Collective Dynamics (E-Journal)
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Pedestrian Evacuation Modelling with Dynamics Congestion Avoidance
Full text linkWith the development of computer technology, pedestrian simulation becomes an efficient method to analyse evacuation efficiency under various scenarios. Some important and common behaviour of pedestrians, congestion detection and avoidance, which is seldom considered in pedestrian simulation complicatedly, are discussed in this paper. A modified cellular automata model considering dynamic congestion detection and avoidance is proposed and applied to simulate two different scenarios to demonstrate the effect of congestion avoidance behaviour, which have a significant improvement on evacuation efficiency. The accuracy and efficacy of this model is verified through the comparison result which is conducted through commercial software, Pathfinder. The modified model shows that with the consideration of congestion avoidance behaviour properly, the evacuation efficiency is improved approximately 40% than the model proposed by this paper, without the consideration of congestion avoidance behaviour
Cellular Automata Intersection Model
Full text linkThis paper introduces a cellular automaton design of intersections and defines rules to model traffic flow through them, so that urban traffic can be simulated. The model is able to simulate an intersection of up to four streets crossing. Each street can have a variable number of lanes. Furthermore, each lane can serve multiple purposes at the same time, like allowing vehicles to keep going straight or turn left and/or right. The model also allows the simulation of intersections with or without traffic lights and slip lanes. A comparison to multiple empirical intersection traffic data shows that the model is able to realistically reproduce traffic flow through an intersection. In particular, car following times in free flow and the required time value for drivers that turn within the intersection or go straight through it are reproduced. At the same time, important empirical jam characteristics are retained
Comparing Different Metrics Quantifying Pedestrian Safety
Full text linkThe quantification of pedestrian safety is an important research topic. If reliable quantification is possible, it can be used to predict and prevent dangerous situations, such as the crowd crush at the 2010 Love Parade. To quantify safety, we can use several metrics like density, velocity, flow and pressure. Unfortunately, there are several methods to evaluate these metrics, which may give different results. This can lead to different interpretations of similar situations. Researchers compare these metrics visually or search for trends in fundamental diagrams. This is inherently subjective. We propose an objective methodology to compare these methods, where we emphasize the different quantifications of peak “dangerousness”. Furthermore, we refine existing methods to include the obstacles in environments by replacing the Euclidean distance with the geodesic distance. In our experimental analysis, we observe large differences between different methods for the same scenarios. We conclude that switching to a different method of analysing crowd safety can lead to different conclusions, which asks for standardisation in this research field. Since we are concerned with human safety, we prefer to err on the side of caution. Therefore, we advocate the use of our refined Gaussian-based method, which consistently reports higher levels of danger
Effect of architectural adjustments on pedestrian flow at bottleneck
Full text linkIn the last decades, a series of terrible accidents happened within pedestrian crowds, which makes crowd dynamic a significant issue to be investigated. Literature reviews show that pedestrian flow presents different features within different architectural layout. In this paper, pedestrian movement properties at bottleneck are studied by carrying out series of experiments under laboratory condition. The influence of door sizes and exit locations on pedestrian crowd flow is investigated. It was found that larger door width resulted in shorter evacuation time and faster flow rate. By comparing the fundamental diagram among crowd evacuation, the average velocity increases as the width increases under the same density condition. Interestingly, the influence of the boundary layer, as well as the effective width on pedestrian crowd dynamic, was clearly observed. Our results suggest that the combination of exit width and location resulted in a synergistic effect, but the exit widths gradually became the most important factor influencing the flow rate
