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Sustainable development and its role in achieving the strategic stability of business organizations: دراسة تطبيقية على عينة من منظمات الأعمال محافظة النجف الاشرف
No full textThe research aims to identify the relationship and influence between sustainable development through its dimensions (systems, strategic success, strategic guidelines, strategic actions, strategic tools) and strategic stability through its dimensions (deterrence of threats, reassurance of allies, development of staff capacities). Several questions focused on the nature of the relationship of correlation and influence between the variables of research, and for this to develop a hypothesis of the research reflects two of the main hypotheses, and in order to confirm the validity of the hypotheses were subjected to multiple tests to ascertain the validity. The research used the questionnaire as a means of obtaining the data. The research used descriptive analytical method as a research method. (112) employees of three private banks in the province of Najaf, namely: the National Bank of Baghdad and the United Bank for Investment and National Insurance Bank, and the random sample of the selection of (57) employees and the sample accounted for 51% of the total research community. The data were analyzed using a set of statistical methods (Kendall correlation coefficient, simple and multiple determinants) and the results were extracted using (SPSS v.10). The study concluded that the final objective of the research is that sustainable development is a fundamental approach to the strategic development of the organization, based on the main dimensions of the strategic stability variable: deter the threats facing the organization, reassure The alliance does not infringe on the rights of others from all administrative and marketing aspects internally and externally, and finally work on developing the capabilities of the employees in a manner that achieves stability in all sections and aspects of organizational work in the investigated organization
The Diplomacy of Empathy in International Relations: The Case of the Negotiations over Iran's Nuclear Program (2003-2015)
No full textتحاول هذه الدراسة الإجابة على التساؤل التالي: إلى أي مدى دبلوماسية التعاطف والعوامل العاطفية أثرت على المفاوضات حول البرنامج النووي الإيراني؟ يناقش البحث بأنّ فشل سياسة التعاطف أو نجاحها، التي تعني فهم احتياجات ومصالح الطرف الآخر، تلعب دوراً هاماً في زيادة أو تقليل احتمال التوصل إلى حل دبلوماسي. كما يجادل بأنّ الديناميات العاطفية المعقدة بين الأطراف المتفاوضة، وخاصة الولايات المتحدة وإيران، قد ساهمت في سيطرة عدم الثقة والمواقف العدائية خلال المفاوضات. وقد استنتج البحث بأنّ اتباع سياسة العزلة والعقوبات، دون فهم ومراعاة مشاعر ومطالب الدولة المستهدفة، ليس من المرجح أن تحقق الأهداف المرجوة. في حين أن اتباع سياسة التعاطف له تأثير فعال وايجابي في العلاقات الدولية، وخاصة في تحويل الصراعات والعداء لمزيد من التعاون والسلام. كما خلص البحث إلى أنّ المعتقدات العاطفية مثل العداء، والخوف، والخير والشر، والثقة، والكرامة، والهوية...الخ، تؤثر بشكل مباشر على سلوك وسياسات الأطراف المتفاوضة، سواء تجاه المزيد من الصراع و العداء أو المزيد من التواصل والتعاون.This study attempts to answer the following question: to what extent the diplomacy of empathy and emotional dynamics has an impact on the negotiations on Iran's nuclear programme? It discusses that the failure or success of the policy of empathy, which means understanding the needs and interest of the other party, play an important role in increasing or decreasing the likelihood of reaching a diplomatic solution. It also argues that the complex emotional dynamics between the negotiating parties, particularly the United States and Iran, have contributed to the domination of the mistrust and hostile attitudes during the negotiations. This research was concluded that pursuing policy of isolation and sanctions is not likely to achieve the desired goals. Whereas, pursuing the policy of empathy has an important influence in international relations, especially in transforming conflicts and hostility to more cooperation and peace. It was also concluded that emotional beliefs such as hostility, fear, good and evil, trust, dignity, identity, etc., directly affect the behavior and policies of the negotiating parties, whether towards more conflict, hostility or more communication and cooperation
