The Indonesian Biomedical Journal (Prodia Education and Research Institute)
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Musa balbisiana and Musa paradisiaca Starches Increase SCFA and Caspase-3 as well as Decrease β-glucuronidase and MDA of Mouse Model for Colon Cancer
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Administration of resistant starch (RS) influences the diversity and the composition of microbiota as well as inhibits the growth of cancer cell. Banana as a potential source of RS has been reported. Although Musa paradisiaca has been reported to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells, Musa balbisiana, which has low glycemic index and suitable for particular patients, has not been investigated yet.METHODS: Starches of M. balbisiana and M. paradisiaca were prepared and mixed with other components to make 3 types of mouse pellets. Mouse model for colon cancer was prepared and fed with different types of mouse pellets. Blood was collected and processed for measuring β-glucuronidase and malondialdehyde (MDA) with Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Resected ceca were incised to collect the inner part for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) measurement with gas chromatography analysis. Resected colas were fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry to detect Caspase-3.RESULTS: Colon-cancer-mice fed with the M. balbisiana and M. paradisiaca starches-contained pellets had significant higher concentrations of total SCFA (p=0.003), acetic acid (p=0.000), propionic acid (p=0.000) and butyric acid (p=0.000); lower concentration of β-glucuronidase (p<0.001); higher Caspase-3 score (p=0.040); and lower MDA concentration (p<0.001) than colon-cancer-mice fed with standard pellet (control).CONCLUSION: M. balbisiana and M. paradisiaca starches could be suggested as potential anti-colon cancer RS. Further research should be carried out to disclose the starches mechanisms in colon cancer cell.KEYWORDS: Musa balbisiana, Musa paradisiaca, colon cancer, resistant starch, Caspase-3, SCFA, β-glucuronidase, malondialdehyd
Pheretima javanica K. Ethanol Extract Granules’ Effects on Eosinophil Level, Immunoglobulin E Level, and Organs Histopathology in Rattus norvegicus B.
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Traditional medicine that might be useful to treat typhoid fever is earthworms (Pheretima javanica K.). It is important to know whether any substances contained in Pheretima javanica K. extract are toxic and have pharmacological effects, which can be observed from the eosinophil and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in the blood.METHODS: Thirty Rattus norvegicus B. were included in this study and were separated into 5 groups, with 6 rats in each group. T1, T2, T3, and T4 were groups of rats treated with 50, 300, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg BW of Pheretima javanica K. ethanol extract granules (PJEEG), respectively, while the control group was a group of rats treated with 0.36 mg Ciprofloxacin. The eosinophil number and the IgE concentration were detected. Physical observations were also conducted to detect any allergic symptoms, toxicity symptoms, or histopathological changes.RESULTS: Administration of PJEEG significantly increased the number of eosinophil in every group, from 49.82 cells/μL to 259.26 cells/μL on average (p<0.001). PJEEG did not significantly affect IgE levels (p=0.624). The results showed that the administration did not cause any allergic and toxicity symptoms. Histopathological analysis of rats’ kidneys and liver also showed that the administration had no significant effect on histopathological changes.CONCLUSION: The administration of PJEEG does not cause allergic symptoms, toxicity symptoms, and histopathological changes in rats. The administrations also significantly increase eosinophil number in rats’ blood. However, the concentration of IgE in rats’ blood was not significantly changed after administration of PJEEG.KEYWORDS: allergies, typhoid fever, earthworms, Pheretima javanica K., eosinophil, immunoglobulin
Association of rs10830963 MTNR1B and rs841853 SLC2A1 Polymorphism with Obesity on Type 2 Diabetes Patients: An Overview of Melatonin Receptor and Transporter
Get PDFBACKGROUND: One of the hormones that plays a role in glucose metabolism of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is melatonin. Its genetic variation is believed to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of obese and non-obese T2DM. The role of MTNR1B (melatonin receptor coding gene) and SLC2A1 (Glucose transporter 1/GLUT 1 transporter coding gene) on the risk of obese and non-obese T2DM patients is controversial. This study aims to analyze the association between the rs10830963 MTNR1B and rs841853 SLC2A1 polymorphism to the risk of Javanese obese T2DM.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that involved 107 Javanese T2DM patients from primary heath care in Semarang. Furthermore, obese T2DM was defined by a body mass index (BMI) more than 25 kg/m2. The genetic variations examined were rs10830963 MTNR1B and rs841853 SLC2A1 polymorphism by PCR-RFLP methods. Blood biochemistry parameters were also examined. Allele and genotype frequencies of rs10830963 MTNR1B and rs841853 SLC2A1 polymorphisms were analyzed using the x2 test with p≤0.05 and 95% CI.RESULTS: There was a significant association between rs10830963 MTNR1B polymorphisms in obese and nonobese T2DM (p=0.044) and the CG genotype increased the risk of obese T2DM. Furthermore, the allele and genotype frequency of rs841853 SLC2A1 polymorphism in both group had no significant difference, with a p=0.756 and p=0.802, respectively. There was also no significant difference in the biochemical parameters' in both groups of the two genetic variants studied.CONCLUSION: The rs10830963 MTNR1B polymorphism is associated with the risk of obesity in Javanese T2DM patients but not for the rs841853 SLC2A1 polymorphism.KEYWORDS: polymorphism, MTNR1B, SLC2A1, obese, diabetes mellitu
