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The Effect of Calcium Carbonate and Cholecalciferol on Pharmacokinetic Interaction of 99mTc-CTMP Radiopharmaceuticals for Bone Scanning in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Get PDFHypocalcemia is one of manifestation of bone metastases which could be treated using calcium carbonate and cholecalciferol. Tc-99m radiolabeled 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclo tetradecyl-1,4,8,11-tetramethylene phosponic acid(against 99mTc-CTMP)on the other hand is a radioactive complex compound which has an affinity toward bone. Therefore, it could be used as bone tracer (radiopharmaceutical) in bone imaging.However, there has been a concern regarding the use 99mTc-CTMPon patients who have been treated with calcium carbonate and cholecalciferol. In this circumstance 99mTc-CTMPcould interact withcalcium carbonate and cholecalciferol and it might then interefere with the imaging results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic behavior of 99mTc-CTMP in rats (Rattus norvegicus)that had been previously treated with calcium carbonate and cholecalciferol. The pharmacokineticstudies were performed using four groups of animal modeland each groups consists of three rats. The groups were classified as control (I), rats treated with calcium carbonate (II), rats treated with cholecalciferol (III), and rats treated with both calcium carbonate and cholecalciferol (IV). After the rats were treated for 3 days,99mTc-CTMP radiopharmaceutical was injected through a tail vein of each rat. At specific time intervals after 99mTc-CTMP administration, blood wasthen extracted from the tail, weighedand counted using a single channel analyzer. The percentage of radioactivity in blood at a certain interval wasthen calculated to determine the distribution half-time and the elimination half-time. Thedistribution half-time of group I, II, II, and IV were 0.43+0.13, 0.25+0.18, 0.32+0.10, and 0.47+0.07 hours, respectively, while the elimination half-time were 2.56+0.18, 4.48+0.56, 4.47+1.13, 6.19+1.97 respectively. The results of T-test showed that there was no significant difference of distribution half-time between the three treated groups and the control group. However, there was significant difference of elimination half-time between the three treatment groups and control. This research showed that giving calcium carbonate or, cholecalciferol, and both for 3 days prior administration of 99mTc-CTMP would mantain elimination half-time which resulted in longer excretion/ elimination time
Simulation of Modified TRIGA-2000 with Plate-Type Fuel under LOFA Using EUREKA2/RR-Code
Get PDFThe TRIGA-2000 research reactor in Bandung, Indonesia, has operated for over 50 years. Recently, the problem of fuel availability arises, since its fuel is no longer produced. A modification of reactor core with new plate-type fuel has been suggested. The study of the neutronic assessment of plate-type fuel elements reactor core had been done. The next assessment that needed to be done was thermal-hydraulic analysis. The purpose of this study is to simulate the thermal-hydraulic characteristics of major parameters, such as reactor power, fuel cladding temperature, and departure from nucleate boiling ratio (DNBR) due to LOFA transient, using EUREKA2/RR code. During steady-state condition, downward flow forced convection mode for core coolant system is operated. The upward flow occurs when the natural circulation mode takes place. Hottest core channels temperature during LOFA conditions was considered. The reactor core was modeled as three channels, i.e., the hottest channel, the average channel, and the channel for control assemblies, respectively. The simulation was based on the steady-state condition of 2 MWt reactor power, cooling mass flow rate of 63.5 kg/s,and inlet coolant temperature to the core of35.5°C. The result shows that the hottest fuel cladding temperature does not cause a nucleate boiling. During LOFA, the residual heat was removed by natural circulation flow that occurred slowly. In order to have larger inertia force, provision of the flywheel in the shaft of primary coolant pump is suggested
Essential Minerals of Rice in West Java Indonesia and Its Daily Intake Estimation
Get PDFRice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for more than half of the world’s population and a major source of essential minerals. Essential minerals such as cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) play an important role in metabolism and physiological function. Information of rice micronutrient and its content quality in Indonesia is limited; however, its availability is important for estimating the daily intake of the nutrients and its contribution tothe Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). The research aimed to determine the micronutrient content in rice from twelve regions in West Java by means of neutron activation analysis (NAA) and estimate the nutrient intake from rice. The samples were irradiated with thermal neutron flux of 1013n/(cm2 s) at the rabbit system facilites of the G.A. Siwabessymultipurpose reactor, then counted using a HPGe detector. The contents of Co, Cr, Fe, Se, and Zn in rice were found to be in the ranges of0.003 to 0.220, ≤0.001-0.679, ≤0.060-18.36, ≤0.020-0.975, and 8.558-28.83 mg/kg respectively. The daily intakes of Co and Cr were found generally sufficient, while Fe, Se, and Zn intakes were significantly less than the RDA in almost all regions observed. The exception was found for Se intake in Garut which exceeded its RDA. It can be concluded that rice is the main contributor of essential minerals intake; however, for nutritional fulfillment of human body, a balanced varied diet should be taken into consideratio
