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News coverage of the Turkish issue in the Kurdish press: Analytical study on the newspapers of Rudaw and Awena
No full textئهم توێژینهوهیه بهناونیشانی – ڕووماڵی كاروباری توركیا له رۆژنامهكانی ههرێمی كوردستاندا- باس له شێواز و چۆنیهتی مامهڵهكردنی میدیاییانهی رۆژنامهكانی باشووری كوردستان لهگهڵ بابهته جۆراوجۆرهكانی پهیوهست به كاروباری توركیا دهكات، له رووی سیاسی و ئابووری و كۆمهڵایهتی و هتد.
توێژینهوهكه پێكهاتووه له دوو باسی تێوریی، كه تێیدا چوارچێوهی میتۆدیی توێژینهوهكه و چهمكی رووماڵی رۆژنامهیی له رووی زانستیهوه خراوهته روو، ههروهها باسێكی پراكتیكی به سوود وهرگرتن له میتۆدی ناخشیكاریی بۆ مشتهیهك له ژمارهكانی ساڵێك له ههردوو رۆژنامهی- رووداو و ئاوێنه-، كه دوو رۆژنامهی دیاری سهر گۆرهپانی میدیایی ههرێمی كوردستانن.The Kurdish media in Kurdistan Region- especially recently- has paid a great attention to the coverage of the Turkish issues, when you follow the( visual, audible , written and electronic) kurdish media, you obviously see the great amount of news, reports, pictures, articles , press interviews and other press editing arts, in a way or another shed light on an aspect of Turkish issues and analyse it. It is clear that the concern and coverage are from both sides. Which means that Turkish media also focus on Kurdistan Region' s issues, and covers the political, economical and social aspects of Kurdistan Region. So that it is the responsibility of the researchers and the academists to analyse the level , distance and content of this attention and reach some scientific and informational results.
The significance of this study lies also on the academic and scientific need in Kurdistan Region of Iraq for such Studies to know how much kurdish media concern about Turkish issues. This study tried to reach some of this aim. The research is of three sections: the first one is the method of the study. The second section is the theory of the study which is about covering different issues. And in the third section, the researcher uses ( content analysis) method, in which he analysis why does the kurdish media concern about Turkish issues and did the practical part of the stud
Activating and managing camping tourism and its role in increasing tourist’s expenditure: A survey of the views of a sample of tourists and tourism experts in the province of Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
No full textسعى هذا البحث إلى تبيان علاقات الإرتباط والتأثير بين كل من تفعيل وإدارة سياحة المخيمات في زيادة إنفاق السائح القاصد لمحافظة السليمانية بإقليم كوردستان العراق، ولتحقيق ذلك تم إعداد مخطط إفتراضي يتضمن متغيرات البحث فضلاً عن صياغة عدد من الفرضيات الرئيسة، وقد استخدم الباحثون الإستبانة لهذا الغرض كأداة رئيسة لجمع البيانات والمعلومات، إذ تم توزيع (76) نسخة، وكان عدد المسترجع منها (60) نسخة صالحة للتحليل الإحصائي، والتي وزعت جميعها على مجموعة من السياح في محافظة السليمانية، فضلاً عن عدد من التدريسيين الخبراء في مجال السياحة ممن أمضوا أعواما عديدةً في إلقاء المحاظرات المتعلقة بموضوع السياحة في كليات جامعة السليمانية، كما وتم استخدام عدد من الأساليب الإحصائية لاختبار الفرضيات الخاصة بالبحث. ولمحدودية وندرة الدراسات التي تناولت العلاقة والتأثير بين هذه المتغيرات في البيئة العراقية عامةً والبيئة الكوردستانية خاصة ضمن حدود اطلاع الباحثين، لذا فقد تناول بحثهم الحالي هذه المتغيرات ضمن إطار شمولي، وبشكل عام حاول البحث الإجابة على التساؤل الآتي: ما هي طبيعة علاقات الإرتباط والتأثير بين كل من تفعيل وإدارة سياحة المخيمات في زيادة إنفاق السائح؟ وعليه فقد توصل البحث إلى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات أهمها: وجود ضعف إلى حدٍما فيما يتعلق بمعرفة أفراد عينة البحث لمفهوم سياحة المخيمات وهذا بالتأكد ينطبق على المجتمع ككل، كما وتبين أن الأماكن والمناطق السياحية في إقليم كوردستان بشكل عام ومحافظة السليمانية بالتحديد ملائمة لإقامة المخيمات السياحية فيها، نظراً لما يتمتع به الإقليم من مناطق سياحية جذابة وإقبال المواطنين على ممارسة السياحة الداخلية فيه، فضلاً عن أن الطبيعة والأوضاع في إقليم كوردستان بشكل عام ملائمة لتفعيل هذا النوع من السياحة (سياحة المخيمات)، وكذلك تم التوصل إلى أن هنالك علاقات ارتباط وأثر معنوية ذات دلائل إحصائية بين كلٍ من سياحة المخيمات عند تفعيلها وإدارتها بشكل صحيح وزيادة إنفاق السائح، واعتماداً على ذلك فقد قدم الباحثون مجموعة من التوصيات والمقترحات المنسجمة مع تلك الاستنتاجات.This research exposes the correlation and influence between the activation and management of camp tourism. In addition, what is the role of camping to increase tourist spending in the province of Sulaymaniyah in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. To achieve this goal a questionnaire form had been prepared that was incluse all aspects and variables of the research. The distributed numbers of the questionnaire were 76 copies, and then 60 copies were returned and valid for the statistical analysis. They were distributed to a group of tourists in Sulaymaniyah governorate, as well as a number of tourism specialists whom working as a lecturer at University of Sulaimani. Number of statistical methods had been used to examin all hypotheses of the research.
The main results of this reaseach are; according to the reaserch sample, tourists have inadequate information about this kind of turism and this could be applied to the whole our community. In addition, it was found that many places and tourist areas in Sulaymaniyah province are appropriate to establis the tourist camps. Morover, all variables are significanty correlated and the result of regressions wre also significant. It means that if this kind of tourism will be activated and managed properly, then as a result tourist spending will increase
Electronic diplomacy: A study of the nature, requirements, and implications
No full textيعالج هذا البحث موضوعاً جديداً وحيوياً يتمثّل في الدبلوماسية الإلكترونية؛ فقد أصابت الدبلوماسية التغيير كأداة من أدوات السياسة الخارجية؛ وبرز نمط جديد من ممارسة العمل الدبلوماسي تجلت في إنشاء سفارات افتراضية ومواقع إلكترونية للوزارات الخارجية والمؤسسات الدبلوماسية، كما تجلت في الحضور الواسع للدبلوماسيين على مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي، واستخدام كل ذلك في الإدارة الدبلوماسية والدبلوماسية العامة لتحقيق الأهداف الدبلوماسية. يركز البحث على مفهوم الدبلوماسية الإلكترونية، كما أنه يسلّط الضوء على أهم الخصائص التي تميزها والفرص التي تتيحها للوحدات الدولية، وكذلك يركز على أهم مقتضياتها الضرورية، وتداعيات استخدامها من الإيجابيات والفرص إلى التحديات والمخاطر. ومع الفرص