The Role of Written Corrective Feedback in Improving Kurdish EFL University Students’ Writing
No full textThere has been a long debate about the effect of written corrective feedback (WCF) on improving L2 learners’ linguistic accuracy in writing. Some scholars question the effectiveness of WCF on improving EFL/ESL learners’ linguistic accuracy. However, other researchers argue for the value WCF to the improvement of L2 learners’ writing performance. The current paper conducts an experiment aiming to investigate whether or what type of WCF has any short- and long-terms effects on improving learners’ linguistic accuracy in writing. The study includes 105 third-year-undergraduate EFL students from the English Department in Iraqi Kurdistan Region’s two public universities. The subjects were divided into two main groups: treatment and control. The former was assigned as no corrective feedback group that was merely provided with comments on writing content, and the latter was subdivided into two experimental groups that received either indirect or direct WCF. Data was collected from learner’s essays, tests (pretest, posttest and delayed posttest) and treatments (giving WCF). Over a study period of eight weeks, the present research found out statistically significant differences between the writing accuracy of the treatment groups and the control group. The results of this study have some recommendations for future studies and pedagogical implications
The Manifestations of Legislative Deviation in Criminal Laws and its Impact on Law Stability
No full textتسعى هذه الدراسة إلى تسليط الضوء على المعايير و القواعد الواجب إتباعها عند وضع التشريعات الجنائية ، لان العديد من المفترضات يقتضي على المشرع تبنيها عند إنشاء القاعدة القانونية الجنائية و من بين هذه المعايير التشريع بناءً على ضرورة مجتمعية ملحة و مراعاة الاولويات المجتمعية عند التشريع . أضف الى ذلك مراعاة القسم العام من قانون العقوبات ممارسة عملية التجريم . و بعد التفحص في أغلب القوانين الجنائية الصادرة في الاقليم لاحظنا فقدان الاعتداد بهذه المعايير و هذا الامر ينعكس بطبيعة الحال على مدى نجاعة القاعدة القانونية ذاتها و الانصياع لها من قبل المخاطبين لها ، كما يجب أن لا نغفل ما يثيره هذا النوع من التشريع من خلق بلبلة و جدل في أوساط الجهات التي تتولى تطبيق القانون لان التجريم يجب ان تكون بحدود و وفق معايير غدت هذه المعايير اليوم جزءً من كل تشريع جنائي سليم و محق لأهدافه . و هذا ما سنستقصيه و نحدده عسى و لعل ان يكون بحثنا مرشداً و منهجاً للمشرع الجنائي عند سنه التشريعات الجنائيةThis article examineس the legal aspects and preconditions which have to be adopted in any criminalization process , and this includeس law making according to social necessity and priorities . ِِAlso,taking the legal certainty principle in to account in addition to that the legislator needs to consider constitutional principles with the general part of criminal law in his mind when enacting the criminal laws . Thus, we will assess these requirements and we will ask about the grade of its application in our criminal legislations.in this research we will assume that we have a lack in this process especially in Iraqi Kurdistan region laws so we have to shed lights on these gaps then we will strive to clarify the norms and criterion which have to be depend in this sensitive process as we mentioned it s a top necessity to describe these legislative flaws and recommend the facilitate ways to improve our legislator ability regarding the criminal codes making process
An Economic Boom and its Influence on Young People’s Perceptions about Democracy and Government Performance: Iraqi Kurdistan as a Case Study
