Atom Indonesia (E-Journal)
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Uptake and Cytotoxicity Characterization of Radioiodine in MCF-7 and SKBR3 Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Get PDFRadioiodine is an effective and low-risk therapy modality in well-differentiated thyroid cancer patients post near-total thyroidectomy. Extra thyroidal tumors such as breast cancer are known to be able to uptake radioiodine. The aim of this study was to analyze the uptake, efflux and cytotoxicity of radioiodine for two molecular types of breast cancer cell lines. Two types of breast cancer cell lines were used in this study, MCF-7 (luminal A type) and SKBR3 (HER2 type). The HaCaT cell line was used as normal cells. Iodine-125 (I-125)was used to measured radioiodine uptake and efflux. Clonogenic assay was used to assess cytotoxicity of iodine-131 (I-131) based on the tested cell reproductive ability. The radioiodine uptake in SKBR3cells was found to be higher than that of MCF-7 and HaCaT cells atp0.05. The reproductive ability of MCF-7 cells are lower than SKBR3 cells at p0.05. Both breast cancer cells have lessreproduction ability than HaCaT cells at p0.05. Both types of breast cancer cells present the ability to uptake radioiodine and show a high sensitivity to radioiodine exposure. Normal cells also demonstrate an ability to uptake radioiodine. However, they have a better tolerance to the amount of I-131 exposure. These findings could potentially lead to the use if I-131 for ablative therapy in breast cancer, similiar to its use in the treatment of thyroid cancer.Received: 4 October 2015; Revised: 14 August 2016; Accepted: 2 September 2016
Investigation on Operating Parameters of the Homemade Penning-Type Ion Source for Cyclotron
Get PDFA Penning-type ion source for a cyclotron producing PET radioisotopes has been made. To determine the performance of the ion source for further developments, an investigation on the operating parameters has been conducted. The investigation was carried out by experiments on an ion source test device. The investigated operating parameters were the puller voltage, the magnetic field, the hydrogen gas flow rate, and the cathode current. The results showed that the puller voltage was the most sensitive parameter to change ion beam current, and at a voltage of 8 kV an ion beam current of 35 µA was obtained. The puller voltage is still likely to be raised if the current beam is to be increased. Increasing the magnetic field beyond approximately 450 gauss caused the ion beam to saturate. It was obtained that a moderate range of gas flow rate on the value of 5-10 cc/min, producing a high beam current with no significant effect to decrease a vacuum level. Cathode current magnitudes of up to 1 mA significantly affect the beam current, while above this value the beam current tends to be constantReceived: 04 October 2014; Revised: 28 April 2015; Accepted: 05May 201
Optimization of Residual Stress of High Temperature Treatment Using Genetic Algorithm and Neural Network
Get PDFIn a nuclear industry area, high temperature treatment of materials is a factor which requires special attention. Assessment needs to be conducted on the properties of the materials used, including the strength of the materials. The measurement of material properties under thermal processes may reflect residual stresses. The use of Genetic Algorithm (GA) to determine the optimal residual stress is one way to determine the strength of a material. In residual stress modeling with several parameters, it is sometimes difficult to solve for the optimal value through analytical or numerical calculations. Here, GA is an efficient algorithm which can generate the optimal values, both minima and maxima. The purposes of this research are to obtain the optimization of variable in residual stress models using GA and to predict the center of residual stress distribution, using fuzzy neural network (FNN) while the artificial neural network (ANN) used for modeling. In this work a single-material 316/316L stainless steel bar is modeled. The minimal residual stresses of the material at high temperatures were obtained with GA and analytical calculations. At a temperature of 6500C, the GA optimal residual stress estimation converged at –711.3689 MPa at adistance of 0.002934 mm from center point, whereas the analytical calculation result at that temperature and position is -975.556 MPa . At a temperature of 8500C, the GA result was -969.868 MPa at 0.002757 mm from the center point, while with analytical result was -1061.13 MPa. The difference in residual stress between GA and analytical results at a temperatureof6500C is about 27 %, while at 8500C it is 8.67 %. The distribution of residual stress showed a grouping concentrated around a coordinate of (-76; 76) MPa. The residuals stress model is a degree-two polynomial with coefficients of 50.33, -76.54, and -55.2, respectively, with a standard deviation of 7.874.Received: 09 October 2014; Revised: 21 April 2015; Accepted: 16 June 201
Development of 99Mo/99mTc Generator System for Production of Medical Radionuclide 99mTc using a Neutron-activated 99Mo and Zirconium Based Material (ZBM) as its Adsorbent