التي تتيحها هذه الدبلوماسية للوحدات الدولية في ممارسة علاقاتها الخارجية، نجد أن هناك مقتضيات كثيرة تستوجبها ممارسة هذه الدبلوماسية. وتوصّل البحث إلى إثبات فرضيته؛ فلا يكتب النجاح لدبلوماسية الوحدات الدولية إذا ما فشلت أو تغافلت عن توفير المستلزمات الرئيسة للدبلوماسية الإلكترونية، فهي بحاجة ماسة إلى استخدام هذه الدبلوماسية إن أرادت لدبلوماسيتها النجاح والتطور وإذا ما أرادت الاستجابة للتطورات الحاصلة في مجال الدبلوماسية وعالم تكنولوجيا الاتصالات والمعلومات، إذ التغافل عن ذلك سيعرّضها للعزلة عن المجتمع الدولي، ذلك لأن لعب الدور في العلاقات الدولية الآن على الصعيدين الرسمي والشعبي مرهون إلى حد كبير بالدبلوماسية الإلكترونية، لا سيما في مجال الدبلوماسية العامة، إذ إنها تشكل قنوات اتصال أسرع وأكثر كفاءة من القنوات التقليدية ويمكن أن تصل إلى جمهور أوسع، فضلاً عن الإمكانات الإدارية والهيكلية والمعلوماتية التي توفرها.This research treats a new and contemporary subject, i.e. e-diplomacy. Diplomacy has been transformed as a tool of foreign policy and a new pattern of diplomatic practice has emerged through the establishment of virtual embassies and websites of foreign ministries and diplomatic institutions, and also through the large presence of diplomats on social network websites. Additionally, this has been utilized in diplomatic administration and public diplomacy to achieve diplomatic goals. This research focuses on the concept of e-diplomacy and highlights its main characteristics and opportunities it offers to international units. It also focuses on the most important necessities and implications of using e-diplomacy, pros and cons to challenges and risks. With the opportunities offered by such diplomacy to international units in the exercise of their external relations, there are many requirements for such diplomacy. The research has proved its hypothesis which is that the diplomacy of international units cannot be successful if they fail or neglect to provide the essential requirements for e-diplomacy. They really need to use this diplomacy if they want their diplomacy to succeed and develop or if they are to respond to developments in diplomacy, communication technology, and information. Ignoring this will expose them to isolation from the international community, because the role of international relations, now in the official and popular spheres, depends largely on e-diplomacy, especially public diplomacy. It formulates faster communication channels and more efficient than traditional channels and can reach a wider audience, as well as administrative, structural, and informational capabilities it provides
The Relationships between the Soviet Union and the Turkey (1920-1930) and its impact on the Kurdish issue
No full textمێژووی پەیوەندییەکانی ڕوسیا و دەوڵەتی عوسمانیی بۆ پتر لە ٥ سەدە دەگەڕێتەوە، کە هەندێک جار شەڕ و ململانێی سەخت و هەندێك جاری تریش، بە شێوەی ئاشتی و دۆستانەی بووە. لەو کاتەوە دەوڵەتی عوسمانیی لە سەرەتای سەدەی هەژدەیەمەوە چووە قۆناغی و لاوازبوون و هەڵوەشاندنەوە، ڕوسیا ڕۆڵێکی گرنگی لە داپچڕانی ناوچەکانی لە قەفقاز و ئاسیای ناوەڕاست و بچووککردنەوەیدا بینی. ئەگەر سیستەمی "پارسەنگی هێزەکان"یش لەنێوان وڵاتە گەورەکانی ئەوروپا لە سەدەی نۆزدەیەمدا نەبوایە، ئەوا ڕوسیا بە تەواوی دەوڵەتی عوسمانیی لەناو دەبرد.