No full textاستهدفت هذه الدارسة معرفة تصور الشباب نحوالديمقراطية و أداء الحكومة، وخاصة فيما يتعلّق باحتياجاتهم ومطالبهم وحقوقهم. تعد هذه الدراسة من ضمن دراسات الرأي العام والاتصال السياسي التي تهتم بدراسة تصوّرات الرأي العام وإدراكاته واتجاهاته نحو القضايا السياسية، وأداء الحكومة بشكل خاص ، وتدخل منهجياً ضمن الدراسات الوصفية التي تعتمد على منهج المسح الميداني. وتوصلت الدراسة أن مشكلة التحوّل الديمقراطي في حالة تجربة إقليم كوردستان العراق ترتبط بقضايا عدم المساواة في توزيع الثروات والدخل واستثمارها على حدٍّ أدنى، وليس بالصورة المثالية والمطلوبة. وإن أغلب مطالب الشباب كانت تتمحور - أساساً - حول تحسين ظروفهم من خلال توفير فرص العمل، وتقديم الخدمات، أكثر من تركيزهم على المسألة الديمقراطية، وتغيير نظام الحكم. وتبينت الدراسة بعدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في تصوّرات الشباب نحو الديمقراطية، حيث إن أغلبية الشباب لا يُدركون معنى الديمقراطية.This research has aimed to understand young people’s perceptions about democracy and government performance particularly with relation to young peoples’ demands and rights. The research has adopted ‘survey method’ to understand political communication and public opinion. The research has set out that the problematic of democratization transmission in Iraqi Kurdistan was influenced by the lack of social justice and poor economic policy which has prevented resource distribution and funds for reasonable investments. The findings have suggested that young people's demands concentrate more on job opportunities and providing public service than establishing democracy. This research has proved that there is no correlation between young people’s perceptions and democracy, and the majority of them do not understand democracy properly.Young People, perception, Kurdistan Regional, Democracy, Government Performance, Public Servic
Measurement and Analysis of Economic Diversification in Iraq during the Period (2004-2016)
No full textتهدف هذه البحث إلى قياس وتحليل التنويع الاقتصادي في العراق خلال المدة(2004-2016)، ومن خلال هذه البحث تم قياس التنويع الاقتصادي للناتج المحلي الإجمالي والتجارة الخارجية إعتماداً على معامل هيرفندال-هيرشمان. من النتائج التي تم التوصل إليها، يتبين ان اقتصاد العراقي حقق خلال الفترة (2004-2016) بعض أهدافه في تنويع الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، فقد إنخفضت نسبة إسهام التعدين والمقالع في تكوين الناتج المحلي الإجمالي من(80%) عام (2004) إلى(29.8%) عام (2016) . وإرتفعت إسهام القطاعات غير النفطية في الناتج المحلي الإجمالي من (20%) عام(2004) الى (71%)عام (2016). قيمة معامل هيرفندال للناتج المحلي الاجمالي إنخفضت من(0.7) عام(2004) إلى(0.14) عام(2016)، مما يدل على ارتفاع درجة التنويع الاقتصادي في النشاطات الإنتاجية.
تعاني التجارة الخارجية في العراق من اختلال هيكلي كبير. إذ يتمثل هذا الاختلال في سيطرة النفط الخام بوصفها مادة أولية على أكثر من (98%) من صادراته، تطور قيمة معامل هيرفندال للتنويع الصادرات التي انخفضت قيمته من (0.994) سنة(2004) إلى(0.992)سنة (2016) ومما يدل على إن النمو في الصادرات العراقية لا يعكس سوى وهم اقتصادي ناجم عن الارتفاعات في أسعار النفط بالدرجة الأساسية والنمو الطفيف في الإنتاج النفطي والصادرات النفطية العينية، بالمقابل تناقصت قيمة معامل هيرفندال للاستيرادات فقد تناقصت نسبته من (0.25) سنة(2004) تدريجياً الى (0.20) سنة (2016)، وإن الفترة(2012-2016)The objective of this study was to analyze and measure the economic diversification in Iraq during the period 2004-2016. The economic diversification of GDP and foreign trade was measured using the herfindahl-hirschman coefficient. The results showed that the Iraqi economy achieved some of its objectives in the diversification of GDP during the period (2004-2016). The contribution of mining and quarries in the composition of GDP decreased from 80% in 2004 to 29.8% %) Year (2016). The contribution of non-oil sectors to GDP increased from 20% in 2004 to 71% in 2016. The value of herfindahl-hirschman index coefficient of GDP decreased from (0.7) year (2004) to (0.14) year (2016), indicating the high degree of economic diversification in productive activities..