Get PDFMolybdenum produced from fission of U-235 is the most desirable precursor for 99Mo/99mTc generator system as it is non-carrier added and has high specific activity. However, in the last decade there has been short supply of 99Mo due to several constrains. Therefore, there have been many works performed for development of 99Mo/99mTc generator system using 99Mo which is not produced from either LEU or HEU. This report deals with development of 99Mo/99mTc generator system where zirconium-based material (ZBM) is used as adsorbent of neutron-activated 99Mo. The system was prepared by firstly irradiating natural Mo in the G. A. Siwabessy reactor to produce neutron-activated 99Mo. The target was dissolved in NaOH 4N and then neutralized with 12 M HCl. The 99Mo solution was then mixed with a certain amount of ZBM followed by heating at 90°C for three hours to allow the 99Mo adsorbed on ZBM. The 99Mo-ZBM (9.36 GBq of 99Mo was Mo/ 4.2 g ZBM) was packed on a fritz-glass column. This column was then fitted serially with an alumina column for trapping 99Mo breakthrough. The columns were then eluted daily with saline solution for up to one week. The yield of 99mTc was found to be between 53.7 – 74% (n= 5). All 99mTc eluates were clear solutions with pH of 5. Breakthrough of 99Mo in 99mTc eluates was found to be 0.031 ± 0.019 μCi 99Mo/ mCi 99mTc (n= 5) which was less than the maximum activity of 99Mo allowed in 99mTc solution ( 1 µCi 99Mo/mCi 99mTc). Aluminum breakthrough in 99mTc eluates was found to be less than 10 ppm. The radiochemical purity of 99mTc in form of Na99mTcO4 was 99%. Radiolabeling of this 99mTc towards methylene diphosphonate (MDP) kit gave a radiolabelling efficiency of 99%. In summary, a new 99Mo/99mTc generator system that used neutron-activated 99Mo and ZBM as its adsorbent has been successfully prepared. The 99mTc produced from this new 99Mo/99mTc generator system attained the quality of 99mTc required for medical purposes.Received: 23 Februari 2016; Revised: 13 July 2016; Accepted: 17 July 201
The Effect of Gamma Radiation on Microbial Content and Curcuminoids of Curcuma amada Roxb. Rhizomes
Get PDFThe microbial contamination in the rhizomes of medicinal plants including Curcuma amada rhizomes is generally high. This due to the fact that rhizomes are the bottom parts that grow in the soil. Based on the Regulation of Head of the Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control Number HK.00.06.1.52.4011, the limits of microbial contamination in herbal/medicinal plants are 106 cfu/g for the total microbial and 2×104 cfu/g for the total yeast and mold. Gamma irradiation is one of the methods to reduce microbial contamination in medicinal plants. In this research, the effectiveness of gamma irradiation in microbial reduction and its effects to curcuminoid contents was determined by irradiating Curcuma amada rhizomes at doses of 5 and 10 kGy. The initial contamination in this rhizome was 8.78×107 cfu/g and 5×101 cfu/g for the total microbial and for the total yeast and mould, respectively. The result indicates that at 5 kGy, the microbial contamination and the mould and yeast contamination were reduced from 8.78×107 cfu/g and 5×101 cfu/g to 1.39×104 cfu/g and under 1×101 cfu/g, respectively. Meanwhile the comparison of curcuminoids between the irradiated and non irradiated samples was performed by HPLC method and was found to actually increase from 0.26% to 0.36% after the 5-kGy irradiation. It can be concluded that an irradiation dose of 5 kGy is effective to reduce the content of microorganisms without lowering curcuminoids. Gamma radiation could be used as decontamination method in medicinal plants.Received: 03 July 2015 ; Revised: 29 December 2015; Accepted: 19 Februari 201
First Magnon of BATAN’s Neutron Triple-Axis Spectrometer
Get PDFThe National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN) has one dedicated spectrometer for inelastic neutron scattering experiments. The instrument is a thermal neutron triple-axis spectrometer known as SN1. SN1 was installed in 1992 in the experimental hall of G. A. Siwabessy Research Reactor, Serpong, Banten. Malfunctions of the hardware and software have prevented the instrument from performing inelastic scattering measurements since 1996. The 2011-2015 five years project has been initiated to revitalize and optimize the SN1. The project serves as a preparation for the utilization of SN1 for the investigation of lattice dynamics, spin wave and magnetic excitations in condensed matters that will be started in 2016. In 2013, SN1 has successfully been repaired and was able to measure phonon dispersion relation of available single crystals, i.e., Cu, pyrolytic graphite (PG), Ge, and Al. In 2015, the first experiment on magnetic excitation to investigate magnon dispersion relation of a known Fe single crystal has been carried out. Standard methods of inelastic scattering measurements, i.e., a constant-energy transfer hω with either fixed final neutron energy Ef = 14.7 meV or fixed incoming neutron energy Ei = 30.59 meV, and a constant momentum transfer Q with fixed incoming neutron energy Ei = 30.59 meV, were applied to measure the low-energy magnetic excitations. For fixed Ef measurement, a 5-cm thick PG filter was set between the sample and the analyzer to eliminate λ/n harmonics. To limit the energy and momentum spreads of the beam, collimations of 40 minutes were applied before and after the sample. The spin waves were measured along the three principal symmetry directions of [00ζ], [ζζ0], and [ζζζ]. The measured magnons were compared to values in reference and were found to be in a good agreement with them. With such accomplishments, we are convinced that SN1 is now ready for its inelastic scattering application and will become one of BATAN’s neutron instrument which is routinely utilized for materials characterization on lattice dynamics and magnetic excitations by local and foreign scientists. Besides reporting the SN1 first measured magnon, the current status of SN1 instrument development will also be presented briefly.Received: 31 October 2015; Revised:27 April 2016; Accepted: 30 April 201
