
clay loa m" sandy to grave ll y loa m, 
and silt soil s showed that sati sfa ctory 
p ro tec ti on o f potatoes from la rva e of 
the tuber flea beet le can be obtained 
by b roadcas ting and inco rpo rating a 
sing le appli cation of one of seve ra l 
chlorinatcd hyd roca rbons into t he 
soil befure pl anting. Effcctivc mater-
ials w ere: a ldrin, di eldrin, heptachl or , 
and chl o rdane. Jncorporati ng the in -
sc cticide into th e so il over the entir e 
area wa s superi or to eithe l- na rrow o r 
wide band appli ca tion. No apparent 
diffe rences in control werc no tcd with 
dce p o r shall ow in co rpo rat ion. BHC 
and lindane caused off Jl avo r s in th c 
t uhers during s to rage . Give n soil in 
good tilth , so il t rcatm ent is simple r 
and mo re reli ablc than fo li ar appli ca -
ti ons . a lthoug h th e la ttc r a re s t ill 
popula r beca usc the in sec ti cides can 
bc appli ed in the spray necessa ry to 
control late bli g ht. . 
ANNOTATED LIST OF FOREST INSECTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 
PART VII - APATELA SPP. (NOCTUIDAE)I 
D . A . ROSS2 and D. EVANS3 
Mor e than 20 specics o f Apatela 
(AcfOl1ycta) are known to occur in 
Briti sh Columbia . The lar\'a e fecd on 
deciduous-leaved trees , shrubs, and 
h erbs, and, althoug h occa siona lly 
num erous, are o f lit t le or no ecoll CJ mic 
im portance. No seve re trec defolia -
tion by species of Apatela has been re-
ported in Briti sh Columbia. The 
larvae have the typical body stru ct ure 
of garden cutworms; unlike th c com-
mon cutworms, a number of spccies 
are clo thed with m edium to ve ry long, 
sparse to dense hai rs. Body colours 
are : g reen and brown, ye llowi sh , 
brown . or black. The Apa.lela larva l 
h ead is slightly bilobed ; it bears 
primary se tae only . 
Mos t , if not a ll, loca l species ove l--
winter in the pupal s tage within co -
coons in the bark or on th e ground. 
A. dactylina Grote. Salix spp. ; 
South ern Interior, notably a long the 
Big Bend Highway, between Revel-
stoke and Mi le 80 ; found also on 
A Intis tenuifolia at Alcza Lake and 
Yard Creek . Larva: 21 inches long; 
head g lossy bla ck; body blacki sh, with 
dorsal transverse bands of sho r t brush-
like o range hairs; hai rs on sides 
I. Con tribution No. 376, Forest l~iology Division, 
Sc ienc.e Servi ce, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa , 
Canacla. 
2. Forest Biology L aborator y, Vernon , n.c. 
3. F ores t Biology Laboratory, Victoria , n.c. 
ye llowi sh ; do rsa l, close ly-pai red pen-
ci ls of long bla ck hai rs on A" A3 and 
A g . 
A. lepusculina Gn. Po pltltls tremll-
loides, Salix spp.; Ce ntral and South -
ern Interi or and Vancouve r I sland. 
Larva: It in ches; head black with 
some whiti sh markings on frons and 
sides; body ye ll owish or g reeni sh ex-
cepting- bl ack ish vente r and dorsal 
st ripe; c10thell with soft, long yellow 
hairs; black pencil tuft on abdominal 
scgmcnts 1, 3, 4, 5, and 8. 
A. leporina L. Po ptfltls tremtlloides, 
P. trichocarpa, Salix spp.; Cuisson Creek 
Quesnel, Cast le Rock, and Clucul z 
Lake. Larva: Ii inches; head and 
body g reeni sh-white ; clothcd with 
ve ry long, curvcd white o r ye llowish 
hairs (curved fo rward o n one side, 
backward on the other) and a few 
black one s at the end of the abdomen ; 
there may be 3 to 5 black dorsal spot s 
on the dorsum o f the abdomen, ves-
tiges o f black pcn cil tuft s that occur 
in early instars. 
A. innotata Gn. Betllia papyrifera; 
Central and Southern Interior. Larva: 
11 inches; top o f head reddi sh-brown . 
front flesh-coloured, remainder blotch -
ed with black ; body brown, tinged 
with blue and purple; small 'Iwarts" 


Soil insecticides for control of the tuber flea beetle, Epitrix Tuberis Gent., in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia

Ross, D. A.

Evans, D.

