The Indonesian Biomedical Journal (Prodia Education and Research Institute)
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Purple Sweet Potato Reduces Malondialdehyde and TNF-a, Increases p53, and Protects Histopathological Appearance in Formaldehyde-induced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Rats
Get PDFBACKGROUND:Purple sweet potato tuber ethanol extract (PSPTEE) has been known to have benefits in various disease, including to prevent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, there has been no research on PSPTEE in preventing the proliferation of nasopharyngeal mucosal epithelial cells induced by formaldehyde through the oxidative stress mechanisms and inflammatory process. Studies have proven the effect of PSP on various cancer cells, but the carcinogenesis process of the nasopharyngeal mucosal epithelium is still limited. Hence, this study aimed to demonstrate the mechanism for preventing histopathology changes with PSPTEE due to formaldehyde exposure.METHODS: Thirty-two formaldehyde-induced Wistar rats were treated with or without 1g/kgBW/day PSPTEE for 16 weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level were examined with spectrophotometry method, while tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and p53 with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The histopathology appearance of the nasopharyngeal epithelium was observed with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.RESULTS: MDA and TNF-α levels in control and treatment group were 22.89±2.84 μM; 9.83±0.89 μM and 84.18±11.58 ng/L; 73.92±10.59 ng/L, respectively, and they showed significant difference. Meanwhile, the level of p53 showed no significant difference. Histopathology appearance showed a significant difference. Path analysis for MDA, TNF-α and p53 levels contributed 28.7% to histopathology appearance. MDA have an effect on significant direct effect on TNF-α. TNF-α has a significant direct effect to histopathological appearance. Indirect influence MDA on histopatological appearance were smaller than the direct effect. TNF-α has the greatest influence on histopatological appearance.CONCLUSION: Formaldehyde induces the histopathology appearance in nasopharyngeal epithelium. This study also demonstrates the mechanism to prevent the nasopharynx epithelial histopathology appearance by administration of PSPTEE.KEYWORDS: PSP, MDA, TNF-α, p53, nasopharynx epithelia
High-fat Diet Increases Sprague-Dawley Corticosterone Blood Levels with Nominal Change in Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Level with Signs of Increased Mesenteric Adiposity
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Corticosterone is a common hormone in research involving rodents as it is used to indicate and measure stress levels. It was widely reported that certain dietary habits and components induce Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis activity, with corticosterone found in the bloodstream. Chronic corticosterone presence can portray signs and symptoms of certain endocrine. Certain food and chemicals were found to alter HPA axis activity leading to dysregulation of the HPA axis. Earlier studies have shown enhancement of the HPA axis to produce more glucocorticoids by an unbalanced diet. This study aims to shed more light on this subject.METHODS: Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups of seven each and were fed five respective diets (control, high-fat, high-protein, high-sugar, and high-starch), with tap water as drinking water ad libitum. After eight weeks, the rats were euthanized, blood was collected, and serum harvested and kept for analysis. Mesenteric fat was identified, harvested, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and set for viewing under light microscope. The hormones of interest which is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone was extracted from the blood, to be processed accordingly and quantified using the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array (PDA) analysis technique.RESULTS: The results showed an increase in Sprague-Dawley corticosterone blood levels with a nominal change in ACTH level. Advanced hypertrophy was observed in mesenteric adipose tissue in the high-fat diet group compared to the other diet groups.CONCLUSION: This study confirms the negative effect of a high-fat diet on health from a hormonal and adipocyte perspective. A high-fat diet was found to instigate the HPA axis and influence blood corticosterone level.KEYWORDS: adrenocorticotrophic hormone, ACTH, corticosterone, mesenteric fat, die
BMPR2 Editing in Fibroblast NIH3T3 using CRISPR/Cas9 Affecting BMPR2 mRNA Expression and Proliferation
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor II (BMPR2) deficiency is associated with the pathologic development of pulmonary vascular changes in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH). Fibroblast is the most abundant cell in vascular. However, there is only a little information regarding the effect of BMPR2 deficiency in fibroblast. This study aims to understand the effect of BMPR2 deficiency in fibroblasts.METHODS: This study applied the CRISPR/Cas9 technique to edit BMPPR2 in NIH-3T3 cells. The transfection of CRISPR/Cas9 for BMPR2 editing into NIH-3T3 cells was done by using chitosan nanoparticles. The evaluation of BMPR2 and Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β mRNA expression was done using Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The assessment of edited NIH-3T3 cells proliferation was done using a scratch test assay.RESULTS: The BMPR2 mRNA expression of CRISPR/Cas9-edited group was lower than the untreated group. The proliferation of the CRISPR/Cas9-edited group was higher than the untreated group. The TGF-β mRNA expression of CRISPR/Cas9-edited and untreated groups was similar.CONCLUSION: BMPR2 deficiency in fibroblast increase the fibroblast ability to proliferate.KEYWORDS: BMPR2, PAH, fibroblast NIH-3T3, CRISPR/Cas9, proliferation