Effect of Cell Culture Medium on the Proliferation and Stemness of CD24-/CD44+ Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) is defined as tumor initiating cells within tumor that maintain stemness properties and tumorigenicity. Extracellular pH of CSCs in in vitro condition is important for supporting cell proliferation which may also regulate the expression of stemness markers such as OCT4. This work aimed to examine the effect of cell culture media on the proliferation and stemness of human breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs).METHODS: Human CD24-/CD44+ BCSCs were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/F-12 (DMEM/F-12) with 15mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), without HEPES and adjusted to pH 7.4, or without HEPES but pH was not adjusted. BCSCs were grown under standard conditions for various days. Viable cell number was measured using trypan blue exclusion, whereas proliferation rate using MTS assay. OCT4 mRNA and protein were analyzed using quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western Blot assay, respectively. In vitro tumorigenic activity was determined using mammosphere formation unit (MFU) assay.RESULTS: Our results showed a higher viable cell number and proliferation of BCSCs in DMEM/F-12 HEPES (-) compared to HEPES (+) medium until 4 day incubation. OCT4 mRNA and protein level, as well as MFU of BCSCs were significantly higher in HEPES (-) compared to HEPES (+) medium on day 2.CONCLUSION: DMEM/F-12 medium without HEPES facilitates CD24-/CD44+ BCSCs to have higher proliferation and stemness on day 2 incubation compared to those with HEPES.KEYWORDS: breast cancer, cancer stem cell, OCT4, stemness, proliferatio
NPC-Exosome Carry Wild and Mutant-type p53 among Nasopharyngeal Cancer Patients
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is known to release a specific exosome. NPC-derived exosome (NPC-Exo) could carry p53. However, information regarding the type of p53 carrier on NPC-Exo remains limited. This study aims to introduce our important findings regarding the type of p53 NPC-Exo cargo.METHODS: Serum from patients with NPC were prepared for exosome isolation with Seramir Exoquick by following the manual instructions. RT-PCR was conducted to determine the expression levels of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) and p53 in the exosome isolate. Partial sequencing of p53 amplicon was conducted to determine mutation type of p53.RESULTS: There were 8 patients enrolled in this study. According to RT-PCR results, the expression levels of LMP-1 and p53 varied in the NPC-Exo isolate. Based on sequencing analysis, 1 case of p53 mutation was noticeable.CONCLUSION: According to current results, the NPC-derived exosome potentially carries not only wild type but also mutant type p53. Further research is needed to explore deeper the effect of the mutant type p53 as an exosome carrier in the clinical application.KEYWORDS: Nasopharyngeal cancer, exosome, p53, mutatio
Antihypercholesterolemic and Antioxidant Effects of Blumea balsamifera L. Leaf Extracts to Maintain Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Rats Induced by High-Cholesterol Diets
Get PDFBACKGROUND: The discovery of herbal ingredients for antihypercholesterolemic and to improve male reproductive function is very necessary due to high-cholesterol diet factors. Blumea balsamifera leaf extract (BBLE) is known to be able to increase the number and diameter of Leydig cells in rats given high-fat feed. This study was to conducted to determine the levels of total cholesterol, body weight, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in high-cholesterol-fed male rats provided with BBLE.METHODS: This research utilized a randomized post-test only control group. Ethanol was used to extract the BBLE, which was then evaporated. For 21 days, 16 Wistar rats were given a high-cholesterol diet. To determine the effect of BBLE on the high-cholesterol diet, the samples were divided into two groups (control and BBLE group) on day 22. The treatments lasted 30 days. SOD, plasma MDA, LH, and total cholesterol were measured.RESULTS: The results showed that the SOD and LH parameters were significantly higher in the treatment of BBLE compared to the control group (p<0.05). The parameters of total cholesterol levels, bodyweight, and MDA of rats given BBLE were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight that BBLE has antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidant effects. The BBLE also has potential to be used as a therapy to maintain male reproductive function because it has a positive effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis through increasing LH secretion.KEYWORDS: Malondialdehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Luteinizing hormone, Blumea balsamifera extract, High-cholesterol die
The Potency of NTHi lic1A Gene as a Biomarker in Determining The Severity of Post-Viral Acute Rhinosinusitis