Optimization of Ion Source Head Position in the Central Region of DECY-13 Cyclotron
Get PDFOptimization of the ion source head position of the DECY-13 Cyclotron in the central region has been carried out based on simulation process using a particle tracking program written in Scilab 5.2.1. The simulated particle was the H- ion that was accelerated in DECY-13 Cyclotron. The input for the program were the magnetic field and the electric field in the central region that were calculated by Opera-3D software package and TOSCA module. The optimized position of ion source head position is in a radius of 2 cm relative to the zero point of the magnet and at a distance of 4 mm relative to the puller. This result can be useful for determining the configuration of the parts in the central region when it is tested for generating the first ion beam in the future
Effects of Cooling Fluid Flow Rate on the Critical Heat Flux and Flow Stability in the Plate Fuel Type 2 MW TRIGA Reactor
Get PDFThe conversion program of the 2 MW TRIGA reactor in Bandung consisted of the replacement of cylindrical fuel (produced by General Atomic) with plate fuel (produced by BATAN). The replacement led into the change of core cooling process from upward natural convection type to downward forced convection type, and resulted in different thermohydraulic safety criteria, such as critical heat flux (CHF) limit, boiling limit, and cooling fluid flow stability. In this paper, a thermohydraulic safety analysis of the converted TRIGA reactor is presented by considering the Dynamic Nucleate Boiling Ratio (DNBR) criterion, Onset Nucleate Boiling Ratio (ONBR) limit, and cooling fluid flow stability at various cooling fluid flow rate.The numerical analyses were performed using the HEATHYD program on the hottest channels of reactor core.The combination of heat transfer and fluid flow analysis were conducted for reactor operation at 2 MW with 20 fuel element bundles and four control rod bundles. Incoming fluid flow to the cooling channel was fixed at 44.5 °C temperature and 1.9970 bar pressure, and its flow rate was varied from 1.25 to 3.5 m3/h. By inputting these values, as well as the total power of fuel elements per bundle, the wall temperature distribution of the plate fuel element, cooling fluid temperature distribution, and pressure losses in the channels were obtained for the analysis of CHF limit, boiling limit, and flow stability. It was shown that no boiling occurred for the cooling fluid flow rate range of 2.4 to 3.5 m3/h, and even at the cooling fluid flow rate of 1.25 m3/h where some bubbles occurred, the DNBR was higher than the critical limit (more than 23) while the flow stability criterion in some channels were slightly less than 1 (unstable). At the cooling fluid flow rate of 1.4 m3/h, however, the flow became stable in all channel. The results showed that even though some bubbles start to occur, the plate-fuel- type 2 MW TRIGA reactor can safely operate in the terms of CHF limit and flow stability
Behavior of 137Cs Activity in the Sayung Waters, Demak, Indonesia
Get PDFThe behavior of anthropogenic radionuclide 137Cs in the water and sediment has been examined with regard to particle size, organic sediment, and other physical conditions in the Sayung estuarine waters of Demak. Previously, this estuary was used as shrimp culture brackish water ponds that were affected by serious erosion and intrusion. Furthermore, this regency rapidly industrialized over the last three decades. The activities of 137Cs in the six stations in water and sediment were in the 0.0116-0.4509 mBq/L and 0.3747-1.2442 Bq/kg ranges with mean activities of 0.2278 mBq/L and 0.8594 Bq/kg, respectively, depending on the prevailing physicochemical regime at the sampling station. The highest activities of aqueous 137Cs occurred in station 2 but the highest in sediment occurred in station 6 located closed to the main land of Sayung. Fast current effectively diluted 137Cs as a conservative radionuclide in seawater, thus the activity of 137Cs in seawater decreased when the current speed increased. This effect was caused in part by industrial pollutants that adsorbed 137Cs and precipitated onto the surface sediment. Organic matters and clay materials in sediment were not significantly effective at binding 137Cs in Sayung waters in the industrial coastal area, but the correlation increased in open areas separated by a breakwater (second group stations) and the location further from the beach or in open sea. This indicates that industrial pollutants are more effective at binding 137Cs than organic matters and clay materials. Fine grain size sediment is also more ineffective at binding 137Cs; it may be caused by the sediment's high total organic matter content.Received: 25 April 2016; Revised: 27 October 2016; Accepted: 8 November 201
Development of Data Acquisition and Measurement Software for Neutron Triple Axis Spectrometer at BATAN-Serpong, Indonesia