16 ENTOMOLOGIC AL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1 957 ) , VOL. 54, DEC. 16, 1957 
redu cc to in sign ifi cance t he diffe rcnccs 
betwccn the treatm ent s, which were 
all at o r close to 100 pe r cen t cffec-
tiv eness. No expcriment s w e re con-
du cted in 1956. 
Summary 
Expc riment s from 1940 to 1955 on 
clay loa m" sandy to grave ll y loa m, 
and silt soil s showed that sati sfa ctory 
p ro tec ti on o f potatoes from la rva e of 
the tuber flea beet le can be obtained 
by b roadcas ting and inco rpo rating a 
sing le appli cation of one of seve ra l 
chlorinatcd hyd roca rbons into t he 
soil befure pl anting. Effcctivc mater-
ials w ere: a ldrin, di eldrin, heptachl or , 
and chl o rdane. Jncorporati ng the in -
sc cticide into th e so il over the entir e 
area wa s superi or to eithe l- na rrow o r 
wide band appli ca tion. No apparent 
diffe rences in control werc no tcd with 
dce p o r shall ow in co rpo rat ion. BHC 
and lindane caused off Jl avo r s in th c 
t uhers during s to rage . Give n soil in 
good tilth , so il t rcatm ent is simple r 
and mo re reli ablc than fo li ar appli ca -
ti ons . a lthoug h th e la ttc r a re s t ill 
popula r beca usc the in sec ti cides can 
bc appli ed in the spray necessa ry to 
control late bli g ht. . 
ANNOTATED LIST OF FOREST INSECTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 
PART VII - APATELA SPP. (NOCTUIDAE)I 
D . A . ROSS2 and D. EVANS3 
Mor e than 20 specics o f Apatela 
(AcfOl1ycta) are known to occur in 
Briti sh Columbia . The lar\'a e fecd on 
deciduous-leaved trees , shrubs, and 
h erbs, and, althoug h occa siona lly 
num erous, are o f lit t le or no ecoll CJ mic 
im portance. No seve re trec defolia -
tion by species of Apatela has been re-
ported in Briti sh Columbia. The 
larvae have the typical body stru ct ure 
of garden cutworms; unlike th c com-
mon cutworms, a number of spccies 
are clo thed with m edium to ve ry long, 
sparse to dense hai rs. Body colours 
are : g reen and brown, ye llowi sh , 
brown . or black. The Apa.lela larva l 
h ead is slightly bilobed ; it bears 
primary se tae only . 
Mos t , if not a ll, loca l species ove l--
winter in the pupal s tage within co -
coons in the bark or on th e ground. 
A. dactylina Grote. Salix spp. ; 
South ern Interior, notably a long the 
Big Bend Highway, between Revel-
stoke and Mi le 80 ; found also on 
A Intis tenuifolia at Alcza Lake and 
Yard Creek . Larva: 21 inches long; 
head g lossy bla ck; body blacki sh, with 
dorsal transverse bands of sho r t brush-
like o range hairs; hai rs on sides 
I. Con tribution No. 376, Forest l~iology Division, 
Sc ienc.e Servi ce, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa , 
Canacla. 
2. Forest Biology L aborator y, Vernon , n.c. 
3. F ores t Biology Laboratory, Victoria , n.c. 
ye llowi sh ; do rsa l, close ly-pai red pen-
ci ls of long bla ck hai rs on A" A3 and 
A g . 
A. lepusculina Gn. Po pltltls tremll-
loides, Salix spp.; Ce ntral and South -
ern Interi or and Vancouve r I sland. 
Larva: It in ches; head black with 
some whiti sh markings on frons and 
sides; body ye ll owish or g reeni sh ex-
cepting- bl ack ish vente r and dorsal 
st ripe; c10thell with soft, long yellow 
hairs; black pencil tuft on abdominal 
scgmcnts 1, 3, 4, 5, and 8. 
A. leporina L. Po ptfltls tremtlloides, 
P. trichocarpa, Salix spp.; Cuisson Creek 
Quesnel, Cast le Rock, and Clucul z 
Lake. Larva: Ii inches; head and 
body g reeni sh-white ; clothcd with 
ve ry long, curvcd white o r ye llowish 
hairs (curved fo rward o n one side, 
backward on the other) and a few 
black one s at the end of the abdomen ; 
there may be 3 to 5 black dorsal spot s 
on the dorsum o f the abdomen, ves-
tiges o f black pcn cil tuft s that occur 
in early instars. 
A. innotata Gn. Betllia papyrifera; 
Central and Southern Interior. Larva: 
11 inches; top o f head reddi sh-brown . 
front flesh-coloured, remainder blotch -
ed with black ; body brown, tinged 
with blue and purple; small 'Iwarts" 
l NT O MOLOG ICAL S OCIETY Of BRITISI! COLU MBIA, PROC. (1 9 57), VOl. 5·1, DEC. 16; 1'95"7 17 
P II do rsum black, pal c centrcd ; 
" war t s" 0 11 sides \vhite; ye llow spo t 
be l ween eac h se t o f setae i and ii ; 
c lo th cd w ith rath er "pa rsc mcdit1llJ 
lung g rcy ha irs. 
A. radcliffei H a n '. Prll lIIIS elllargllJ-
ala, A melanchier sp. , Sorb" s occidentalis; 
Narcos li Creek , China Crcek, Oya ma 
a nd Re\'clst uke and Van couve r' Isla nd . 
Larva: I! inches : upper ha lf of head 
rcddi sh-browll , rema inder bl ack ; pro-
Ilota l shi eld black ; do rsum aN I vent er 
()f body purpli sh-brown or bla cki sh : 
sides, do rsal , and subdor sa l lin es y el-
lo w ; ~ parse medium t() long hairs 0 11 
hody . 
A. grisea Wlk. Ailltls spp. , Salix 
Spp. , Betula papyrifera. Pmnlls pennsyl-
x'amca ( 1 reco rd). Coryllls sp. ( 1) ; Ccn-
tra l Inte rio r and Southern B.c. , and 
Vancouver Tsland . Larva: ove r It 
inche s ; head brown, excepting green 
fro ns; body green; brown dorsal 
s tripe \videned posterio rly. enclosing 
gree n portion on A; to AI. s tripe edged 
in pa rt with yellow ; small bro\vn patch 
a bout each spiracle and abo ve each 
proleg and true leg. 
A. funeralis C. & R. A cer glabrum, 
Betti/a papyrifera, Salix spp .. A/nils sp. ; 
Shu swap L ake, Hupel , Trini ty Va ll ey, 
A leza Lake, Saints. Larva: head and 
body bla ck ; an ova l ye llow to o range-
coloured patch on dor sum o f each 
body segment, those on thc abdomen 
with a black transve r se line throug h 
each ; long blac k spatulate se tae 
(se ta ii ) on the dor sum o f abdomina l 
segment s 1 to 6 and 8 to-- 9 ; additional 
spatul a te se tae occur on the first 
thora cic segment. 
A. fragilis Gil. Betula papyrifera, B. 
occidenfalis, Sorbus occidenfalis, Ame/ar/-
chier sp., Pmnus spp., Salix spp. ; 
Central Interior, Southern B.C. and 
V. J. Larva: Ii inches; head green 
and brown ; body green with broad 
brown dorsal pa tch on each segment; 
pale " warts" with sparse long hairs ; 
no markings on sides o f body. 
A. impleta Wlk. A/nilS sp. , Salix, 
sp., POPII/IIS sp. ; Alberni , Langford, V.I. ; 
Rivers Inlet, Cinnemousun Narrow s, 
Downi e Creek . 
A. impressa Wlk. Salix spp., A/nJis 
sp.: Central B.C., and Yukon Terri -
tory. Larva: " reddi sh or tan head ; 
body black , larg e ye llowish and o range 
tubercl es ; ye llo wi sh and buff c o lout:~d 
setae". Acco rding to F orbes (1954) 
th e lan'a ha s a red substigma tal line. 
Reference 
f o rbes, " V. 1'. M . 1954. L epidoptera o f New York a lld N eighborillg S ta tes ' - l\octuid ae, 
Pan liT. ?\[emo ir 329, Corne ll u niv. A g ri c. Exp. S ta . 
On the feeding preferences of P er i lll egalo lll rt u Jpulae Milliron (Coleoptera: Dermeatidae) 
Pel'imegatollla vespttla.e Milliron was acci-
dentally brought to the Universi ty durin g 
the middle thirties in ins ects th a t had been 
collected in the dry Iyelt during th e summer. 
Infestation apparently had occurred when 
the pinned insects were left out to dry 
uefore being put into store boxes. 
Since P. vesplliae is parthenogenetic one 
beetle loose in a museum room can repro-
duce without having to fly out of doors to 
fe ed, so notwith standing utmos t precau -
tions, every now and th en a la rva turn s 
up in a cabinet drawer. J have isolated a 
pupa of this beetle, placed it on powdered 
fox chow in a tight container, watch ed the 
beetle mature, emerge, lay eggs, and watch -
ed th e eggs hatch to minute la rvae, whose 
rapacity to pass between th e top of a 
s to re box and its lid is as tonishing. 
F or th e past ten years o r so larvae o f 
thi s heetle have also been brought down 
from the dry helt in botanical specimens. 
lnfestation of this mat erial seems to begin 
in the fi eld during the drying process. 
When the plan ts are mounted and distribut -
ed to t he ste el herba rium c-abinets, th e 
larvae in t he folders may feed undisturbed 
fo r long periods, and move to other folders. 
When found thus, th e larvae are catholi c 
ill their tast es, feeding upon petals, buds and 
leaves of many pl ants except conifers. H ow-
ever, for initia l a ttacks the beetles appea r 
to show preferences in this order:- Rantln 
culaceae; Scrophula riaceae, especially Castil-
leja ; Compositae, especially Solidago ; Saxi-
fragaceae, especia lly RibeJ, and Aceraceae, 
especially maple fl owers . 
I am indebted to Professor T. ]\.r. c. 
Taylor and to Dr. K. Beamish for no ting 
the host preferences in the herbarium. 
- G. J. Spencer, Dept . 0/ Z oology, UnitJersily 
of B,.iliJh Columbia. 


Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia Part VII - Apatela spp. (Noctuidae)

Kinghorn, J. M.

Chapman, J. A.