بەڵام لە کۆتاییەکانی جەنگی جیهانی یەکەم و دوای شۆڕشی ئۆکتۆبەری ساڵی ١٩١٧ لە ڕوسیا و دوای کشانەوەی ڕوسیای سۆڤیتی لە جەنگەکە و ئاشکراکرادنی بەندەکانی پەیمانی سایکس پیکۆ و ڕێکەوتن لەگەڵ وڵاتانی هاوپەیمانیی چوارقۆڵیی، بەتایبەتی ئەڵمانیا و دەوڵەتی عوسمانیی، پەیوەندییەکان بەرەو ڕێککەوتن ڕۆیشتن، ئەوە بوو پەیمانی برێست- ساڵی ١٩١٨ لەنێوانیاندا بەسترا. دەوڵەتی عوسمانیی، هەروەك ئەڵمانیای هاوپەیمانی، بە کشانەوەی هێزەکانی ڕوسیا لە بەرەکانی جەنگ بوژایەوە و لەگەڵ ئەوەشدا، کە ڕێکەوتن لەنێوانیاندا هەبوو، بەڵام پەلاماری ناوچەکانی قەفقازی ژێر دەستی ڕوسیایان دا، بەڵام دوای دەرکەوتنی بزووتنەوەی ڕزگاریخوازی نەتەوەیی تورك و پەیمانی سێڤر، ئاڵوگۆڕێك لە بەرەکانی جەنگدا ڕوویدا و ڕوسیا، کە لەو کاتەدا ببوو بە ڕوسیای سۆڤێتی، هاوپەیمانێکی نوێی دۆزییەوە، کە بەرژەوەندی هاوبەشیان دژ بە دەوڵەتی عوسمانیی لەلایەك، وڵاتانی ڕۆژئاوا لەلایەکی ترەوە هەبوو. هەردوو هێزی تازە دروستبوو، ڕوسیای سۆڤێتی و حکومەتی ئەنقەرە، سودی زۆریان لەم هاوپەیمانێتییە وەرگرت. بەڵام لەم کاتەدا، کە دەرفەت بۆ کورد، بەتایبەتی لە کوردستانی عوسمانییدا دروستببوو، تا بە ئامانجەکانی بگات و هەر هیچ نەبێت لە چوارچێوەی پەیمانی سێڤردا هەندێك دەسکەوتی ناوچەیی بەدەست بێنیت، ڕوسیای سۆڤێتی، وەك یەکەم وڵات، کە پەیوەندی لەگەڵ حکومەتی ئەنقەرەدا بەست، بە هەموو شێوەیەک هاوکاری بزووتنەوەی کەمالی دەکرد و جیا لە کۆمەکی ئابووریی و پیشەسازیی و هتد، لە ئاستی نێودەوڵەتییشدا، پاڵپشت و هاوپەیمانی تورکیا بوو. ئەمەش وای کرد، لەپاڵ هەندێك فاکتەری تردا، کۆماری تورکیا لەسەر پێی خۆی
بوەستێت و کاتێك لە بیستەکان و سییەکانی سەدەی بیستەمیشدا، چەند ڕاپەڕین و بەرخودانێك لە باکوری کوردستان دژ بە ستەم و زوڵموزۆری ڕژێمی کەمالی سەری هەڵدا، ڕوسیای سۆڤێتی بە هەموو شێوەیەك، بەتایبەتیش لە بواری سەربازیی و سیاسییدا پشتیوانیی کۆماری تورکیا کرد، کە هەموو ڕاپەڕین و جووڵەیەکی نەتەوەیی کوردی بە هەموو شێوەیەکی دڕندانە سەرکوت دەکرد.Relations between Russia and Turkey have gone through five centuries at different stages, sometimes in difficult wars and conflicts, sometimes in harmony and good relations. However, conditions changed in the eighteenth century, when the Ottoman Empire was weakened and disintegrated. Russia played an important role in cutting down parts of the Caucasus and Central Asia, as well as in reducing the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, which was considered a great nation for centuries.
At the end of the First World War, after the victory of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, Russian troops withdrew from the war fronts. The Bolshevik government exposed the secret clauses of the Sykes-Picot Agreement and concluded the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918, with the Quadruple Alliance, led by Germany and the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire, like its German ally, took advantage of the withdrawal of Russian troops from the war fronts. In contrast to the agreement, attacks were launched on the Caucasus regions controlled by Russian Russia. However, following the emergence of the Turkish National Movement, led by Mustafa Kemal and the signing of the Sevre Treaty and there were changes in the war fronts, as in the political arena. Russia, which became Soviet Russia at that time, found a new friend and ally, which had common interests with Soviet Russia, against the Ottoman Empire, on the one hand, and Britain and France on the other. Both countries have benefited from this friendship and alliance.
But at a time when the Kurds, especially in the Ottoman Kurdistan, had a chance to move towards achieving their goals and national rights, and at least making some progress in accordance with the provisions of the Sovereign Convention on the Rights of the Kurds. As the first country to recognize and establish diplomatic relations with Turkey with the help of the Kemalist Movement in various ways, Russia, as well as economic, industrial and mining assistance, became a great supporter of Turkey in international and diplomatic forums.