Network-Based Continuous Space Representation for Describing Pedestrian Movement in High Resolution
Full text linkA concept of network-based continuous space representation is proposed and applied to the sequential map matching problem with simulation data assuming pedestrian movement. The concept allows for dealing with situations that the resolution of network representation is not high enough to describe the pedestrian movement considering the observation accuracy. The experiment showed that the proposed concept worked well in the example of pedestrian movement along with the sidewalk by estimation of accurate positions
Extracting Crowd Velocities at High Density
Full text linkVelocity is a fundamental property of foot traffic flow. Monitoring the change of velocity patterns at high pedestrian densities may provide valuable insights on foot traffic dynamics. In this paper, a closer look is taken to explore the capability of the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique on extracting crowd velocities from surveillance camera images. Experiments are performed to report the accuracy of pedestrian velocity extraction with PIV. Quantitative accuracy is reported with manual tracking of pedestrians, surveying correlation misses at different window sizes and compute times. The results indicate that the PIV algorithm can be a good candidate for velocity extraction in real-time
Using Agent-based Simulation for Safety: Fact-finding about a crowd accident to improve public space design
Full text linkWith the growing city density and large gatherings happening all over the world, crowd safety has become a new topic. This research discusses how to diagnosis and improve crowd safety in urban public space by analysing a real crowd accident that happened in Shanghai in 2014 using an agent-based simulator. Fact-finding analysis shows that insufficient capacity of the whole area, density difference in bottleneck stairs and lack of separation measurements in front of bottleneck stairs are the main causes of the accident. According to the media query towards the original space plan, we made two alternative plans in the bottleneck area and tested their performances
Pedestrian Models for Robot Motion
Full text linkWe discuss the development of a robot system able to replicate human group motion and show how a pedestrian model may be converted to a robot control system in order to achieve this goal
Speed modulated social influence in evacuating pedestrian crowds
Full text linkEvacuation is a complex social phenomenon with individuals tending to exit a confined space as soon as possible. Social factors that influence an individual include collision avoidance and conformity with others with respect to the tendency to exit. While collision avoidance has been heavily focused on by the agent-based models used frequently to simulate evacuation scenarios, these models typically assume that all agents have an equal desire to exit the scene in a given situation. It is more likely that, out of those who are exiting, some are patient while others seek to exit as soon as possible. Here, we experimentally investigate the effect of different proportions of patient (no-rush) versus impatient (rush) individuals in an evacuating crowd of up to 24 people. Our results show that a) average speed changes significantly for individuals who otherwise tended to rush (or not rush) with both type of individuals speeding up in the presence of the other; and b) deviation rate, defined as the amount of turning, changes significantly for the rush individuals in the presence of no-rush individuals. We then seek to replicate this effect with Helbing's social force model with the twin purposes of analyzing how well the model fits experimental data, and explaining the differences in speed in terms of model parameters. We find that we must change the interaction parameters for both rush and no-rush agents depending on the condition that we are modeling in order to fit the model to the experimental data
Proceedings of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2018
