Atom Indonesia (E-Journal)
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The Modelling and Analysis of iPWR-Type SMR Core Dynamics: Control Rods, Reactivity Feedback, and Thermal-Hydraulic Effects
No full textDevelopment plans for Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) in Indonesia have been widely discussed. One of the planned NPP types is the Small Modular Reactor (SMR). Human resource readiness is an essential aspect to be considered before constructing an NPP. Simulators capable of illustrating core dynamics can be used to educate the public about the processes within a nuclear reactor. Core modeling is a key component in developing an NPP simulator. The neutronic behavior of the reactor core is modeled using point kinetics equations, while the thermal-hydraulic aspect uses Mann’s model. The results indicate that the modeled core can operate up to 160 MWt and other operating parameters at maximum power align well with the SMR reactor design certification data
Radon Concentration in Biological Samples of Smokers and Non-smokers Using Lexan Detector
No full textThis study was conducted in the Najaf Governorate, Iraq, to analyze radon concentration in biological samples from smokers and non-smokers. The samples, including blood serum, urine, hair, and nails, were used as biomarkers to determine the presence or absence of radon (222Rn). Using a natural exposure method, the nuclear track detector (Lexan, Belgium) was utilized to measure these radon concentrations in the samples. Seventy-five samples of blood serum, urine, hair, and nails were collected for smokers of healthy people and fifty samples for non-smokers of healthy people in five age groups. This study was based on age and smoking to compare the results and determine their effects on radon concentrations. The results show that the average values of radon concentrations (in Bq/m3) in blood serum, urine, hair, and nails for smokers were 54.7 ± 22.1, 62.9 ± 23.1, 34.7 ± 11.2, and 41.7 ± 15.2, respectively. Meanwhile, the average values of radon concentrations (in Bq/m3) in blood serum, urine, hair, and nails for non-smokers were 24.2 ± 6.0, 30.0 ± 6.3, 18.7 ± 5.2, and 21.6 ± 6.9 respectively. The results and comparisons indicate that radon concentrations depend on the variables on which this study was based (age and smoking). Smokers and non-smokers had different levels of radon in all biological samples. The P-value wa
Evaluation of Tumor Control Probability and Normal Tissue Complication Probability of Breast Cancer Treatment Plan in Post Mastectomy Radiation Therapy
No full textRadiotherapy has been widely used to treat cancer, including breast cancer treatment, which can be given after patients undergo mastectomy procedures. This study aims to evaluate tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) of three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment planning in post-mastectomy breast cancer radiation therapy. Twenty clinical breast cancer treatment plans delivered using 3DCRT were evaluated retrospectively. The IMRT plans were created for the same patients. The dose-volume histograms of each plan were extracted from the Treatment Planning System (TPS) computer which were then used to compute the TCP and NTCP for each plan. The TCP was calculated using the Poisson model and the NTCP was calculated using the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman (LKB) model. The NTCP was calculated for normal lung tissue, heart, esophagus, and spinal cord. The results show that the TCP of the 3DCRT and IMRT plans are not significantly different, with a value of above 99 %. The NTCP of the left lung is lower in the IMRT plans while the NTCP of the esophagus is lower in the 3DCRT plans. The NTCP for the heart, spinal cord, and right normal lung are zero in all plans
Non-Dimensional Number Analysis on Natural Circulation Flow Changes Inside Straight-Pipe Heat Exchanger of Water Cooling Tank in FASSIP-02 Test Loop
No full textThe FASSIP-02 test loop is a large-scale experimental facility that investigates natural circulation flow rate phenomena to improve passive safety systems of nuclear reactors. Heat transfer in the piping system will result in pattern and magnitude of the natural circulation flow being formed, so it is essential to investigate the heat dissipation capabilities, which will later be applied in nuclear passive cooling systems. The heat transfer behavior of passive cooling systems in large-scale facilities can be quantified with non-dimensional numbers. This research analyzes heat transfer in a straight heat exchanger by comparing non-dimensional numbers based on the Dittus-Boetler and McAdams correlation with the correlation generated from experimental data. The analysis results show that the predicted McAdams correlation with the experimental correlation is higher than 83 %. Meanwhile, Dittus Boetler's correlation prediction with the experimental correlation is smaller than 71 %. The dominance of momentum diffusivity in the cooling process shows the characteristics of thermal behavior with the Prandtl number. In addition, all-natural circulation flow variations occur in a turbulent flow regime that increases with increasing water temperature in the heating tank
Radiological Risk to Inhalation of Thoron Gas from Medical Materials Samples Derived from Medical Plants in Iraq
No full textPollution by thoron is one of the factors that is harmful to human health. Medical materials, especially those derived from plants, have natural ingredients which are a major source of natural radioactivity, thoron being one of them. Therefore, the presence of harmful radioactivity in these materials is a matter of concern. This study determined the concentrations of thoron (220Rn or radon-220) from 70 samples of medical materials derived from medical plants using a CR-39 detector. Samples are drugs (solid), skin creams, herbs, toothpaste, drugs (liquid), and cosmetic products found in Iraqi pharmacies. Also, radiological risks such as Annual Effective Dose (AED), Excessive Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR), and Lung Cancer Case (LCC) due to inhalation of thoron from medical materials samples in pharmacies were calculated. The results show that the results of the thoron concentrations in the samples of medical materials ranged from 1.02 Bq/m3 to 74.53 Bq/m3, with an average value of 18.21 ± 2.00 Bq/m3. The range values of AED, ELCR (×10-3) and LCC (×10-6) were 0.01-0.588 mSv/y, 0.04-2.36, and 0.18-10.58, respectively. It was als found that the thoron concentrations in samples of the present study vary from a minimum of 12.82 Bq/m3 in cosmetic products samples to a maximum of 30.29 Bq/m3 in herbs samples. Nonetheless, all thoron and radiological risk values were lower than the acceptable world limit (thoron = 200-300 Bq/m3 by ICRP and AED = 1.1-4.4 mSv/y by UNSCEAR)