Preparation of 99mTc-Kanamycin Using a Direct Labeling Method
Get PDFInfectious diseases are still the leading cause of death in the world. The accurate technique for early detection and determination of the exact location of infection in the body is still needed. Nuclear techniques are capable for this purpose while other techniques such as MRI, USG and CT-SCAN sometimes cannot be applied. 99mTc-kanamycin radiopharmaceutical is complex of kanamycin and technetium-99m radionuclide, was used for bacterial detection of infection. The labeling studies of 99mTc-kanamycin has been carried out by the indirect labeling method using pyrophosphate as a co-ligand with the results of labeling efficiency above 95%. However, the presence of radiochemical impurities in the form of 99mTc-pyrophosphate in the indirect labeling have to be considered which may interfere the imaging result. This study aimed to determine the optimum labeling conditions of 99mTc-kanamycin by direct labeling method. Kanamycin was successfully labeled with technetium-99m through direct labeling method. The labeling efficiency was determined by ascending paper chromatography using Whatman 3 paper as the stationary phase, and acetone as the mobile phase to separate the radiochemical impurities in the form of 99mTc-pertechnetate. While impurities in the form of 99mTc-reduced were separated using the stationary phase ITLC-SG and 0.5 N NaOH as mobile phase. The experiment result showed that the optimum labeling conditions obtained by using 5 mg kanamycin, 30 µg SnCl2.2H2O, and pH of labeling was 9. The incubation time of labeling was 30 min at room temperature, provided labeling efficiency of 92.31 ± 1.74 %.The successful of kanamycin labeling with high efficiency makes 99mTc-kanamycin can potentially be used as a radiopharmaceutical for the early detection of infectious diseasesReceived: 04 October 2014; Revised: 28 June 2015; Accepted: 11 August 201
Assessment of Average Tracer Concentration Approach for Flow Rate Measurement and Field Calibration
Get PDFTracer method is one of the methods available for open channel flow rate measurements such as in irrigation canals. Average tracer concentration approach is an instantaneous injection method that based on the average tracer concentrations value at the sampling point. If the procedures are correct and scientific considerations are justified, tracer method will give relatively high accuracy of measurements. The accuracy of the average tracer concentration approach has been assessed both in laboratory and field. The results of accuracy tests of open channel flow that has been conducted at the Center for Application Isotopes and Radiation Laboratory-BATAN showed that the accuracy level of average concentrations approach method was higher than 90% compared to the true value (volumetric flow rate). The accuracy of average tracer concentration approach was also assessed during the application of the method to measure flow rate of Mrican irrigation canals as an effort to perform field calibration of existing weirs. Both average tracer concentration approach and weirs can predict the trend of the flow correctly. However, it was observed that flow discrepancies between weirs measurement and average tracer concentration approach predictions were as high as 27%. The discrepancies might be due to the downgrading performances of the weirs because of previous floods and high sediment contents of the flow.Received: 03 June 2015; Revised: 06 July 2015; Accepted: 08 July 201
Preliminary Values of Diagnostic Reference Level for Selected X-Ray Examinations in Indonesia
Get PDFThe diagnostic reference levels form an efficient, concise, and powerful standard for optimizing the radiation protection of a patient. With an aim to contribute toward the establishment of the Indonesian National Diagnostic Reference Levels (NDRLs), a nationwide survey of the entrance surface doses received by adult patients during the most typical X-ray examinations has been performed. A number of 44 hospitals in 21 cities located in Java, Bali, Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi islands were selected randomly to participate in this survey. Eight most common adult X-ray examinations in 13 projections, as well as four children X-ray examinations in six projections, were included in the list of procedures under consideration. Hospitals of different sizes and levels using different X-ray machines were represented in the survey. Standard thermoluminescence dosemeters were applied to measure entrance surface dose (ESD). A total of 1493 patients, consisting of 1208 adults and 285 children, were included in this study. The data were analyzed statistically and the minimum, median, mean, maximum, first quartile, and third quartile values of ESDs were reported. The ESDs calculated (third quartile) for adults varied from 0.18 mGy (for extremities AP) to 5.84 mGy (for lumbar spine LAT), and for children they varied from 0.16 mGy (for chest AP/PA) to 1.46 mGy (for skull AP/PA). Considering the geographic spread and size of Indonesia, those third quartile values calculated can only be regarded as preliminary DRL values for Indonesia. Compared with data from other countries, the calculated ESDs in this study are in general lower than the ESDs in those countries.Received: 16 November 2015; Revised: 27 April 2016; Accepted: 9 May 201