Full text linkThe International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics is carried out biennially by scientists interested in pedestrian and evacuation movement.The field of pedestrian movement and evacuation dynamics is an interdisciplinary discipline. The modelling of evacuation and pedestrian dynamics has evolved from calculations based entirely on physical processes e.g. granular flow, to simulation that now begins to include psycho-social processes accouting for limited decision-making and group behaviour. Given projected demographic changes, the diversity of the evacuees and pedestrians populations and their capacity to achieve objectives has become increasingly important. Accessibility and egressibility, and the relationship between them, has therefore moved to the fore. This is further complicated as a building is used according to a number of management concerns as safety, security and operations, that are employed under different scenarios -emergency and non-emergency. The need for analysis to assess the effectiveness of management procedures is therefore significant and expanding. Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics welcomes contributions of physicists, mathematicians, engineers as well as psychologists and sociologists with an interest in the description of small and large groups as well as individual pedestrians and evacuees. The PED conference focuses on the modelling of people movement during emergency and non-emergency scenarios. This modelling may range from enhancing our understanding such movement, the development of conceptual models, to the quantitative assessment of such movement, the development of engineering or computational tools. The applications of interest range from small domestic settings to the movement of thousands of people. The research objectives and applications may vary; however, the common intention is to aid in our understanding and/or assessment of pedestrian movement under emergency or non-emergency scenarios.PED is a therefore a conference, with a focus on the development of models that describe pedestrian and evacuee dynamics and the various activities that support this development: data collection, model development, model application in novel areas, using new techniques and the employment of the results gained in innovative ways.Citation:Please cite the full conference proceedings as follows:Dederichs, A., Köster, G., Schadschneider, A.; Proceedings of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2018, Collective Dynamics, A26, 1-543 (2020). DOI 10.17815/CD.2020.26Single articles inside the proceedings should be cited as:Authors; Title.In: Proceedings of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2018, Collective Dynamics, pages (2020)Additional contributions:Note that contributions accidentally not part of the PDF of the full proceedings can be downloaded as supplementary material.The table of contents includes all contributions.Table of Contents:DATA COLLECTION Pedestrian flow characteristics at upstream and downstream of bottleneck for unidirectional flow under normal conditions Siddhartha Gulhare, Aparna P M & Ashish VermaData archive for exploring pedestrian dynamics and its application in dimensioning of facilities for multidirectional streams Maik Boltes, Stefan Holl & Armin SeyfriedLane formation beyond intuition - towards an automated characterization of lanes in counter-flowsLuca Crociani, Giuseppe Vizzari, Andrea Gorrini & Stefania BandiniAccurate pedestrian localization in overhead depth maps via height-augmented HOGWerner Kroneman, Alessandro Corbetta & Federico ToschiAnomaly detection of pedestrian flow: A machine learning method for monitoring-data of visitors to a buildingKentaro KumagaiAnalysis of distracted pedestrians’ waiting time: Head-Mounted Immersive Virtual Reality applicationArash Kalatian, Anae Sobhani & Bilal FarooqCompression of pedestrian crowd in corner turning - subject experiment-based analysis of walking trajectories Mineko Imanishi & Tomonori SanoA large-scale real-life crowd steering experiment via arrow-like stimuliAlessandro Corbetta, Werner Kroneman, Maurice Donners, Antal Haans, Philip Ross, Marius Trouwborst, Sander Van de Wijdeven, Martijn Hultermans, Dragan Sekulovski, Fedosja van der Heijden, Sjoerd Mentink & Federico ToschiField theory in practiceJosé Méndez OmañaExperimental study on the evading behaviour of single pedestrians encountering an obstacleXiaolu Jia, Claudio Feliciani, Daichi Yanagisawa & Katsuhiro NishinariUnidirectional and bidirectional flow in a narrow corridor with body rotationDaichi Yanagisawa, Claudio Feliciani & Katsuhiro NishinariGrouping