46 E!\;TOMOl.OGIc.u SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1 957), VOL. 54 , DEC. 16, 19Y7 
THE EFFECT OF DOUGLAS-FIR LOG AGE ON A IT ACK BY THE 
AMBROSIA BEETLE, TRYPODENDRON LINEA TUM (OLIV.)! 
by 
J. M. KINGHORN AND J. A. CHAPMAN 
Forest Biology Laboratory, Victuria, B.\. 
TrypodelJdroll linealIJIII (Oliv.), which 
tlies in the first ,varm days of spring. 
prefers to attack trees felled the pre 
ceding autumn or wint ~r rather than 
those freshly cut. Caumann (1) 
showed that in Europe, spruce and 
fIr felled from March to Augu st were 
free from atracks uy this species 
Attacks were heavi est on tree s cut in 
Octobe r, November and December. 
although ] anuary-felled spruce was 
al so heavily attacked . Observations 
by Hadorn (2) supported these find-
ings. Among a 24-mol1th ~eries of 
hemlock cuttings co 11 d u c ted by 
Mathers (5). only logs older than fIve 
month s were attacked by Trypodelldroll . 
Patterson (6) found from a series c f 
hemlock s felled in different m onth s, 
that ave rage density of attack pro-
gressively diminished from 60, in Ue-
cember-felled, to 0.5 ho le s per sq uare 
foot in April-felled trees. The same 
prefe rence for autuml1-wintel- felled 
trees was a lso shown for Douglas-fir, 
grand fir and ",'estern h em luck by 
Prebble and Craham (7). Exceptions 
have been recorded where tree s felled 
as late as March and April ha\'e been 
attacked (4, 7). but in general , freshly 
cu t trees are lea s t a ttracti ve. The 
reason for Trypodendroll preference of 
logs cut in autumn o r winter is not yet 
clear. We recently conducted an ex-
periment to determine the relation of 
attack density to time betwee n felling 
and attack. 
It is probable that both the quantity 
and quality of food reserves and other 
organic materials in the sapwood 
undergo changes after felling. ]f 
these changes are brought about by 
the continued functioning of living 
cells , it should be possible to arrest 
them by killing th e cells. Wilsoll (8) 
demonst rated that prolonged function-
ing of the sapwood cell s after cutting 
1 Contr ibutio n :\0, 400. FOrt.'s t Bio lo~ y Di \' is ioll, 
Sci't nee S~rvice, Ilt."part11lcnt of :\gr icultll n: . Ottawa . 
Canada. 
depleted starch in the sapwood of 
uak and ash. ln contrast, the early 
death of the se cells resulted in the 
maintenance of the starch reserve and 
th e refore of su~ceptibi1ity to LyclilJ 
bee tl e attack. 
.love r (3) , in the hury Coast, in-
creased ambrosi a beetle attacks on 
AVI)dire eightfuld hy boiling the wood 
for 48 hours suon after felling. He 
suggested that the heat. by suppress-
ing enzymatic action. prevented the 
de pletion uf stured starch which would 
occur uncler natural conditions. 
Methods 
In planning th e expe rimcnt , the fol -
lowing yariabl es had tu be considered 
in relation to the log aging proccss: 
(a) seasonal temperature Huctuations; 
(b) changes in log moisture; a nd (c) 
intcr- and intra-tree \'ariabilitv in 
a ttracti \'cncss tu bee tles . To m in[m iz e 
th e effect s of the se yariables, the fol-
lowing procedure was u sed. Two 
Douglas fir were felled February 7, 
1956, and each cu t intu twenty-four 
18-inch blocks. The blocks from each 
tree were then divided into s ix groups 
of four adjacent sections. One sec-
tiun from each group served as a con-
trol for the other three 'which received 
\'arious treatments. The cuntrols were 
essentially maintained as th ev were 
at tim e of felling by storing them in 
pla s tic bags at O°F. , after first wax-
ing th c cut ends. 
Four series we re aged as described 
below. From each tree. a set of 
blocks with the ends waxed were aged. 
Allother se ries from Tree "A " was 
aged without waxing the encls. The 
fuurth series. from Tree "B" wa s 
autoclavecl at 20 pounds press ure for 
two hours before aging. This was 
don e to simulate ]over's (3) hoiling 
treatment and it undoubtedly arrested 
the ce llular or enzyme activity in th e 
ENTO M OLOG IC AL SOC I ET Y O F BRITIS l l CO L t; MBI A, PROC. ( 1957), VOL. 54 , DEC. 16, 1957 ,1'7 
~aplVood , The bark , I'a~ luuse ned on 
m ust of th ese b lock s bu t it ,y as tac ked 
onto tb e S:l pII'ood imm edia te ly af te r 
;lut oc lay in g a nd t h e crac k s coa ted w it h 
wax, \Ve ig'h t mea s ure~ befo re and 
;lfte r a u toclay in g shUll-e el a n al 'c ragc 
wate r loss of abou t o ne po und pe r 
bl"ck (b lock,; ;\ye rag'ed 33 puun ds) . 
1\11 se ct ion s to be aged we re pl aced 
in t he ba sem ent of th e la bo ra to n -
Il'h e re th e te mpe rature r emain ed nGlr 
72°Y l\Io is t ure cha nge s w ere min i-
m ized by s ta nding the sec t ions o n 
m ois t sa nd a nd cU\'e r ing t hem \I' i th 
plas ti c bags. Eye ry fo r t ni g h t fo r 12 
\I-ee k s, o ne b loc k from each age -
se r ies 'I-as 1ll 0Yed to refr ig era te d 
sto ra ge (O oy) . thu s p re l-en t in g fur -
the r cha nge, 
1·0 '. " . . . 
..J 
0 cr 
~ 0.8 
Z 
0 
U 
+ 
a 0·6 
w 
<..:> 
« 
I 
.. \ 
, 
1\ 
\ 
~ 
O n :-1ay 17. during a pe ri od wa rm 
enuug h tu initi a t e TlypodelldiOil IEg ht s, 
th e bl uc k s ,ye re ta ken fro m rcf ri g er-
;lted sto rage tu CO II'ichan L a ke, ,yh e re 
th ey \\" e r e set o u t in a pa rtl y shaded 
clea rin g nea r a r ece n t ly logged area 
\I'h e re n umbe rs ()f T I)'podeJldiOll we re 
lik e ly tu appea r. A ll bl ock s we re 
\I'e ig hed ju st aft e r th ey w ere cu t. 
;1 11([ again \I 'h en they \I 'e r e placed in 
t he fo res t. :-ro s t of th em showed 
littl e cha nge in \\ 'e ig ht, a ltho ug h t he 
unpa rafti ned. aged sec ti un s fro m Tree 
"}\" h ad ga ined \I'e ig h t s ligh t ly. T h is 
in crea se ca n be att ribut ed to ,,-a te r 
a bso rbed into t he \vooel f rOI11 th e clamp 
sa nd during ag in g. On Jul y 16, th e 
block s w e re debarkeel a nd a ll Trypo -
de1ldl'07I a tta ck s countecl. 
+- TREE '" - ENDS WAXED 
0- u 'A - ENDS NOT WAXED 
x - .. 'B' - ENDS WAXE D 
0 0.4 
~ cr '" ~ ~ u « 
I-.... 
c( 
0·2 -, 
0·0 
o 2 
~ 
4 6 8 10 12 
NUMBER OF WEEKS AGED 
Fig, I.- Individual valu es and fr ee -h a nd curve showin g th e relation o f attack on aged 
blocks (expressed as a propo rtion o f attack dcn sity on correspondin g control blocks) to 
leng th of time aged, The autoclaved serics is no t shown. 
48 E NTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1 957), VOL. 54, D EC. 16, 1957 
Results 
Yryp odendron were no ted flying near 
the logs during the first few days they 
w e rc in the field, out afte r six days, 
only s ix attacks could bc found, and 
fi ve of these wcrc on control sect ion s. 
By ~ray 29, however. iSS attacks wcre 
cu un ted, 138 of w hi ch w c rc on contro l 
blocks. Thc final exam inat ion, in July, 
al sll sho wed t hat th c bc c tlc s prefe rred 
th c un -aged " 'ood (Table J) . Amung 
th e groups that " 'cre nut <lutoc \a\'ed , 
dcn sit v o f attack \'ari cd in \'c r se lv w ith 
tim e ~ f agin g. Th is rc lati on:hip is 
illu s t ra ted in Fi g ure J . where the at -