All this, along with many other factors, helped the Republic of Turkey stand on its own feet. When the revolutions and movements against the injustice and tyranny of the Turks occurred in Northern Kurdistan in the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet Russia sided with all possible means, military and political, as well as the Turkish Republic. Which brutally suppressed these uprisings and every move of a Kurdish nationalist nature
“The Other” and “Othering” in Thomas De Quincey’s Confessions of an English Opium Eater: A Psychological Study
No full textThe Other and Otherness (Othering) or Us and Them are one of the most contemporary complex topics which relate to organizing the kind and nature of human relationship besides involving many dangers which could represent a real threat to man's existence. This paper tries to shed some light on this flagrant and shameful literary work of Thomas De Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater which deals with how discrimination is spread among human beings. At the beginning, a theoretical literary review will establish the fundamental bases of this study, including the psychological and post-colonial concepts. Then, it will study Thomas De Quincey’s Confessions of an English Opium Eater as a realistic model of embodying such racial discrimination and introducing a huge abhorrent image between superior and inferior relationship and the consequences as estrangement, alienation, un-belonging feelings, etc. Finally, the study ends up with the main findings as well as suggesting a piece of advice and solution for eliminating such humiliating inferior look into the other different human being
Translation Strategies in Legal Texts: Selected Articles of the Translation of the US-Iraqi Security Agreement
No full textLegal language is characterized as the professional use of words. Thus, it can be said that the international law (as a result of translation and interpretation as well) has become more crucial. Therefore, legal translation has become important among the other domains of translation. This study aims at investigating the translation strategies adopted in translating the US- Iraqi security agreement from English into Arabic. So, there is a set of translation strategies that help translating the two texts properly and accurately. The translation strategies followed in translating the US- Iraqi security agreement will be investigated in the two of the two English and Arabic texts as there are many strategies in the linguistic theory of translation. Dr. As. Safi in his model covers both the local strategies which belonging to text segment and global ones that have to do with the whole text. Translation strategies are divided into general ones which deal with all types texts and specific strategies that deal with specific kinds of texts; specific ones are divided into domestication, compensation, (in kind, in place, by merging, or splitting and compensation by addition) , addition, elaboration and explication, and approximation and compromise. Thus, the text under study is a legal one and, of course, has a specific type of text; only specific strategies are applied in this study
Blend Words and Their Influence on the Lexicon and Future of English Language
No full textThis research studies the widening range of forming and using blend (portmanteau) words in English language. It sheds light on the fact that most blend words are exocentric not only for second language learners but also to natives too, since they have not been listed in English dictionaries. Even if listed; still the continuous process of forming blend words will leave no room to catch up with listing all of them. English nowadays has become the most dominant language and at the same time it has been influenced by some factors as much as it has been influential. In terms of word formation processes especially blending, one can realize how rapidly and unexpectedly new words are coined for new purposes in accordance with daily life needs. In this era of speed; English native speakers, as their nature, do like to economize in their word choice especially in their word formation processes such as blending, acronyms, clipping and all types of abbreviations. In fact, the inevitability of life change as the result of daily life’s needs inventions influences English language in many ways. In addition, the policy of economizing and being selective reflects well on letter choice and word forming processes. In relation to this, the consequences of life change can be noted in studying blend forms in English. Some simple examples are: blunch, chexting, spork, feminar, brinner, brunch, fanzin, hubot, smog, etc. In a nut shell, the research states the inevitable and intriguing change of English words in the process of blending in which two or more words are cut and mixed together to form a new form, called a blend word. One basic point here is that a blend word is not simply one word; brinner as an example is formed from three other words (breakfast + lunch + dinner) to describe a situation in which you just have one meal instead of the three. Most of blend words have not so far been listed in English dictionaries. So this continuous process of forming new words does a great change to English vocabularies now and in the upcoming years