behaviour and decision making in road tunnels evacuation in smoke conditions - Experimental approach Jarosław Wąs, Jakub Porzycki & Natalia Schmidt – PolończykSingle-file movement of ants stressed by a high temperatureQiao Wang, Weiguo Song, Shujie Wang & Siuming LoA study of evacuation efficiency of a hopper-shape exit by using mice under competitionLin Peng, Wang Guoyuan, Wu Fanyu & Gao DongliSocial group behaviour of triads. Dependence on purpose and genderFrancesco Zanlungo, Zeynep Yücel & Takayuki KandaExperimental study on the influence of background music on pedestrian movement in high densitiesGuang Zeng, Andreas Schadschneide, Jun Zhang & Weiguo SongCan we learn where people go?Marion Gödel, Gerta Köster, Daniel Lehmberg, Manfred Gruber, Angelika Kneidl & Florian SesserExperimental Study of Collective Pedestrian DynamicsCécile Appert-Rolland, Julien Pettré, Anne-Hélène Olivier, William Warren, Aymeric Duigou-Majumdar, Etienne Pinsard & Alexandre Nicolas EXPERIMENTAL EVACUATION Evacuation data from a hospital outpatient drill: the case study of North Shore HospitalAnass Rahouti, Ruggiero Lovreglio, Phil Jackson & Sélim DatoussaïdInvestigation of pedestrian evacuation scenarios through congestion level and crowd dangerClaudio Feliciani & Katsuhiro NishinariHUMAN BEHAVIOUR Comparing different metrics quantifying pedestrian safetyArne Hillebrand, Han Hoogeveen & Roland GeraertsEffect of architectural adjustments on pedestrian flow at bottleneckJianyu Wang, Jian Ma & Peng LinThe development of drunk behaviour during evacuationSimeon A. Doychinov & Anne S. DederichsMovement parameters of persons with disabilities on evacuation by liftsMartin Szénay & Martin LopusniakCrowding and queuing in entrance scenarios: Influence of corridor width in front of bottlenecksJuliane Adrian, Maik Boltes, Stefan Holl, Anna Sieben & Armin SeyfriedSafe evacuation for all. A top 10 list of requirementsLaura Künzer, Gesine Hofinger & Robert ZinkeEvacuation guidance design: An experimental study based on eye tracking devicesNing Ding, Tao Chen & Yuan LiuDynamic guidance by colored running lights and affordance: Route choices of adults and older childrenLaura Künzer, Robert Zinke & Gesine HofingerEstimating social relation from trajectoriesZeynep Yucel, Francesco Zanlungo, Claudio Feliciani, Adrien Gregorj & Takayuki KandaExperimental study on variation strategies for complex social pedestrian groups in conflict conditionsXiaolei Zou, Xiaoyi Qu & Ruihua XuMeasuring social influence and group formation during evacuation processAdriana Balboa, Arturo Cuesta & Daniel AlvearThe influence of physical and mental constraints to a stream of people through a bottleneckPaul Geoerg, Jette Schumann, Maik Boltes, Stefan Holl & Anja HofmannEvacuation characteristics of preschool children through bottlenecksJun Zhang, Hongliu Li, Yanghui Hu & Weiguo SongAnalysis of built environment influence on pedestrian route choice behavior in Dutch Design Week using GPS DataYanan Liu, Dujuan Yang, Bauke de Vries & Harry J.P. TimmermansThe Modelling of Pedestrian Vehicle Interaction for Post-Exiting BehaviourPeter J Lawrence, Veronica Pellacini & Edwin R GaleaMODEL DEVELOPMENT Modelling and simulation of urban mobile agents for analyzing mixed flows in urban pedestrian spaceToshiyuki Kaneda, Masahiro Shohmitsu, Wataru Sasabe & Yuanyuan LiuAn artificial neural network framework for pedestran walking behavior modeling and simulationPeter M. Kielar & André BorrmannA method for joint estimation of homogeneous model parameters and heterogeneous desired speedsFredrik JohanssonAnalysis of alighting and boarding movement laws in subway using modified social force modelFeng Chen, Yongxin Gao, Zijia Wang & Yan LiuConcept of a decision-based pedestrian modelCornelia von Krüchten & Andreas SchadschneiderPedestrian collision avoidance with a local dynamic goalRafael F. Martin & Daniel R. ParisiThe difference between individuals and social groups in multidirectional movementYanghui Hu, Jun Zhang & Weiguo SongParameter calibration in crowd simulation models using approximate Bayesian computationNikolai W.F. BodeMovement characteristics of processionsPetros Polichronidis & Michael SchreckenbergNoise-induced stop-and-go dynamics in pedestrian single-file motionAndreas Schadschneider & Antoine Tordeux Tsunami evacuation facility choice behavior model in flat area and rias area considering possibility to remain at homeHiroyuki Yoshihara & Tatsuya KishimotoModelling Emergency Evacuation