Get PDFBACKGROUND: The lic1A gene is an important virulence factor for non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi), which allows its translocation from the nasopharynx into the sinonasal cavity and modulates more severe inflammatory processes. This study is aimed for identifying the potential correlation between the NTHi lic1A gene expressions and the severity of post-viral acute rhinosinusitis.METHODS: Sixty patients who were diagnosed with post-viral acute rhinosinusitis, were recruited from an ENT clinic in a referral hospital, in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. All patients underwent a historical assessment and ENT examination. The nasal specimen was taken from the patient’s middle meatal. The NTHi lic1A gene expression was detected using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).RESULTS: We observed that eight patients had the NTHi lic1A (+), with a strong correlation toward the dominant symptoms (nasal obstruction and discharge). In addition, the symptom’s duration of the NTHi lic1A (+) was twice longer than patients with the NTHi lic1A (-). Its severity was significantly more different between the two groups (p=0.034).CONCLUSION: Taken together, the presence of the NTHi lic1A gene is significantly associated with the severity of the disease and the symptom’s duration. Thus, the NTHi lic1A gene could potentially be a good marker for assessing the severity of post-viral acute rhinosinusitis cases in the future.KEYWORDS: H. influenzae, rhinosinusitis, nasal obstruction, virulence factor
The Role of MMP-9 and VEGF in the Invasion State of Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is the tenth-most common cancer in worldwide and the majority are urothelial carcinomas. The depth of invasion plays important role in the prognostic and therapeutic factor in urothelial carcinomas. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) may associated with the progression of bladder carcinoma, such as depth of invasion. In this study, the correlation between these two markers in urothelial bladder carcinoma invasion will be analyzed.METHODS: An analytical observational research with cross-sectional were conducted on 54 formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from radical cystectomy (RC) which were diagnosed as bladder urothelial carcinoma at the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Dr. Soetomo Academic Hospital, Surabaya and divided based on the T stage were immunostained using VEGF and MMP-9 monoclonal antibodies. The difference of VEGF and MMP-9 expression in T stage of bladder urothelial carcinoma were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Anova test, the correlation between VEGF and MMP-9 expression in various T stage of bladder urothelial carcinoma were analyzed using Spearman test. RESULTS: This study showed no significant difference of VEGF expression among T stage of bladder urothelial carcinoma (p>0.05) but there was significant difference of MMP-9 expression in T stage of bladder urothelial carcinoma (p=0.043). There was a correlation between VEGF and MMP-9 in various T stage of bladder urothelial carcinoma (rs= 0.50, p=0.001).CONCLUSION: The significant correlation of VEGF and MMP-9 expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma may prove the synergistically role of both proteins in tumor invasion by MMP-9 degradation extracellular matrix.KEYWORDS: urothelial carcinoma, VEGF, MMP-9, T stag
Cryotherapy Has No Significant Effect on MMP-9 and TGF-β1 Expression in Fungal Corneal Ulcer
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Usually, surgical intervention is needed to eradicate the fungal microorganism that cause fungal corneal ulcers. However, since surgical intervention is invasive, the latest technology uses cryotherapy in treating it. Cryotherapy plays a vital role in the wound healing process. We aimed to evaluate is to study the decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in fungal corneal ulcers after the administration of cryotherapy.METHODS: Aspergillus flavus fungus was injected to the intrastromal corneas of all Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were divided into four groups, the first group was not given any therapy, the second group was given topical natamycin therapy, the third group was given cryotherapy, and the fourth group was given a combination between cryotherapy and topical natamycin therapy. Therapy was given after five days of follow up on the formation of a corneal ulcer. After four days of therapy, the eyes were enucleated to determine MMP-9 and TGF-β1 expression.RESULTS: The result in the third group showed lower MMP-9 expression (20.0±10.0% cells per field of view) compared to the second group (40.0±20.0% cells per field of view) and the fourth group (30.0±25.0% cells per field of view), but had the same MMP-9 expression value as the first group. There was no significant difference in MMP-9 expression between the four groups (p=0.356). The third group reduced more TGF-β1 expression (10.0±12.50% cells per field of view) compared to the fourth group (30±27.5% cells per field of view) and the first group (30±32.5% cells per field of view). There was also no significant difference in TGF-β1 between the four groups (p=0.315).CONCLUSION: There is no significant difference in the expression of TGF-β1 and MMP-9 after the cryotherapy treatment.KEYWORDS: corneal ulcer, cryotherapy, MMP-9, TGF-β
Metabolomics: An Emerging Tool for Precision Medicine
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Metabolomics is a developed technology that comprehensively analyzes the metabolites in biological specimens. It appears to be a prospective method in the practice of precision medicine.CONTENT: Metabolomic technologies currently surpass beyond the traditional clinical chemistry techniques. Metabolomic is capable to perform a precise analysis for hundreds to thousands of metabolites, therefore provide a detailed characterization of metabolic phenotypes and metabolic derangements that underlie disease, to represent an individual’s overall health status, furthermore to discover new precise therapeutic targets, and discovery of biomarkers, either for diagnosis or therapy monitoring purpose.SUMMARY: Adequate data processing and quantification methods are still needed to be developed to boost integrated -omics as a powerful clinical practice platform.KEYWORDS: metabolomic, precision medicine, phenotyping, biomarker, nutritional patter