tack preference is exp rcsscd a s the 
rati o of aged-block tu curres ponding 
contrul-block ;lttack de ll sitv. The 
ag ed, waxed se ri es frum 1'rec "..\." 
~ huw a cun sta ntl y declilling' attractive-
ness tu the bcetle s f()r th e cntirc 12-
w eek aging pe ri ud. C npa rarrinec\ 
blocks frum Tree " A" a nd t he waxed 
Tree " Jr' se ri es shuw attack density 
dccline fo r onl y the first ~ i x weeks a"f 
aging; blocks of thesc se ri es aged 
longer show ed no fu rthc r decline in 
a t tracti vene ss. 
It should be noted in Table I that 
t he ave rage attack va lues are a lmos t 
identica l for the aged a nd contro l logs 
of the first three se ri es. One may 
conclude from thi s that diffcrence s be -
twecn trees, a nd waxing of cut ends 
had little influence on attack. 
In comparison with the other logs, 
those that were autoclaved received 
much less attack . Attack on the 
lutoclaved- cont ro l blocks w as less 
than h a lf that on the o the r controls, 
and the au tocla ved-aged se n es was 
almo st frcc of attack. 
The ba sa l fo ur -foot sect ion o f 
T ree " A " wa s not u sed fo r t he ex-
perimcnt, bu t wa s left in thc fo rc s t 
near V icto ria wherc t he trees werc 
cut. ] t wa s inte res ting to find in July 
that t hi s sec tion had received 14.1 
Tryp ode/ldroll and 12.7 G/lalholriclm s at -
tacks pe r squa rc foot. The combin ed 
attack den sity o f t he t\\' o ambrosia 
heet les wa s thu s cquivalent to that on 
th e expe rim enta l control blocks at 
Cow ichan Lake . 
Discussion and Summary 
A lth ough thcre was a high Yrypo-
de/ldwn population present, and favour-
able wcather persisted, the ex peri-
mental logs were no t attacked for 
seve ra l days af te r they were se t out. 
This suggests that some cha nge took 
place in the blocks afte r they were 
placed in th e fo rest but before they 
were a ttacked. Any cha nge which 
did take place howeve r , did no t ob-
SCllI' e th e treatment effects. The 
lig hte r attack s on the treated blocks 
indi cate that both aging and a uto -
c1aving preventcd the formation of, 
T ABL E I.-Density of T,ypod endrol1 attack o n aged and contro l Douglas- fi r blocks. 
No. 
weeks 
aged 
2 
4 
6 
8 
10 
12 
Trca tmcn t 
Means 
Tree "A" Tree "13" 
Ends not Ends waxe(1 Ends waxed 
Ends \\'axcd \\'axed no t autoc1aved autoc1aved 
( .'i umbe r of ent ran ce holes pe r square foo t) 
19.9 (333)1 9.2 ( 1l.4) 
7) " _ _ .J (40.6) 11.8 (2i.7) 
9.8 (46.0) 6.7 (2l.2) 
7.9 (25.3) 12.5 (62.8) 
0.6 ( 133 ) 5.0 (23.7) 
0.0 (165) 15.2 (45.7) 
10.1 (292) 10.1 (32. 1) 
25 .3 (26.0) 
9.0 (27.8) 
43 (20.4) 
3.1 (42.4) 
10. 1 (323) 
10.4 (25.9) 
10.4 (29. 1) 
2.9 (2.5) 
2.9 ( 16.3) 
0.7 ( 17.3) 
0.7 (12.3) 
0.0 ( 13.8) 
l.9 (23 .0) 
1.5 ( 14.2) 
1 Den sity o f attack on co rres pondin g cont rol bloc ks 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1957), VOL. 54, DEC. 16, 1957 49 
or depleted some attractive substance. 
It is probable that the heat treatment 
destroyed or inhibited attractant 
formation. On the other hand, les-
sened attack on the unautoclaved aged 
wood may be attributable to continued 
cellular activity. Conditions dUl ing 
aging were similar to those described 
by Wilson (8) as favourable for pro-
longing the life of sapwood cells of 
oak and ash. Under such conditions, 
the living cells deplete starch reserves 
that reach a maximum during mid-
winter in these species. It is reasonable 
that this depletion principle applies to 
our aged Douglas-fir, but iodine tests 
both at the time of felling and after 
aging failed to reveal the presence of 
starch. 
The experiment was limited in scope 
but it serves to point out the need 
for more information on the occur-
rence and seasonal fluctuations of 
various sapwood constituents in rela-
tion to ambrosia beetle selectivity. 
References 
(1) Gaumann, E. Untersuchungen ubcr den Einfluss der Fallungszeit auf die Eigen-
schaften des Fichten- und Tannenholzes. II. Tei!. Einfluss der Fallungszeit auf die 
Dauerhaftigkeit des Fichten- und Tannenholzes. Beihefte zu den Zeitschriften dcs 
Schweiz. Forstvereins, 6: 26-32. Buchler and Co., Bern. 1930. 
(2) Hadorn, C. [{echerches sur la morphologie, les stades evolutifs et l"hivernage due 
bostryche lisere (Xylo/erus linea/us Oliv.). Supplement aux organes de la Societe fores-
tiere suisse. No. 11. Buchler and Co., Bern. 1933. 
(3) Jover, H. Note preliminaire sur les modalities de l'attaque du bois d'Avodirc (Tur-
rean/hus africana Wlw. Pellegrin) par diffcrents coleopteres xylophages en 13asse-Cote-
d'lvoire. Rev. Path. Veg. 30 (1): 54-55. 1951. 
(4) Kinghorn, J. M. An induced differential bark beetle attack. Can. Dept. Agric. 
Forest Bio!. Div. Bi-Mon. Prog. Rpt. 13(2): 3-4. 1957. 
(5) Mathers, W. G. Time of felling in relation to injury from ambrosia beetles or pin-
worms. B.C. Lumberman 19 (8): 14. 1935. 
(6) Patterson, G. A. Ambrosia beetle control measures in the Nimpkish Valley during 
1953. (Unpublished). Private report, Canadian Forest Products Company Limited. 
1954. 
(7) Prebble,"Yr. L. and K. Graham. Studies of attack by ambrosia beetles in softwood 
logs on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Forest Science 3: 90-112. 1957. 
1957. 
(8) Wilson, S. E. Changes in the cell contents of wood (xylem parenchyma) and their 
relationships to the respiration of wood and its resistance to Lyetus attack and to 
fungal invasion. Ann. App!. Bio!. 20: 661-689. 1933. 
On the iniquity of blanket sprays and dusb 
One afternoon in 1946 as soon as DDT 
became available, I treated several quarter-
acre plots on the Lac du Bois range north of 
Kamloops, with 3% DDT in diatomaceous 
earth, put out with a rotary hand duster, 
in the hope of controlling grasshoppers. 
Vegetation on the plots consisted of mixed 
grasses from 12" to 18" high and Russian 
thistle, an(1 harbored several species of 
grasshoppe rs of mixed instars (hereafter 
ca lle r g roppers) . 
The plots were examined next forenoon. 
The effect on the groppers was ncgligible 
and continued so, but on some other in sects 
it was Ii terally shocking. Leafhoppers and 
rnirids were wiped out and many dead and 
dying beetles, for the most part harmless, 
lay on the ground. 1J r. Hugh 13. Leech 
identificd the beetles as: Pereos;a extenJa 
Casey, HarpaluJ ba.rilar;r Kby. (obesullls Lec.), 
Award (Celia ?) Jllbaenea Lee., and Amara sp. 
(Carahidae) ; Cie;ndela longilabf;s montaJ/a 
Lee. (Cincindelidae); Con;ofll;J obl;Ia Casey 
(Tenebrion idae) ; Sefiea aflthraeina Lec. (Scara -
beidae); and BfachYfhilluJ ovatUJ (Linn.) 
(Curculionidac). B. ovaillJ, t hc strawberry 
root weevil is an important pest elsewhere 
but is harmless on a catt le range five miles 
from the nearest cultivated plants. 
Thi s dust tested again on Canada blu e 
grass with out weeds. killed off the large 
population of leafhoppers present and a few 
ground beetles. It was 12 days beforc the 
area began to be repopulated centripetally 
from the surrounding vegetation. 