of Classroom with Different Age ProfilesLakshmi Devi Vanumu, Aditya Arya, Hari Krishna Gaddam, K. Ramachandra RaoInterdependence of flows when merge in rail tunnel evacuationsAdriana Balboa, Daniel Alvear & Orlando AbreuBridging the gap - why we need to enhance common simulation modelsAngelika KneidlSIMULATIONSDetermination of pedestrian’s personal space in mass religious gatherings - A case study of KumbhmelaAparna P M, Karthika P Sobhana & Ashish VermaTowards real-time monitoring of the HajjMuhammad Baqui & Rainald LöhnerUnderstanding crowd dynamics in processions during mass religious gatherings - A case study of Shahi Snan in Kumbh MelaH. Gayathri, Siddhartha Gulhare & Ashish VermaInvestigating pedestrians’ obstacle avoidance behaviourAbdullah Alhawsawi, Majid Sarvi, Milad Haghani & Abbas RajabifardA Markov-chain activity-based model for pedestrians in office buildingsSanmay Shelat, Winnie Daamen, Bjorn Kaag, Dorine Duives & Serge HoogendoornIncorporation of elevator evacuation from a specific floor - A numerical study of an office buildingJohanna Hammarberg, Håkan Niva & Axel MossbergThermodynamics of a gas of pedestrians: theory and experimentClaudio Feliciani, Francesco Zanlungo, Katsuhiro Nishinari, Takayuki KandaPOSTERSA Case for Identity Hierarchies in Simulating Social Groups A. Platt & A. KneidlA new framework for high-resolution pedestrian data processing using rule-based algorithms and real-time alarm systems Michael Moos, Basil Vitins, Mirwais Tayebi, Lukas Gamper, Julia Wysling & Uri SchtalheimAgent Based Modelling and Simulation of Pedestrian Crowds in Panic Situations Mohammed Alrashed & Jeff ShammaApplication of Ensemble Kalman Filter to Pedestrian Flow Fumiya Togashi, Takashi Misaka, Rainald Löhner & Shigeru Obayashi Congestion in Computational Evacuation Modelling Volker Schneider & Rainer KönneckeDecentralized Control for Self-driving Cars That can Freely Move on Two-dimensional Plane Takeshi Kano, Mayuko Iwamoto & Daishin UeyamaEfficient Quantification of Model Uncertainties When De-boarding a Train Florian Künzner, Tobias Neckel, Hans-Joachim Bungartz, Felix Dietrich & Gerta KösterEmpirical Findings from an Ascending Stair Evacuation Exercise in a Subway Station Helmut Schrom-Feiertag, Thomas Matyus, Martin Stubenschrott & Stefan SeerExperimental Investigation of Pedestrian Dynamics in Circle Antipode Experiments Yao Xiao, Rui Jiang, Ziyou Gao, Xingang Li & Yunchao QuNetwork-Based Continuous Space Representation for Describing Pedestrian Movement in High Resolution Wataru Nakanishi & Takashi FuseExperimental study on mixed traffic flow of bicycles and pedestrians Ning Guo, Rui Jiang, SC Wong, Qing-Yi Hao, Shu-Qi Xue, Yao Xiao & Chao-Yun WuExtracting Crowd Velocities at High Density Muhammad Baqui & Rainald LöhnerFollower-Leader Concept in Microscopic Analysis of Pedestrian Movement in a Crowd Jana Vacková & Marek BukáčekForecasting Visitors’ behaviour in Crowded Museums Caterina Balzotti, Maya Briani, Alessandro Corbetta, Emiliano Cristiani, Marina Minozzi, Roberto Natalini, Sara Suriano & Federico ToschiHuman stampedes at mass gatherings: An overview Lakshmi Devi Vanumu, Kumar Laxmikant & K.Ramachandra RaoInfluence of Obstacles on the Use of the Danger Zone on Railway Platforms Jasmin Thurau & Nicolas KeusenModeling Environmental Operative Elements in Agent-Based Pedestrian Simulation Luca Crociani, Giuseppe Vizzari & Stefania BandiniMultiscale Pedestrian Dynamics and Infection Spread Model for Policy Analysis Sirish Namilae, Pierrot Derjany, Dahai Liu, Anuj Mubayi & Ashok SrinivasanPedestrian Evacuation Modelling with Dynamics Congestion Avoidance Zongzhi Wang & Tao ChenUsing Agent-based Simulation for Safety: Fact-finding about a crowd accident to improve public space design Yuanyuan Liu & Toshiyuki KanedaPedestrian flow characteristics through bends: Effects of angle and desired speed Jiahua Zhang, Charitha Dias, Majid Sarvi & Miho Iryo AsanoPedestrian Models for Robot Motion Francesco Zanlungo, Florent Ferreri, Jani Even, Luis Yoichi Morales, Zeynep Yücel & Takayuki KandaSocial Force Modeling of the Pedestrian Motion in the Mataf Rainald Löhner, Eberhard Haug & Britto M.Toward dynamical crowd control to prevent hazardous situationsTomoichi TakahashiVirtual Reality approaches for evacuation simulation of various disasters Naohiro Takeichi, Takeshi Katagiri, Harumi Yoneda, Shusaku Inoue & Yusuke ShintaniVulnerable People in Microscopic Evacuation Modelling Rainer Könnecke & Volker Schneide