Ground-Based Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Application on Drone-Borne: Suitability and Height Attenuation
No full textRapid development in the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in many applications, such as topographic mapping, agricultural management, marine monitoring, and others, has also brought the radiometric mapping application to this drone-borne application. Before the application, several corrections are performed to the data, including stripping corrections obtained from calibration results and height attenuation corrections. This study aims to determine the effectiveness and the height attenuation of the ground-based spectrometer attached to the drone. The method is carried out to determine the optimal altitude and conduct direct testing in the field of a small detector of 0.1 l of RS-125 gamma-ray spectrometer using drone-borne radiometric applications. In ideal conditions without obstacles in the flying path, 15 m is considered the ideal height, proportional to the detector size. Based on the results of field measurements at a drone height of 24 m, the comparison of drone and ground data is acceptable for dose rate, thorium, and potassium concentration with Pearson correlation of 0.67, 0.49, and 0.45, respectively. The drone measurement result is less acceptable for uranium data, with a Pearson correlation of 0.05 to the ground measurement. In conclusion, the RS-125 gamma-ray spectrometer is generally suitable for drone-borne radiometric applications
Assessment of the Level of Radioactivity in the Soil in Urban Areas and Building Materials of Arlit City (Agadez-NIGER)
No full textNiger's uranium deposits are located in the north, bordering the southern Sahara. Mining activities led to the creation of the town of Arlit in 1969. Uranium mining and uranate production generate large volumes of radioactive solid and liquid tailings, as well as radioactive gases. Through dispersion and transport, these radioactive discharges become a source of contamination to the environment and food chain. The aim of our work is to assess the additional ambient exposure to radioactivity of surrounding populations as a result of mining activities. We assessed the risk of exposure to radionuclides from the uranium-238 decay chain through soil and certain building materials. The methodology used is based on collection of soil, sand, gravel and mud samples, which are analyzed using gamma spectrometry technique. Nine (9) public sites and five (5) building materials quarries were sampled for the work. The radiological parameters calculated are radium equivalent activity (Raeq), absorbed dose rate (D), internal and external risk indices (Hin and Hex) and gamma index (Iγ). For the whole study area, the calculated Raeq values range from 78.67 Bq/kg to 199.32 Bq/kg. These values are below the guideline value of 370 Bq/kg. In terms of air dose rate, however, the average value found was 0.32 mSv/year for the nine public sites considered. This exceeds the threshold value of 0.29 mSv/year corresponding to the selected exposure scenarios. In addition, in the mud (Quarry 5) and the second gravel quarry (Quarry 4), Iγ values greater than unity were found. A comparison is made with the results of similar studies around the world. Interpretation of the data obtained concludes that there is a risk of radiological overexposure at six (6) sites and two (2) quarries. This work is independent research which sheds new light on the issue of uranium mining activities impact on the environment in Arlit
Atmospheric Nitrogen Plasma-Induced for Embedding NH2@Cubic-Bicontinuous Mesoporous Silica as Uranium (VI) Adsorbent Candidate in Seawater
No full textThis work aims to achieve interesting progress in uranium extraction by introducing a promising strategy that utilizes atmospheric nitrogen plasma-induced amine modification of CBC (Cubic Bi-continuous) material, providing a compelling pathway to enhance CBC's adsorption properties specifically for uranium harvesting. CBCs mesoporous silica samples were prepared by mixing the Pluronic F-127 as a template and TEOS (Tetraethyl Orthosilicate) as silica sources in the sol-gel process under acidic conditions. The obtained CBCs were treated using nitrogen plasma at room temperature (RT) under atmospheric pressure in a customized-borosilicate plasma reactor. Subsequently, the treated CBSs were grafted with amine groups. The final samples were characterized using SAXS (Small Angle Synchrotron X-ray Scattering) to determine the phase and structure, SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) analysis to quantify the presence of silica, oxygen, and embedded nitrogen, and Specific Surface Area (SSA) Analyzer using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method to determine the specific surface area and pore size distribution. The SAXS profiles indicate that the obtained samples can be classified as CBCs Im3m mesoporous silica. The presence of silica, oxygen, and nitrogen was verified through SEM-EDS analysis, with approximate compositions of 36-37 %, 51-62 %, and 0.7-1.0 %, respectively. The use of SSA analysis further supported the findings, confirming the typical adsorption isotherm IV model. The specific surface areas were measured to be 371 m2/g for pure CBC, 573 m2/g for P1-CBC, and 607 m2/g for P2-CBC. The pore size distribution analysis revealed mesoporous characteristics within the material, with pore sizes ranging from 4 to 6.5 nm. On a batch laboratory scale, the material achieved the highest adsorption capacity of 15.68 mg-U(VI)/g-NH2@P1-CBC from natural seawater after 1 hour of contact time