The effect of Douglas-fir log age on attack by the ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.)

MacCarthy, H. R.

Book review (Annual Review of Entomology, Vol. 2 (E.A. Steinhaus and R.F. Smith, editors) 1957. Annual Reviews, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif., pp. vii–407.)

Forbes, A. R.

~'''TOMOr.U''l< ·.\L SOCIETY <)1-' I:lBITI"1I CO Ll '!\lIlU. Pi" .... (l~S~) I. VOl .. 56. Nm'. 4.1~15~1 
CONTROL OF APHIDS AND CATERPILLARS ON BRUSSELS SPROUTS 
IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 
A. R. FORBES AND R. R . MACCARTHY 
Research Station Canada Agriculture, cl o The University of British Columbia , 
' Vancouver , British Columbia'. 
The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne 
brassicae (L.), is a serious pest of 
brassica crops in British Columbia . 
The recommended control measures 
with malathion and TEPP have not 
always been satisfactory, especially 
on Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and 
cauliflower. With new and potential-
ly useful systemic and contact insec-
ticides available or about to become 
available it was necessary to work out 
new recommendations. This paper re-
ports the results of exploratory field 
tests conducted at Vancouver in 1958. 
Brassica crops are also attacked 
each season by other pests, which 
were considered when evaluating the 
insecticides against cabbage aphid; 
these were: imported cabbageworm, 
Pieris rapae (L.), diamond-back moth, 
Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), cab-
bage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Rb.) , 
and green peach aphid, Myzus persi-
cae (Sulz.). 
Methods and Materials 
Brussels sprouts was used as the 
test crop since it presented the most 
difficult problem in control under B.C. 
conditions. The aphids get into the 
sprouts where they are shielded from 
sprays and dusts. It lends itself well 
to continuing appraisal of leaves and 
of the harvested product. This crop 
also has a long growing period and 
must be protected until harvest is 
complete, which may be in November 
or even later. 
Cultural procedures followed those 
of commercial growers as closely as 
possible . The variety of Brussels 
sprouts used was Long Island Improv-
ed, the one most commonly grown in 
the area. Plants were started in the 
seedbed May 8 and transplanted to 
the field June 12. The seedbed and 
the plants at transplanting were 
,Contribution No. 12. 
treated with heptachlor dust to con-
trol root maggots. 
Eight treatments and the check 
were replicated 4 times in randomized 
blocks. Each plot consisted of two 
rows of 10 plants each. Table I shows 
the insecticides, formulations, rates 
per acre per application, and dates of 
application. Di-syston granules were 
applied to the soil around the base of 
the plants, but the other insecticides 
were applied as sprays at the field 
scale rate of 100 gallons per acre with 
a compressed air sprayer. The method 
of spraying gave results similar to 
those that would have been obtained 
in field applications : the spray nozzle 
was directed above and beside the 
plants but the rate did not permit in-
dividual spraying of each plant or 
thorough coverage of the lower leaves, 
especially the undersides. The sur-
factant Triton B 1956 (Rohm & Raas 
Co., Philadelphia 5, Pa.) was added to 
each spray at the rate of 4 ounces per 
100 gallons. Portable barriers (figures 
1 and 2) were placed around the plots 
during spraying. These were made of 
1 x 4 inch cedar with corner braces, 
and covered with sign cotton cloth as 
used for advertising. 
Di-syston was first applied when 
the aphids appeared in the field . The 
first application of all other materials 
was on July 30, when there were 194 
colonies of B. brassicae on 60 leaves, 
i.e. when the infestation was well 
established. 
Counts were made 14 times at 
weekly intervals from August 8 to 
November 14 from an upper, a middle, 
and a lower leaf from each of 5 plants 
at random per plot. Data recorded 
were: numbers of colonies of cabbage 
aphids, numbers of adult green peach 
aphids, numbers of each of the 3 spe-
cies of caterpillars, and estimates of 
the percentage of leaf surface dam-
:14 ~; ~ T" .\I"I.""I! · .\1. S", ·n :TY ')I" 13HITI"'1 C OIX .\II:J .\. PH'W . (l~i)!.I). V"I.. ;;6. No\'. 4. ]!:t5 ~ 
TABLE 1.-Treaments against cabbage aphid on Brussels 
sprouts at Vancouver, B.C., 1958. 
Insecticidr 
None - check 
TEPP' 
20% emulsion 
malathionz 
57 % emulsion 
Thimetz 
47.5% emulsion 
N.A. Cyanamid 12,880 2 
46% soluble cone. 
(Dime tho ate) 
N.A. Cyanamid 18,706 2 
25% soluble cone. 
Di·syston3 
5% granules 
Systox3 
Phosdrin 4 
soln. 
Toxicant per 
acre, per 
application I h. 
0.25 
1.25 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
0.50 
0.45 
,Later Chemical Co., Vancou ve r 14, B.C. 
2 Cyanamid of Canada Ltd. , Toronto 5, On t. 
3 Chemagro Corp. , New York 16, N.Y. 
Treated 
July 30, Aug. 12, 25, Sept. 5, 15, 22 
July 30, Aug. 12, 25, Sept. 5, 22 
July 30, Aug. 18, Sept. 15 
July 30, Aug. 25 
July 30, Aug. 18, Sept. 15 
July 7, 30, Sept. 2 
July 30, Aug. 25 
July 30, Aug. 12, 25, Sept. 8, 22 
4 Shell Oil Company of Canada , Toronto I , Ont. ; 12.3 Ibs. of toxicant per ga ll on. 
Fig. I.-Portable barriers around plot 
during spraying. 
Fig. 2.-Portable barriers being 
assembled around plot. 
1 ' ::<Tn~f'"f)(; " .11 . S()('n~TY nF HRITI S II ('nl .I · "RI.\. PH"' . '1 ~~!11. \ ·n l .. fi6. 1\", .. 4. H15~ 
o 
o 
Fig. 3.-Diagram of mature leaf of Brut·sels sprouts with typical mid-season population 
of cabbage aphid s. This leaf has 13 colonies. 
aged by caterpillars. Where cabbage 
aphids covered large areas of the 
leaves, as in the checks, a circular 
area of covered leaf one half inch 
across, as estimated by inspection, 
was counted as one colony. A cabbage 
aphid in isolation, apterous or alate , 
settled On the leaf was also counted 
as one colony (figure 3) . 
At harvest 10 mature sprouts were 
taken, one from each of 10 plants per 
plot, every week for 7 weeks. These 
were weighed, inspected for caterpil-
lar damage and examined by dissec-
tion for the presence of aphids. Ac-
cording to the absence or location of 
aphids they were categorized as clean , 
commercially acceptable , or rejected . 
~6 ~>\Tn .\fnr.II( ;l<" . \L SO" ] ETY OF BHfT f S TT (:Ol.f · ~fflf " . PHIH' . (1.9fllll. VOl .. ~6 . Nn\'. 4. 1!Hi9 
DISYSTON 18706 
100 100 
12880 THIMET 
100 100 
SYSTOX CHECK 
100 1000 
V) 
w 900 > 
< w 
PHOSDRIN ....J 
0 ..., 100 800 
z 
0 
V) 700 
w 
z MALATHION 
0 
....J 200 600 
0 
u 
u. 
0 100 500 
a:: 
w 
CD 
::e 
::J 
400 
Z 
300 300 
200 200 
100 100 
OCT. NOV. 
Fig. 4.-Populations of cabbage aphids on leaves of Brussels sprouts in all 
treatments ;Jt Vancouver, B.C., 1958. 
Clean sprouts had no aphids in or on 
them; commercially a c c e pta b I e 
sprouts had one or two aphids where 
th ey were easily washed off; rej ected 
sprouts had aphids within the leaves 
wh ere ordinary washing would not 
dislodge them. Differences between 
the treatments were assessed by anal -
ysis of variance . 
Sprouts treated with Thimet, 12,880, 
18,706, Di-syston, Systox, and Phos-
drin were analyzed for residue by 
chemists of the British Columbia Re-
search Council. Samples were taken 
from the field and immediately frozen 
on October 10 and 24. They were anal-
yzed in February, 1959. 
Results and Discussion 
Aphids were first noted on the 
plan ts on July 7; by July 29 there 
were high populations of both cab-
bage and green peach aphids. The 
population of cabbage aphids in the 
check plots built up steadily until 
September 5 after which it declined 
(figure 4) . A fungus infection, brac-
onid parasites, syrphid larvae, chryso-
F:l'"Tfnlo r,O(;((,AJ. S O('!F,TY OF HIl ITT i' H ~OLFM RIA . PIlO(' . (HI5!) 1. VOr.. fi 6 . N ov. 4. 1959 :17 
TABLE II-Aphid population totals from 14 weekly leaf counts', August 8 • November 
14, 1958, on Brussels sprouts at Vancouver, B.C. 
Brevicoryne Myzus Percentage 
Treatment brassicae Percentage persicae control 
colonies control adults 
Di-syston 215 96 497 11 
Systox 358 93 304 46 
12,880 352 93 182 67 
Thimet 538 89 283 49 
Phosdrin 563 89 357 36 
18,706 531 89 165 70 
Malathion 1074 78 810 0 
TEPP 1722 65 763 0 
Check 4958 558 
, Each weekly count f r om an uppe r , a mid dle, a nd a lower leaf from each of 5 plants p e r 