Investment in Space Resources: Property Rights to Natural Resources Extracted in Space and the Position of Iraqi legal system
No full textIn the second half of the last century, the space activities have increased paralleled with the rapid development in space technology. The greed of giant corporations has exceeded the universe and tried to reach resources outside Earth. Exploring other planets is not something new, while racing to reach the resources outside earth by private space exploration companies as human’s off earth destiny is quite recent. Many nations have plan to reach the moon by 2020 including the United States who has plan to establish a permanent base on moon by 2024. The ambition to reach outer space is not just for the scientific purposes, but rather to exploit resources form space. As long as space is a common sphere among all the nations, there are many treaties signed and ratified to lay down broad rules and principle to organize the area. Mining celestial materials is one of the issues that does not have a legal framework as private companies are eagerly trying to mine materials which are not existed on earth such as Helium three or any other bodies that are scarce on earth. Until now, the international community has not been successful in establishing a solid legal system to regulate outer space activities. Besides, there are attempts by some countries to have particular legislation allowing private companies to extract natural resources. However, technological, economic and military powers of countries are the major factors in exercising the activities outside our planet due to the special nature of such activities. This paper argues that despite the difficulties of having a consensus over a legal framework, there are many other issues that need to be taken into consideration. Further, the perspective of the Iraqi legal system is also examined with regard to the possibility of adopting particular law on outer space activities. It also argues that although the lack of advanced technological skills might avoid countries reaching outer space, it will not prevent states from adopting specific legislation to regulate private corporations’ attempt to explore in this field. In the second half of the last century, the space activities have increased paralleled with the rapid development in space technology. The greed of giant corporations has exceeded the universe and tried to reach resources outside Earth. Exploring other planets is not something new, while racing to reach the resources outside earth by private space exploration companies as human’s off earth destiny is quite recent. Many nations have plan to reach the moon by 2020 including the United States who has plan to establish a permanent base on moon by 2024. The ambition to reach outer space is not just for the scientific purposes, but rather to exploit resources form space. As long as space is a common sphere among all the nations, there are many treaties signed and ratified to lay down broad rules and principle to organize the area. Mining celestial materials is one of the issues that does not have a legal framework as private companies are eagerly trying to mine materials which are not existed on earth such as Helium three or any other bodies that are scarce on earth. Until now, the international community has not been successful in establishing a solid legal system to regulate outer space activities. Besides, there are attempts by some countries to have particular legislation allowing private companies to extract natural resources. However, technological, economic and military powers of countries are the major factors in exercising the activities outside our planet due to the special nature of such activities. This paper argues that despite the difficulties of having a consensus over a legal framework, there are many other issues that need to be taken into consideration. Further, the perspective of the Iraqi legal system is also examined with regard to the possibility of adopting particular law on outer space activities. It also argues that although the lack of advanced technological skills might avoid countries reaching outer space, it will not prevent states from adopting specific legislation to regulate private corporations’ attempt to explore in this field.  
Use of the Black and Scholes model in the pricing of purchasing options based on the index of the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period from 6/2 to 25/2/2019