Iraq's foreign trade suffers from a major structural imbalance. This imbalance in the control of crude oil as a raw material is more than (98%) of its exports.The value of Herfindal Diversification coefficient has increased from (0.994) year (2004) to (0.992) year (2016). This indicates that the growth in Iraqi exports reflects only an economic illusion resulting from the increases in oil prices mainly and the slight growth in production Oil and in-kind oil exports. In contrast, the value of Herfindal's imports decreased. The percentage decreased from (0.25) years (2004) gradually to (0.20) years (2016), and the period (2012-2016
The Viewpoint of the Prophet – Peace be Upon him – from Poetry
No full textتناول هذا البحث موضوعا ثنائي الجانب، يتعلق بالأدب والدين، وحاول أن يكشف عن قضية أثارت عناية الباحثين قدامى ومحدثين، فقد ذهب بعضهم الى أن الرسول – صلى الله عليه وسلم – حارب الشعر والشعراء، وذهب نفر آخر الى أنه – صلى الله عليه وسلم –كان محبا ومشجعا للشعر، وهو القائل: لا تدع العرب الشعر حتى تدع الإبل الحنين. ومعلوم أن موقف الرسول – صلى الله عليه وسلم – كان منسجما ومتطابقا مع موقف القرآن الكريم من الشعر. ومن خلال البحث والتدقيق توصل الباحث الى أن القرآن الكريم نزه الرسول – صلى الله عليه وسلم – من أن يكون شاعرا، ولكنه لم يمنع الشعر، ولم يقف ضده بشكل عام. وإن الشعراء الذين حاربهم القرآن الكريم والرسول – صلى الله عليه وسلم – هم شعراء الكفار الذين حاربوا الإسلام، وهتكوا الأعراض، ونشروا المثالب. وان تنزيه الرسول – صلى الله عليه وسلم – من قول الشعر توكيد لحقيقة الرسالة التي جاء بها، وليس فيه حط من شأن الشعر والشعراء. وقد استثنى القرآن الكريم المؤمنين الصالحين من الشعراء من الذم، وكذلك فعل الرسول – صلى الله عليه وسلم – بل كان له عليه الصلاة والسلام التفاتات جميلة وتعليقات بديعة حول بعض أبيات الشعراء، وإن كانوا من الشعراء الجاهليين، لأنها كانت تنطق بالحكمة والموعظة الحسنة والحق، وإن الشعر لا يكره لذاته لأنه نوع من الكلام حسنه كحسن الكلام، وقبيحه كقبيح الكلام. لهذا فموقفه – صلى الله عليه وسلم – من الشعر لم يكن موقفا مطلقا، إنما كان مقيدا بلوازم اقتضتها رسالته التي تنطق بالحق والحكمة والإيمان وتدعو الى الخير ومحاربة الباطل.This research dealt with a two-fold topic related to literature and religion and tried to reveal a case that occupied the attention of the old and modern scholars. Some of them went to say that the Prophet - peace be upon him - fought poetry and poets, while some others went to say that the Prophet - peace be upon him - loved and encouraged poetry; He said: Arabs would not abandon poetry until the camel abandons nostalgia. It is well known that the position of the Prophet - peace be upon him - was consistent with the position of the Quran as far as poetry is concerned.Through research and scrutiny, the researcher found that the Holy Quran deemed the Prophet - peace be upon him – far above being a poet, but did not prevent poetry and did not stand against it in general. The poets whom the Quran and the Prophet - peace be upon him - fought are the poets of infidels who fought Islam and abused the honors and spread defects. Considering the Prophet – peace be upon him – far above saying poetry is a confirmation of the truth of the Message he came with; it is not derogation from poetry and poets. The Holy Quran has exempted the righteous believing poets from dispraise, and so did the Prophet - peace be upon him. Even the Prophet - peace be upon him – had nice remarks and wonderful comments about some of the poets' verses, although they were pre-Islamic poets, because they uttered wisdom, good advice and truth. Poetry is not self-denying, because it is a kind of speech, as good as good speech, and as ugly as ugly speech. Therefore, his position- peace be upon him- was not an absolute position, but was restricted by the necessities required by his mission, which speaks of truth, wisdom and faith, and calls for good and fighting falsehood
Accounting in e-Banks and the challenges they face: دراسة استطلاعية في عينة من المصارف التجارية في محافظة السليمانية