plot , 20 plants per t r eatment. 
pid larvae, and cool damp weather 
contributed to the decline. The popu-
lation of green peach aphids rose un-
til August 15 but fell rapidly ther e -
after. 
Populations of cabbage aphids in all 
treatments during the season are 
shown graphically in fi gure 4. Data 
on the effectiveness of the treatments 
a ga inst aphids are summarized in 
Tables II and III. The systemics gave 
markedly better control than mala-
thion or TEPP. Di-syston was the out-
standing material a gainst cabbage 
aphids but had little effect on green 
peach a phids, probably because the 
latter were confined to the old leaves. 
Systox and 12,880 were promising 
against cabbage aphids. Phosdrin re-
duced the population of cabbage 
aphids each time it was applied but 
it required 5 applica tions. 12,880 and 
18,706 were the best m a t erials against 
green pea ch aphids. 
TABLE III-Control of cabbage aphids and yield at harvest on Brussels 
sprouts dt Vancouver, B.C., 1958. 
Clean Sprouts Marketable Sprouts Yield2 
Treatment Number ' Percentage Number ' Percentage gm. 
Di-syston 59.0 84 68.0 97 1256 
Systox 49.2 70 63.5 91 1236 
12,880 48.7 70 61.5 88 1213 
Thimet 45.2 65 60.5 86 1173 
Phosdrin 43.7 62 58.5 84 1212 
18,706 36.2 52 58.2 83 1146 
Malathion 28.0 40 52.5 75 1233 
TEPP 27.7 40 49.2 70 1121 
Check 20.7 30 51.2 73 882 
L.S.D. at 
5% level 7.9 6.8 138 
1 % level 10.8 9.2 188 
1 Maxim um of 70. 
2 Aver age weig h t of 70 sp r out,. 
TABLE IV-Percentage control of caterpillars on Brussels 
sprouts al' V.,ncouver, B.C., 1958. 
Percentage control based on : 
Treatment Damaged Total Leaves with more Undamaged 
sprouts' caterpillars2 than 5% damage 2 leaves 2 
Phosdrin 
Malathion 
Thimet 
12,880 
TEPP 
18,706 
Systox 
Di-syston 
76 
64 
34 
21 
21 
6 
3 
0 
87 
81 
61 
56 
31 
12 
36 
4 
44 24 
27 16 
22 6 
25 11 
31 13 
0 0 
0 0 
0 0 
,Sample of 280 sprouts: 40 taken e a c h week from Odober 2-No ve mbe r 14. 
2 Sample of 840 leaves: 60 take n each wee k from Au g u st 8-Novembe r 14. 
All treatments greatly increased the 
yield of sprouts and there were no sig-
nificant differences between treat-
ments in this respect. The increases 
in weight ranged from 27 per cent for 
TEPP to 42 per cent for Di-syston. 
Thus controlling cabbage aphids in-
creased both the yield and marketa-
bility of sprouts. 
Against caterpillars, Phosdrin and 
malathion were the best materials 
(Table IV). Di-syston, 18,706, and 
Systox gave virtually no control. 
TEPP and malathion were applied 
6 and 5 times respectively, or every 7 
to 13 days during the season, but nev-
er reduced the populations to accept-
ably low levels (figure 4). Other in-
secticides were reapplied each time 
the weekly counts of cabbage aphid 
colonies showed more than 50 per 60 
leaves. Thus Phosdrin required 5 ap-
plications, Thimet, Di-syston, and 
18,706 required 3, and 12,880 and Sys-
tox required only 2, to maintain the 
population levels shown (figure 4) . 
Green peach aphids occurred al-
most exclusively on the old, lower 
leaves. Over the 14 weeks, 0.5 per cent 
occurred on upper leaves, 3 per cent 
on middle leaves and 96 per cent on 
lower leaves. This and the fact sys-
temics may not be effectively trans-
located to leaves that are not grow-
ing rapidly may account for their 
relatively poor performance. TEPP 
and malathion gave no control of 
green peach aphids because the meth-
od of spraying and rate of application 
did not permit coverage of the lower 
leaves. 
The cabbage aphid occurred at all 
levels on the plant as follows : 19 per 
cent occurred on upper leaves, 37 per 
cent on middle leaves, and 44 per cent 
on lower leaves. 
The method of counting aphids gave 
valid data on their relative numbers 
and their location . Results were con-
sistent among different counters. For 
cabbage aphids, colonies were count-
ed , since this is a gregarious species 
and the colonies provided discrete 
units that were counted easily and 
rapidly. For green peach aphids 
adults were counted, since this is a 
solitary species and the aphids are 
found dispersed over the leaf. For-
tunately green peach aphid popula-
tions remained low so that counting 
the adults was not unduly time con-
suming. 
The portable barriers used during 
spraying worked well in practice, so 
that buffer rows were not needed . 
They eliminated spray drift and per-
mitted spraying even on windy days. 
The ba rriers were light and easily 
moved into position (figure 2) . 
E S T O ,I IIJi .<><l Il ', II , S , W II ':T Y IJ I.' I l l n T I ~ 1 1 ('O l.t ' III:I.\ . P ,«)!'. ( UlG9 J . V O L . 56, Nol'. 4, 195U 39 
No residue was detected in an y of 
th e sprouts except in those treated 
with Phosdrin and h arvested on Oc-
tober 10 . In these the inhibition of 
cholinesterase was 8.3 per cen t gr eat-
er than in the untreated ch eck. The 
PAINTED LADY, Vanessa cardui, 
on Vancouver Island 
This cosmopolitan butterfly was 
common in Saanich , during 1958. Not 
since 1952 h ave I seen it in such num-
bers. As a matter of fact only a single 
specimen, in 1957, came to my notice 
between these dates. In 1958 I first 
noted it on May 18, a nd the last da te 
recorded was October 1. 
Soon after a rriving in th e district, 
from where I do not know, egg laying 
sta rted on the two species of thistles 
abundant in the area, n amely Ca nada 
thistle, Cirsium canadensis, and bull 
thistle , C. l anceolat a . It seemed to 
prefer the latter. On June 18 I ob-
served a female hovering a bout the 
head of a bull thistle where it was 
ovipositing so intently tha t it con-
tinued to lay even when I pulled the 
stem towards me for a closer look. 
In a ll , though not n ecessarily laid by 
this individual, 12 eggs were found , 
either on the involucre of the t er -
minal flower h ead , or on the upper -
most leaves just beneath the inflor-
escence. I snipped off th e top of the 
plant conta ining the eggs and placed 
it under a muslin screen . The result-
ing caterpilla rs were reared to ma -
t urity. Adults emerged on July 17, one 
month a fter the eggs were la id . 
During the course of the summer 
la rvae in a ll stages of development 
were in evidence, varying from ligh t 
yellowish green to a lmost completely 
black . Clumps of thistles soon assum-
ed a bedraggled appearance, th e bare 
leaf stalks festooned with the rem-
nants of th e silken cubicles in which 
the la rvae lived or h ad lived . Pupae 
were ra rely seen , however , as the 
caterpillars leave th e food plant for 
intervals in days, between last treat-
ment and the October 10 harvest 
were : Thimet , 25 ; 12,880, 46; 18,706, 
25 ; Di-syston , 38 ; Systox, 46 ; Phos-
d rin , 18. 
less exposed quarters. Once in a while 
a chrysalis was found hanging within 
a very open-meshed tent along the 
leaf sta lks of the host plant. 
Fresh specimens of adults were 
common by July 18 and continued to 
be so well in September. 
There is considerable overlapping 
of broods but with an average of one 
month for a complete life cycle and 
a consta n t succession of ova there 
could be two or more generations in 
on e season, especially in a long, mild 
autumn as in 1958. From an economic 
point of view this is a useful insect, 
considering the ravages it commits 
a mong the thistles. 
Wha t becomes of the hosts of in-
dividuals seen up to October I? They 
must do one of three things : Hiber-
na te; but I h ave never come across 
them h ereabouts, even early in the 
spring as in the case of the Mourning 
cloak a nd Angle Wing, both of which 
a re known to hibernate. Emigrate; if 
so it is not noticeable. Or die before 
winter ; here again I h ave no evidence 
in support of such a h appening. 
Most likely they a re h ere in the 
fi rst place as an overflow from 
Mexico or some other wa rm climate. 
They succeed well enough during the 
summer in their n ew h aunt, but are 
una ble to withstand the ensuing 
winter. 
R. South in "The Butterflies of the 
Bri t ish Isles" 1947 sta tes that North 
Africa is thought to be the centre for 
this s p e c i e s, which periodically 
spreads a ll over the t emperate world, 
wh ere it thrives for a time but even-
tually disappears, until a nother wave 
of migrants from the original source 
re-popula tes its fa r flun g range. 
G . A. HARDY 
Provincia l Museum, Victor ia , B.C. 