No full textنظراً لتزايد اعداد المهتمين من المستثمرين في اسواق حقوق الاختيارات بات من الضروري تسليط الضوء على هذا القسم من الاسواق المالية، وان من اهم اسباب زيادة اقبال المستثمرين على هذا النوع من الاسواق هو انخفاض راس المال المطلوب استثماره فيها، كما انها تساهم في تعظيم ربحيتهم ان صحت توقعاتهم (ارباح المستثمرين غير محدودة) وتقليل خسائرهم الى حد معلوم (المستثمرين يعلمون مقدماً مقدار خسائرهم قبل الاقبال على الاستثمار) في حال كانت توقعاتهم غير صحية، وتتحدد خسائر المستثمرين في مبلغ المكافأة الذي يدفعونها لمحرر عقود عقود حقوق اختيار الشراءالتي يتم حسابها بواسطة نموذج بلاك شولز، وبعد تسعير عقود عقود حقوق اختيار الشراءيصبحون على يقين بحجم الخسائر التي سوف يتكبونها في حال كانت توقعاتهم للمستقبل غير صحيحة، كما وتساهم الكثير من تقنيات التحليل الفني في مساعدة المستثمرين على توقع الاسعار المستقبلية للاوراق المالية او المؤشرات المالية ومن هذه التقنيات المستخدمة في البحث هو مؤشر القوة النسبية، ومن خلال هذا المؤشر يستطيع المستثمرين تحديد هل ان الاسعار في سوق الاوراق المالية تباع باسعار مرتفعة ام منخفضة مايساهم في التاثير على قيمة مؤشر سوق الاوراق المالية، وبالتالي فان توقع المستقبل يساعد المستثمرين في اتخاذ قراراتهم الاستثمارية المتمثلة في شراء حقوق اختيار شراء في حالة ارتفاع الاسعار في المستقبل، والعكس صحيح فان توقع انخفاض الاسعار في المستقبل يقوم المستثمرون ببيع عقود حقوق اختيار شراء، وبالتالي تحقيق ارباح في كلتا الحالتين.Due to the increasing number of interested investors in the rights of options, it is necessary to highlight this section of the financial markets, and that one of the main reasons for increasing the attractiveness of investors in this type of market is the reduction of capital required to invest in it, and contribute to maximize their profitability if true (Investors 'profits are unlimited) and reduce their losses to a certain extent (investors know in advance the amount of their losses before the turnout of investment) if their expectations are unhealthy. Investors' losses are determined by the amount of the bonus they pay to the contract editor, After the pricing of the contracts of the rights of the purchase choice, they will be certain of the size of the losses they will incur if their expectations for the future are incorrect, and many techniques of technical analysis help investors to predict the future prices of securities or financial indicators. In the research is the relative strength index, and through this indicator, investors can determine whether the prices in the stock market sold at high or low prices, contributing to the impact on the value of the index of the stock market, so the prospect of the future helps investors In making their investment decisions to buy buying rights in the event of higher prices in the future. Conversely, the expectation of lower prices in the future investors are selling purchase rights rights contracts, and thus achieve profits in both cases.Keywords: Black & Schulz model, RSI, financial choice, pricing of purchase choice
The restriction of compromise interpretation of the contract: Comparative study in civil law
No full textتنصب هذه الدراسة على بيان ضوابط التفسير التوفيقي للعقد،وتبين لنا من خلال البحث ان التفسير عملية التعرف على الارادة الحقيقية للمتعاقدين من خلال ماتم التعبير عنه في العقد، وما هو من مستلزماته من القواعد القانونية، والواقع الذي يتم تنفيذ العقد فيه، ولتحقيق التوازن بين كل هذه الارادات يجب ان يقيد المفسر بضوابط عدة اثناء التفسير، وتلك الضوابط اما ان تكون ضوابط داخلية تفرضها نوع العقد المراد تفسيره او مدى وضوح وغموض العبارات التي تم استخدامها في العقد، او من خلال البحث عن النية المشتركة للمتعاقدين.او يكون ضوابط خارجية يفرضها التشريع او النظام العام القانوني، او العرف الذي يتبع في المكان الذي يتم ابرام العقد فيه او تنفيذه فيه، او من مباديء العدالة الذي يجب ان يراعى عند التفسير، أو من الطبيعة القانونية للالتزام.
لذلك نحاول من خلال هذه الدراسة التي تتكون من مطلب تمهيدي و مبحثين بإضافة إلى مقدمة والخاتمة، تسليط الضؤ على بيان مفهوم التفسير التوفيقي و الضوابط الداخلية و الخارجية للتفسير التوفيقي.This study focuses on the statement of the rules of compromise interpretation of the contract, and we found through the research that the interpretation process to identify the real will of the contractors through the expression of the contract, and what is required of the legal rules, and the reality in which the contract is implemented, All these wishes must be constrained by the interpreter with several controls during interpretation, and those controls should either be Internal controls imposed by the type of contract to be interpreted or the extent of clarity and ambiguity of the terms used in the contract, or through the search for the common intention of the contractors. External controls imposed by the legislation or public legal system, or the custom that follows the place where the contract is concluded or its implementation, or principles of justice that must be taken into consideration when interpreting, or the legal nature of the obligation.
Therefore, in this study, which consists of a preliminary requirement and two topics, we attempt to add to the introduction and conclusion, shed light on the concept of conciliatory interpretation and internal and external controls of compromise interpretation