No full textAbstract Electronic banking has developed as a result of the technological revolution the world witnessed in the last several decades. Here, banking transactions are carrying out in an electronic form with the support of the internet. Banks can provide their normal services such as cash withdrawals and transfer without the need of customers to visit their physical branches. The purposes of this paper is to (1) identify the significant of electronic banks, (2) highlight the key challenges facing electronic banks in Kurdistan Region, and (3) determine the obstacles facing accountants and auditors in processing their tasks electronically. In attempting to achieve these goals, qualitative data is collected via constructing a questionnaire survey. They were distributed to the executive directors and head of account and IT departments of seven commercial banks which have adopted electronic banking services. Using linear regression analysis, the findings of this study highlighted the weakness of the current rules and regulations of electronic banking in the Kurdistan Region. We found that electronic systems have a significantly positive influence on accounting and auditing procedures, as electronic systems need to be consistent with accounting and auditing standards. The study recommends that it is necessary for the Central Bank of Iraq to review the laws and legislation in organizing electronic banks. Additionally, training and qualifying specialists in the field of IT, communications, networking, in addition to electronic accounting and auditing are also recommended
The Imbalance in the Monetary and Financial Policy in the Rent Countries and its Impact in the Phenomenon of Inflationary Recession: Iraq as a Model
No full textمن المتعارف عليه في علم الاقتصاد بان السياسات الموجهة لمعالجة الاحوال الاقتصادية المختلفة تشكل كل لايتجزء. بينما تعتبرها السلطات العامة وخاصة في الدول النامية والريعية منها على الخصوص ، حالة عائمة ومنها ظاهرة ترابط التضخم والبطالة ، ففي كثير من الاحيان توجه السلطات العامة قدراتها وجهودها على احد الظاهرتين متناسية الاخرى او معالجتهما ليس بنفس الاسلوب والشدة .
لقد كانت السياسات الاقتصادية بشكل عام والسياسة المالية الموجهة لمعالجة الركود التضخمي اكثر تردداً وقصيرة المدى ، اذ تلجأ السلطات العامة الى توسيع الاستهلاك والاستثمار والذي يدفع بدوره لزيادة الطلب على النقود لاغراض المعاملات, لكن بعد فترة قصيرة يدرك الافراد بان احتفاضهم بالنقود يجلب عليهم مزيدا من الخسائر كنتيجة منطقية لارتفاع معدل التضخم مما يدفع الافراد التخلص من النقد السائل ومبادلته باشكال الثروة الاخرى وعدم توجيهه الى الاستثمار وبالتالي تفشل قدرة السياسة النقدية والمالية الحكومية في معالجة الركود التضخمي وتخسر معركة اعادة تدوير ثروات الافراد في النشاط الاقصادي .It is common practice in the science of economics that the policies facing the various economic conditions are all inconsequential. While the public authorities, especially in developing countries, especially those in the State of rent, are considered a floating state, including the phenomenon of inflation and unemployment. In many cases, the public authorities direct their abilities and efforts on one of the two phenomena
The Acquisition of Derivational Suffixes by Students of English at the University of Human Development
No full textDerivational suffixes are essential part of the competence of any foreign language learner, especially learners of English as a foreign language since English is a derivational language. They help the learners enrich their lexical repertoire, which is necessary in both speaking and writing. The present study tested the production and comprehension of derivational suffixes by third-year and fourth-year students of English as a foreign language at the University of Human Development. The aim was to examine the students’ performance on the production and comprehension levels. Two tests were conducted on 112 students and seven one-way ANOVAs were performed to test the seven hypotheses of the study. The participants in the study were divided into two groups depending on their gender (79 females and 33 males) and into four groups depending on their proficiency level (pass, medium, good and very good). The results of the seven ANOVAs revealed that there were no significant gender differences among the students neither in the production test nor in the comprehension test. However, there were significant differences among the students according to the proficiency level in both tests. According to the frequency of the derivational suffixes, there were significant difference in the students’ performance only in the comprehension test; in the production test, the difference was insignificant. Finally, the performance of the students in the comprehension test was much better than their performance in the production test