Control of aphids and caterpillars on Brussels sprouts in British Columbia

Spencer, G. J.

J'Hn, ·. 1£8T()~O(()I. . H, ,.. 81111' . C OI. ' · \I1: 1 \ . \'01. .. ,i (llJ60). Ill';' .. 1. 1!J60 
References 
1. Anonymous. Methoxychlor- a summary of ana lyt ica l methods. E. I. Dupont de 
Nemours and Co. (Inc. ) Bull. pp. 34-36. 1951. . . 
2. Downing, G., and L. B. Norton. Modification of Schechter method of estlmatmg DDT 
residue. An al Chern. 23 : 1870-1871. 1951. 
3. Mar8ha ll , J. Co ncentrat e spraying in deciduous orchard s. Ca n. De9!. Agr. Pub. 1020, 
p . 25. 1958. " . . 
4. Swales, J . E. , and K. Will iams. Further not e on suriactants In concentra te mixture 
fo r control of apple sca b. Can. J . Plant Sci . 37: 82-83. 1957. 
5. Waddell , D. B. , and J . M. McArthur. Effects of pr uning on spray deposits from co n-
cent r at e orc harcl spr ayers. Can . J. Agr. Sci. 34: 448. 1954. 
TWO RECORDS OF IXODES SIGNATUS BIRULA AND ONE OF 
IXODES URIAE WHITE, MARINE BIRD TICKS 
The first Canadian record of Ixodes 
signatus Birula was by Eric Hearle 2 
in 1938 from 2 females and 22 
nymphs which I h a d taken from a 
cormorant at Tofino , Vancouver 
Island , in 1926. Other records from 
Cormorant as given by Gregson ' are 4 
nymphs and I larva from Gull Island, 
1 female larva from Cowichan Bay 
and 3 females from Langara Island . 
Gregson gives also one unusual record 
of 3 females and 1 nymph from a rosy 
finch from the Pribilof Islands. 
To these records I can now add 2 
others , of collections given me by 
students at the University who have 
given me ectoparasites from birds a nd 
mammals at odd times. 
The first collection was made by 
Rudolf Drent and G . F . van Tets from 
Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas, the 
pelagic cormorant. found dead on 6 
May 1959 on Manda r te Island, B.C. 
and consists of 1 adult engorged fe-
male, 3 adult m ales, 17 male nymphs 
a nd 54 female nymphs and 317 seeds 
or larvae of both sexes, giving the 
r emarka ble total of 392 ticks off one 
bird. The second collection was made 
by Rudolf Drent from another pelagic 
cormorant found dead on 2 June 1959 
on Mandarte Island and consists of 2 
engorged females, 2 partly engorged 
females , 1 flat female , 1 small and 1 
very small female nymphs and 1 
female seed or larva, a total of 8 
females and no males. 
The third record is of Ixodes uriae 
White, the hairy tick, collected by F. 
H. Fay from the head of Uria lonvia 
s.s . arra the Thick-billed Murre, in 
June 1954 at Gambell , St. Lawrence , 
Alaska, a nd consists of 1 engorged 
female adult and 11 engorged femal e 
nymphs of several sizes. The propor-
tion of females to males in these 
collections, is interesting; in 2 col-
lec tions there were no males at all; 
in the large collection the proportion 
was roughly 3 females to 1 male ; in 
all collections, 1 or at most 2 engorged 
females seemed to be responsible for 
the entire infestations. The 3 collec-
t ions totalled 412 specimens of what 
a re normally, relatively rare ticks. All 
the material is in the entomological 
museum a t the University . 
- • Gregson , Joh n D., 1956. The Ixodoidea o f Can-
ada. Pub. 930 Science Service, Ent. Div. Canada 
Dept. of Agr .. Ottawa. 
2 H earle. Eric. , 1938. The Ticks of British Colum· 
bia. Sci. Ag r . 18: 341-354. 
- G. J . Spencer. Un i1 'e1·sit'!l of B1"itis ll ColtOI/-
{Jill. rrl'llrO lll: PI'. 


Two records of Ixodes signatus Birula and one of Ixodes uriae White, marine bird ticks

A method is described for full-scale testing of orchard sprayers with outputs up to 100 gallons per acre. Performance is assessed from deposits obtained on waxed cards and treated microscope slides

McArthur, J. M.

Waddell, D. B.