Get PDFThe Neutron Scattering Laboratory at the National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN) possesses several neutron beam instruments for materials science research. One of the instruments is a neutron triple-axis spectrometer (TAS). Due to the malfunction of the main computer, the original main control system had to be replaced with a new one. For this reason, a new data acquisition and measurement software program based on GNU C++ programming language was developed for restoring the spectrometer's functionality. However, using the resulting control system, triple-axis mode experiments were very difficult to perform and their types that can be performed were limited. In order to conduct the experiments more effectively and efficiently, several improvements in both hardware and software have been developed. The Visual Basic programming language was used in developing the data acquisition and measurement software that makes it possible for all motors to move simultaneously, so that the time spent for the experiments is reduced significantly. Also, programmable motor controller cards were used for driving all the 23 motors of the instrument. All the 23 axes can be controlled by clicking the appropriate buttons or inputting text command in the main window of the software's user interface. The software has also been used to perform an elastic experiment, as well as an inelastic experiment for investigating the phenomenon of phonon. The software developed is more user friendly than the older ones, since the spectrometer status and the experiment results can be displayed in real time at the windows, and it also makes experiments more effective and efficient since the experiments can be automated and run without any user intervention until the experiments finish
Technetium-99m-Labeled Diethylcarbamazine Citrate (99mTc-DEC) as a New Diagnostic Agent for Lymphatic Filariasis Detection
Get PDFLymphatic filariasis or more commonly known as elephantiasis disease has infected more than 120 million people in 80 countries; and more than 40 million of them are unable to work, in addition to disruption of aesthetic values. The problem faced by almost all people in combating this infectious disease is delayed diagnosis. The sufferers do not realize that they have been infected with this disease. A specific and accurate method of early detection is therefore needed. 99mTc-labeled Diethylcarbamazine-citrate (99mTc-DEC) has been successfully prepared. However, as part of the discovery and development of new drugs, the fulfillment of pharmaceutical and safety requirements have to be evaluated. Physico-chemical aspects such as stability, purity levels, and other pharmaceutical requirements, as well as pharmacokinetic studies and route of administration, are important parameters to be studied. The stability test showed that after seven months of storage, a preparation in a dry kit retains an efficiency of labeling and a purity level of more than 90 % and its physico-chemical and biological characteristics remained steady. Biodistribution test in Wistar rat showed that the greatest accumulation occurred in the lymphatic system, especially in the popliteal glands and in lumbar and mesenteric lymph nodes. Imaging with a gamma camera after intradermal and intravenous injections to the experimental animals resulted in a positive image that showed 99mTc-DEC accumulation in the target organ. The results of this innovation are expected to contribute significantly to improving public health, particulary in early detection of filarial infections. In addition, this result is expected to be a concrete contribution to the program of "The Global Goal of Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis as a Public Health Problem by the Year 2020”
Assessment of Ionizing Radiation Induced Dicentric Chromosome and Micronuclei in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes for Preliminary Reconstruction of Cytogenetic Biodosimetry
Get PDFCytological biodosimetry methodology has been widely used for determining and estimating the precise irradiation dose received by victims in the situation of emergency irradiation exposure. The aim of this study was to assess the gamma-ray induced dicentric chromosomes and micronuclei (MN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes for preliminary reconstruction of cytogenetic biodosimetry. The study was performed by exposing blood samples taken from seven healthy donors to gamma rays at dose range of 0.1 to 4.0 Gy, followed by culturing them for 48-72 hours at 37 °C by the standard technique. After being harvested, the chromosome spread at metaphase and MN were stained with Giemsa's solution. The results showed that the frequency of both dicentrics and MN of samples were increased with the increase of radiation dose. Considerable increases of both cytologic damages were found in the samples exposed to higher doses (2 Gy). Significant differences (p0.05) only found in mean frequencies of MN for all doses tested. Reconstruction of the relationship of these frequencies with doses was found to follow linear-quadratic curve lines and was consistent with that of other studies. Due to the aforementioned advantages namely the dependence of radiation dose and dose rate on the frequency of of both dicentric and MN, despite some limitations, these assays have been found to be suitable to be used as biological dosimetry. It is concluded that in order for this cytogenetic biodosimety method by means of scoring/assessing the radiation-induced dicentrics and MN could be used in radiation emergency and protection, and further studies with larger numbers of samples need to be done.Received: 12 November 2015; Revised: 18 Mei 2016; Accepted: 08 December 201