Atom Indonesia (E-Journal)
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Simulation of Dispersion Modeling of 137Cs for the Possible Leakage of Malaysia’s Nuclear Power Plant Operation
Full text linkThe world’s energy needs increase in line with population growth. One alternative to overcome this problem is the construction of a nuclear power plant, a source of energy that is cheap, clean, and safe. Malaysia has a plan to construct nuclear power plants by 2025, which is located close to Indonesian waters. This study aimed to determine the distribution model of 137Cs radionuclide released by the nuclear power plant in the event of a leak in east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and its impact on the presence of 137Cs in Indonesian waters. A quantitative method was used in this study with a scenario 2D modeling using hydrodynamics module and transport module in MIKE software. The results showed that the highest concentration of 137Cs would be found in the area around the nuclear power plant with a value of 1011 PBq/m3, then it would decrease through diffusion and advection processes. On the 15th day, the spread of 137Cs would reach Indonesian waters with a distance of up to 76 km and would expand on the 30th day with a distance of up to 130 km from the released source. The movement of 137Cs follows the dominant current pattern due to its nature. The presence of 137Cs in Indonesian waters after the 15th and 30th days would reach a value of 1 Bq/m3 due to advection and diffusion processes
In Vitro Release of Metformin HCl from Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) - Gelatin Hydrogels Prepared by Gamma Irradiation
Full text linkThe aim of this present work is to use polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) – gelatin-based hydrogel prepared by γ-rays irradiation with different gelatin concentrations ranging from 0.5 - 2 %w/v for immobilization of Metformin HCl (MH) at dose range of 0 - 30 mg. The mixture were freezed-thawed for 3 cycles, irradiated using γ-rays with sterilization dose at 25 kGy (dose rates 5 kGy/h). Gel fraction and water absorption were determined gravimetrically. The surface morphology of hydrogels were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In vitro release of MH were taken using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. After evaluated, it was found that with increasing gelatin concentrations, gel fraction increases and water absorption decreases. With increasing gelatin concentration and drug dosage, the cumulative drug released decreases. From SEM observation, the hydrogel had a heterogeneous porous. The hydrogel based on PVA-gelatin can be considered as a matrix for controlled drug release and safe for humans since both PVA and gelatin are non-toxic
The Evaluation of Fission Barrier Height by Fission Toy Model Approach
Full text linkFission yields are compulsory data on the development of nuclear technology. Therefore, it is necessary to provide complete data. However, the expected experimental data encompass only a tiny fraction of various nuclides; not even all nuclides have fission product data. JENDL and ENDF are databases that have completed the experimental data. These databases were obtained through the process of evaluating experimental data. The evaluation technique used includes the results of theoretical research that has been carried out. Fission Toy Model (FTM) is a fission model proposed to complement the preexisting ones. Each model has advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of the FTM model is that it uses stochastic principle in its calculations.This research aims to obtain a fission barrier through the FTM. The work is related to calculating the fission barrier using the random nature of nucleon position. The calculation technique is basically to take advantage of the random nature of the nucleon position to calculate the Coulomb energy. Then, by calculating several essential points, a data set was obtained that can be used to produce a curve that relates the Coulomb energy to the mass number and the atomic number of a nuclide.The success of this research is indicated by the calculation results that are close to the experimental value compared to other methods
The Effects of High Level Natural Radiation in Mamuju - Indonesia on the Immune System of Its Residents
Full text linkThe immune system is one of the most significant defenses against environmental insults including natural radiation. The purpose of this preliminary study was to assess the effects of high natural radiation to Mamuju residents, by focusing on immune-related blood cell counts (leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) level. The blood samples were collected from 18 adult residents in a high background radiation area (HBRA) while 18 residents in a normal background radiation area (NBRA) served as a control group. The blood components were measured by using the hematopoietic analyzer, and IgE immune biomarker was measured with ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) according to standard protocols. The data showed that the level of all blood cells, except for monocytes, of residents in HBRA was higher than that of NBRA. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference (P0.05) in the blood cell counts and IgE level in both groups and their values were within normal limits. The level of IgE in HBRA was significantly higher than the control area (P≤0.05), as its IgE level in males compared to females in both residents. The relationship between IgE level and age were negative in these residents. From this study, it was concluded that long-term exposure to high radiation may affect the immune system as one of radiation adaptive response
The Establishment of Institutional Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) in the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital
Full text linkInstitutional diagnostic reference levels are used for quality assurance in radiology departments. The purpose of this study was to establish an institutional diagnostic reference level (DRL) and to provide a practical tool in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine. For each type of procedure/examination, it needs at least 20 patients. The patients with regular size (average body size is 65 ± 10 kg for adult patients and 15±15 kg for pediatric patients) were enrolled in this project. The 75 percentile values of doses were used as institutional DRLs. For nuclear medicine, the administered activities was based on the dose of activity to produce a good image. The DRL values were obtained for general radiography, nuclear medicine, mammography, CT examination, and interventional radiography. The DRL's result was compared to national DRL (NDRL) and values in other countries. The DRL values for general radiography in this study are higher compared to NDRL and Japanese study. The administered activities (MBq) for nuclear medicine in this study are higher compared to European Commission but lower when compared to a Japanese study. The DRL values for mammography in this study are higher compared to ARPANSA; however, they are lower than NDRL and UK studies. The DRL values for CT examination in this study are higher compared to Netherland, Canadian, and USA studies but lower than NDRL. The DRL values in interventional radiography (IR) in this study are lower compared to the IAEA study. This finding indicates that it is still necessary to optimize procedures in the future. The established institutional DRL values can be used as a tool for optimization
Patient Radiation Doses in Interventional Cardiology Procedure
Full text linkInterventional cardiology is a minimally-invasive imaging procedure that allows medical doctor to evaluate and treat structural heart diseases. Due to its main advantages of avoidance of the scars and pain, as well as long post-operative recovery, interventional cardiology procedures have rapidly been growing. However, the increasingly complex and time-consuming procedures in interventional cardiology may increase the radiation exposure received by patients. This paper describes a study to measure patient radiation doses in terms of air kerma and kerma air-product (KAP) for various types of interventional cardiology procedures conducted in Indonesia. The measurements were performed at the interventional cardiology or cardiac catheterization facilities in sixteen hospitals in ten cities in Indonesia during the years of 2015 to 2019. A total of 147 procedures conducted on adult patients were used in this study. The type of procedure, total KAP, and air kerma were recorded after each procedure was completed. The demographic data of the patients were also recorded. The results showed that the mean air kerma and KAP measured for CA (coronary angiography) procedure were 680.73±57.85 mGy and 12.52±5.86 Gy cm2, respectively, while the values for PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention) procedure were 890.66±38.76 mGy and 20.18±9.37 Gy cm2, respectively. These results are well within the ranges reported by other previous studies. The results are somewhat affected by the body mass index of patients, while the fatal cancer risks among patients of CA and PCI procedures are comparable with those among interventional radiology procedures patients
Effect of Sub-energy Windows’ Parameters on the Triple Energy Window Scatter Correction Method Accuracy in 99mTc SPECT Imaging
Full text linkScatter correction in SPECT quantification is of major importance to compensation for the scatter contribution under the photopeak. The triple energy windows method (TEW) is one of the suggested ways for scatter correction that are widely used in clinical routine. However, it can be a source of additional noise if the width or the number of sub-energy windows is not accurately chosen. To determine the precise scatter estimation windows settings under the 99mTc photopeak, scatter fraction was calculated for different sub-energy widths and numbers through GATE Monte Carlo simulation, for a main energy window of 15 %, centered at 140 keV. Four different acquisitions, with cold or hot inserts in a warm or a cold background, were studied. The estimation was done by two methods. The first method was the extraction of the number of detected Compton photons under the photopeak, therefore considered as the true scattered photons. The second method was the application of TEW method to the simulated energy spectra. The comparison of results corresponding to both methods shows a good agreement in two cases: simultaneous 7 % and 5 % sub-energy windows, respectively, positioned on the left and the right of the main energy window, and the second case is a 3 % left sub-energy window without a right sub-energy window. These sub-energy windows were then applied to experimental tomographic acquisitions to assess their impact on contrast, relative noise of the background (RNB), signal‑to‑noise ratio (SNR), integral uniformity (IU), and tomographic spatial resolution. Good results for these quantitative parameters were acquired with simultaneous 7 % and 5 % sub-energy windows. However, there was very little enhancement for tomographic spatial resolution
Elemental Mapping for Characterizing of Thorium and Rare Earth Elements (REE) Bearing Minerals Using µXRF
Full text linkThorium (Th) anomaly was found in Adang Volcanic Complexes, Mamuju Area, West Sulawesi. This element is associated with high-value elements, the rare earth elements (REE). The minerals containing Th and REE were found in veins mineralization with various types of minerals which are very difficult to identify by conventional method. This research aims to understand the distribution and characterization of Th and REE in individual minerals, using Micro X-Ray Fluorescence (µXRF) analysis and completed by Advanced Minerals Identification and Characterization System (AMICS) software. The samples were collected from vein mineralization in Hulu Mamuju Sector. The contents of Th and REE that were analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) completed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) are 11,550-74,480 ppm and 6,244.15-48,036.87 ppm, respectively. The minerals that contain Th and REE are britholite ((Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH), aeschynite (Ce,Ca,Fe,Th)(Ti,Nb)2 (O,OH)6, cerite (Ce,Ca)9(Mg,Fe)(SiO4)3(HSiO4)4(OH)3, monazite (REE,Th(PO4)), thorite (Th(SiO4)), andthorutite (Th,U,Ca)Ti2(O,OH)6 associated with other minerals such as pyrite, actinolite, apatite, ilmenite, hematite, zircon and ankerite. Some minerals are uncommon minerals and are only characterized by detailed elemental mapping. The variety of minerals shows the condition of mineralization influenced by carbonatite magma and the hydrothermal process of mineralizatio