A method for testing low-volume orchard sprayers

:]0 
ANNOTATED LIST OF FOREST INSECTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 
PART X-NOTODONTIDAEl 
D. A. Rosso AND D. EVANS 3 
The larvae of this family feed ex-
clusively on broad -leaved h 0 s t s, 
chiefly of Sa licaceae and Betulaceae. 
Several species are commonly found 
on mE:mbers of Rosaceae as well. 
DatanCl ministra a nd Schizura con-
cinna occasion a lly have been suffi-
cien tly numerous to cause noteworthy 
clefoliation. 
Notodontid larvae are quite similar 
r.o th e cutworms, Noctuidae, but us-
ually have more elongate h eads. The 
majority a re strikin gly marked ; most 
~pec i es h ave prominences. Setae on 
the upper body are prima ry, except-
ing Datana and Ichthyura which 
ha ve a light clothing of fine second-
ary h a irs . There are ventral prolegs 
on A3-6 ; and the anal prolegs a r e 
more or less reduced or modified . The 
anal prolegs may be held u p a t rest, 
Rnd are not used by Schizura or Cer -
!lrCl fo r locomotion . The eversible 
gla nd on the prothoracic venter is 
branched on some species. Most noto-
dontids overwinter as larvae in co-
coons. 
Ichthyuro opicolis Walker. Populus 
fremu loides (1) . Mile 50 Big Bend 
Highway . LARVA: h ead brown , ex-
cepting unpi gmented configura tion 
a bout the frons ; no swellings a ppar -
ent ; pronotal shield with pa ir of 
brown patches; body dra b cream-
brown ; faint dorsal lines. Head and 
body moderately clothed with fin e 
short whi te h a irs. 
Ichthyuro strigoso Grote. Populus 
t r emuloides (1) . Wasa. LARVA : un -
known to writers. 
1 Contribution No. 774 , Fo r est. En to mology a ncl 
Pat hology Branc h. De partme n t. of For es try, 01· 
tawa. Ca nada. 
2 Fo rest. Entomo iog)· Laborato ry, Vcrno n, B. C. 
3 Forest En to m o logy a nd Patho logy Laborat o r~l : 
Victoria, R.C. 
Ichthyuro albosigma Fitch. Populus 
tremuloides ( 4) , Salix sp. ( 1) , Alnus 
s p . (1) . Squilax, Kersley , Ma r guerite, 
Prince George, a nd southern V.I. One 
f!"Om Mile 49 Dawson Rd ., Y.T. 
LARVA : young insta l's prominen tly 
humped, pale gr een with fine red lines 
an d a bdomin a l segments 1, 3, and 8 
a lso r ed. La t e insta l's .s tippled mauve-
grey and brown, with indistinct 
brown lin es pa le edged; large black 
spiracles; shallow yellow tubercles, 
long silvery se tae; the head la rge and 
mottled . 
Ichthyura brucei Hy. Ed . Populus 
tremuloides, Salix sp. (1) . Central In-
terior. LARVA: head black, excepting 
unpigmented inverted Y a bove and 
bordering frons; small transver se 
swellin gs on dorsum of Al and 8, la t-
eral portions of pro thoracic shield, 
~mall supraspiracular patches, and 
spiracles, black. Head and body 
Jig'hUy clothed with fine , moderate ly 
ion g, white h a irs. 
Datana ministra Dru. Yellow-neck-
ed cat erpillar. B etula spp. , Amelan-
r:hier sp ., Crataegus spp., Prunus sp . 
( 1), Salix sp . (1) . Central portion 
Southern Interior. LARVA : 1% 
inches; head and body black (body 
reddish-brown in earlier instars); 
l'rothoracic shield yellowish-brown ; 
yellow subdorsal, supraspiracula r , 
~ubspiracular , subventral and ventral 
!ines; body sparsely clothed with long 
grey h a irs. 
Odontosia elegons S t k r . Populus 
tremuloides, Southern In terior, a nd 
Cuisson Creek. LARVA : 13/4 inches; 
head and thorax reddish to yellowish 
brown , glossy; dorsum of body mo t-
tled brown , venter of a bdomen cream ; 
PI:tl l . j·: .\T()\H II .. Silt. I ~J :lT . t 'Ol. l · .\I I: I .\. "t il.. :)~ (l ~lti l I. I)u . 1 . !! II;1 
brown pro tho racic shield ; 
sha llow tra n sverse r id ges on 
A8: brown blotch a bout 
clown to prolegs on A3-6. 
brown 
A2 a nd 
spiracles 
Notodonta simplaria Graef. Sali:r. 
<;p. ( 3) , Populus tremuloides ( 1) . 
Golden , Ochiltree, La rdo, and Burns 
Lake . LAR VA : l Y2 inches ; heacl tap-
ered to vertex, stippled with bla cl< ; 
body purplish , mottled; pale d iagonal 
lines ; conical humps on A2, 3 and 8 ; 
fa int pale subspiracular str ipe run-
n ing down to tip of ventral proleg on 
AG. Black a bove bases of thoracic 
legs; black double dorsal stripe on 
thorax and on h umps of A2 and 3. 
Pheosia rimosa Pa ck. Salix spp ., 
Pop ulus tremuloides, P. trich ocarpa, 
Betula sp. I nterior B .C. LARVA : about 
2 inches; green or yellowish-brown , 
g"lossy; horn on A8 ; black t r ansverse 
ba nd on T2 and A8 , may be broken 
on the former segment; thoracic legs 
r ed ; spiracles black, pale-ringed. 
Pheosia portlandia Hy . Ed . Va n-
couver I sland . LARVA : u nknown to 
writers. 
Nadata gibbosa A . & S. Betula 
spp. , Sa l i .1: spp ., Alnus spp .. Quercus 
[Iarryana, Populus tl' ichocw'p(l ( 1). 
Acer cir cinatum (1) , Prunus sp. , Rosa 
spp. General throughout B .C. LARVA : 
1% inches; head and body pale blu-
ish -green , covered with a bloom ; 
[>ody flecked with yellow laterally ; 
subdorsa l stripe, base of prolegs and 
posterior margin of suranal plate , 
pale yellow ; no protuberances ; se tae 
min 1.1 te; spiracles small , reddish -
brown . 
Dicentria pallida Stkr. Vancouver 
Island . Hosts and larvae unknown to 
writers. 
Schizura semirufescens Wlk. Alnus 
spp., Salix spp., B etula papyrijera (3) , 
Quercus garryana ( 1 ) , Acer circinat-
um (1) , Amelanchier sp. (1). South-
ern B.C. ancl V.!. LARVA: 11 2 inch es; 
cream and brown h ead and body; 
a bdomen may be tinged with green : 
brown M on head , X be tween arms; 
hump a t posterior margin of m eta-
thorax; elongate fork ed protuber ance 
on Al ben t forward ; forked hump on 
A5 and 8. White V on A6 a nd 7. 
Schizura ipomoeae Doubleday. Bet-
u la papyri/era , Alnus spp . (3) , Salix 
~p . , A m elanchier sp . (1). Sou theas t -
prn B.C. (J ones, 195 1, also records it 
from southern V.I. ) . LARVA : 1% 
inches; brown and green with mark-
in gs on dorsum of abdomen ; a pair 
of black longitudina l lines on each 
i' ide of the front of the head , with a 
reddish-b rown X between ; thoraX 
green , speckled with brown ; broken , 
rcddish- brown dorsal stripe with 
white ed ge, spl it on thorax and div-
ergin g on T1 ; p leura on T1 pa rtly 
brown; white dorsal patches on Al-4. 
sh ield -shaped on A2 and 3 and white 
broad-based V on A6-7; elongate 
short-forked tubercle on Al ; smaller 
paired tubercles on A5 a nd 8. The 
setae on this species a r e more prom-
inent than on th e other three species. 
Schiz ura concinna S. and A. Red -
humped caterpillar. Salix spp. , Betula 
spp ., Prunus spp ., Populus tremu-
loides , P . trichocarpa, Alnus spp .. 
flcer glabrum and miscellan eo us 
other broad-leaved hosts. South-
eastern B.C. Occasionally known to 
completely denude single trees or 
clump~ of trees. LARVA : 1;:2 in ches ; 
head a nd transverse swelling on AI , 
a dull red ; body glossy, dull yellow 
streaked with black or reddish-
brown ; subdorsal , supra - and sub-
spiracular stripes white , edged with 
black; tubercles black , those on dor -
sum elongated . t h e longest on AI. 
Cerura occidentalis Lintner. Popu-
lus trichocarpa, Salix spp . Kelowna . 
HOllston , Vernon , Prince George , 
B.C. , and Ca r macks, Y.T . LARVA: 
body 1 Y2 inches + Y4 inch stem apods; 
head brown, da rk brown ba r from 
ocelli to vertex ; body green ; dorsal 
stripe brown- edged with cream, 
stripe broad a t front of TI , tapered 
to posterior ma r gin of T2 , the "ab-
domin a l saddle" broad est on A4 
wh ere it encompasses the spiracles; 
brown subventra l patch es on prolegs 
of a bdominal segments; pair of ves-
tigal subdorsal warts on TI ; sma ll 
s lightly bilobed swelling on T2 . 
Cerura scolopendrina Boisd uval. 
Salix spp ., Populus tremuloides. 
Southern B.C. a nd V.l. and two rec-
ords from Skeen a River Valley. 
LARV A: 1 Y2 inches + 1 '3 inch stema-
pods ; head brown, darkest near 
vertices; body yellow-green ; dorsal 
"stripe" purplish-brown, broad at 
front of TI, tapered to the posterior 
margin of T2 , slightly interrupted at 
leading edge of T3 . The "abdominal 
saddle" broadest on A4 where it ex-
tends down behind the spiracles; a 
pai!" of small subdorsal warts on T1 ; 
"wellin g if present on T2, not bilobed . 
Schizura unicornis A. & S. Alnus 
spp ., Betula spp ., Salix spp ., Malus 
spp ., Prunus spp . (3) , A melanchier sp. 
(1) , Populus tremuloides. Southern 
B.C. and V.l. LARVA : similar to 
ipomoeae . Head light brown with 
darker brown longitudina l stripes 
from ocelli to vertices; thorax green, 
pleura of pro thorax partly brown, not 
joined to dorsal stripe; abdomen light 
brown and olive green ; brown dorsal 
stripe on thorax, split on prothorax 
but not diverging; whitish triangular, 
and truncated triangle-like markings 
on dorsum of AI-3 ; narrow-based 
white dorsal V on A6 and 7 ; promin-
ent fo rked tubercle on AI; paired 
swelling on A5 with vestiges of tu-
bercles; pair of prominent tubercles 
on prominent swelling on A8. 
Gluphisia septentrionis Wlk . Popu-
lus tremuloides, P . trichocarpa. Ver-
non , Squilax, 70 Mile House, 83 Mile 
House, Place Lake , Exchamsiks. 
LARVA : Head yellow-green with or 
without black stripe on either side 
of front; body yellow-green; yellow 
subdorsal stripe; reddish broken 
pa tches on dorsum of thoracic and 
a bdominal segments - excepting Al 
a nd sometimes A2. 
The Ca liforni a Tortoi se-Shell , Nymphalis Californica Bdv., on Vancouver Island 
After an apparent absence of eight years 
this butterfly has aga in been seen in south-
ern Vancouver Island . It was first noticed 
on September 8, 1960, and was last seen on 
October 18. The but terflies fre qu ented high-
ways, sheltered va lleys, and slopes, usually 
flying back and forth , settli ng occasionally 
on roads, fences or bushes. While not 
observed to visit fl owers, they sought damp 
places and over·ripe fr uit such as black-
berries and apples. A slight tendency to 
drift E'astward was at t im es indicated but 
not so noticeably as in 1952. 
At least some individuals hibernate here, 
for one was seen on the warm southern 
£Iope of Mo unt Douglas on January 26, 
1961. 
Following the immigration of 1952, this 
butt erfly was fr equently seen up to April 
23, 1953, after which it disappeared. 
Whether the same pattern will eventuate 
in 1961 rema ins to be seen . 
(; pl) I"!I(' £1. .1-/ (11"(/.1/. P l"lI l"illf"i,t/ .I/II S' ·1I111 
( 1(/,/ .). l"i"'''l"ili . 11.1 ' . 


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