The Difference Levels of Hepcidin and Interleukin-6 between Obese and Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Inflammation occurs in chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Insulin resistance and inflammation in type 2 DM with obesity can increase interleukin (IL)-6, causing an increase in hepcidin synthesis in the liver. Increased inflammation can exacerbate the course of type 2 DM. This study aims to prove that there are differences in the levels of hepcidin and IL-6 between obese and non-obese type 2 DM.METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 61 patients with type 2 DM, consist of 22 male and 39 female with an age of more than 40 years. Type 2 DM subjects were obtained from a doctor's diagnosis and were divided into obese and non-obese groups based on body mass index (BMI). Hepcidin and IL-6 levels were examined using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) principle. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test.RESULTS: The mean level of hepcidin in the obese with type 2 DM group was 25.32±11.54 ng/mL, and non-obese was 11.94±5.31 ng/mL. The median level of IL-6 in the obese with type 2 DM group was 11.9 (5-61) pg/mL, and non-obese 4.8 (1.5-9.8) pg/mL. There was a significant difference in hepcidin and IL-6 levels between the obese and non-obese groups (p=0.000).CONCLUSION: Hepcidin and IL-6 levels in the obese group with type 2 DM were higher than non-obese group.KEYWORDS: type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, hepcidin, interleukin-
Insulin Resistance and Other Adipokines as Clinical Predictors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Pregnant Women
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has a strong relationship with an increased risk of maternal and perinatal complications. However, in Basrah, Iraq, studies regarding GDM are still limited. In current study, we aimed to investigate the association between insulin resistance and some clinical predictors of GDM among pregnant women in 1st and 3rd trimesters of gestation.METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 44 pregnant women with GDM and 45 without GDM aged 20 to 40 years who applied for GDM screening during the first (9-13 week) and third trimester (24-28 week) of pregnancy. Demographics, blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), spexin, nesfatin-1, orexin-A, vaspin and lipid profile levels were compared between groups.RESULTS: Subjects with GDM showed a higher level of glucose, insulin HOMA-IR, HbA1c, spexin, vaspin in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy (p<0.01) compared to the healthy subjects. Meanwhile in the first and third trimester, subjects with GDM showed significantly lower level of nesfatin-1 and orexin-A compare to the control. In third trimester, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) outcomes for fasting glucose at 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours after glucose load were significantly higher (p<0.01). According to the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) findings, HOMA-IR, spexin, and vaspin may be more effective predictors biomarkers for GDM in pregnant subjects, while orexin-A and nesfatin-1 were ineffective.CONCLUSION: The correlation of insulin resistance and adipokines in the first and thrid trimester was not significantly different, which may cast new light on the possible role as an etiological cause of GDM and might be a better monitoring parameter in women with GDM. KEYWORDS: gestational diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, vaspin, spexin, orexin-A, nesfatin-
The Enalapril Use in Arterial Hypertension Stimulates The Reparative Processes in Fractures of The Proximal Femur
Get PDFBACKGROUND: In patients with a fracture of the proximal femur and concomitant arterial hypertension, there is a disturbance of the reparative processes of bone tissue. This research aimed to study the regulation of the reparative processes of fractures of the proximal femur with intramedullary osteosynthesis during the correction of concomitant hypertension, which was examined based on some markers using the rat model.METHODS: The study involved healthy Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The subjects were then grouped into healthy rats without exposure (1.1) SHR without exposure (2.1), healthy rats with modeled fractures of the proximal femur (1.2), SHR with modeled fractures of the proximal femur (2.2), SHR underwent hypertension correction with enalapril in subgroups without fracture (2.3) and SHR underwent hypertension correction with enalapril in subgroups with fracture (2.4). The levels of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), IL-10, amino-terminal propeptide procollagen type III (PIIINP), glucose, uric acid, creatinine, urea, cholesterol, and albumin were determined in the blood serum of the animals. Femur preparations were examined after the removal of intramedullary fixation. RESULTS: Serum IL-6 level of animal in group 2.4 (2.297±0.361 pg/mL) were reduced compared to the corresponding indicators of rats in group 2.3 (4.054±0.491 pg/mL, p<0.05). Serum glucose and urea levels of animal in group 2.4 (3.951±0.156 mmol/L, 6.552±0.426 mmol/L, respectively) were significantly reduced in comparison with the group 2.3 (6.384±0.890 mmol/L, 10.369±0.888 mmol/L, respectively). The histological results indicated a positive effect of the drug enalapril on the healing of fractures of the proximal femur in animals with hypertension.CONCLUSION: Correction of arterial hypertension with enalapril in fractures of the proximal femur improves the reparative processes of bone tissue.KEYWORDS: injury healing, remodeling, concomitant diseases, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, cytokines, growth factor, collagen, biochemical parameters
β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan of Mycelia Extract Posses Renal Protection Potential and Reduces Nitric Oxide in Obese Subjects
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Obesity has been widely reported to be associated with loss of kidney function. The efficacy of β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan as a traditional medicine for the improvement of inflammation and vascular status in obesity has known. However, there have been no further studies that prove the effect of β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan in inhibiting kidney injury as an impact of chronic inflammation exposure on obesity. This study aimed to investigate the impact of β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan from mycelia extract supplementation on renal function improvement based on serum nitric oxide (NO), ureum, and creatinine levels.METHODS: This was a randomized control trial study involving 69 obese subjects treated with or without β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan supplementation. The serum NO, ureum, and creatinine levels of the subjects were measured at baseline and post-treatment using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and then statistically analyzed with paired T-test.RESULTS: Although slightly decrease, no significant difference was found between the ureum and creatinine level at the baseline and and post-treatment (p=0.806, p=0.306, respectively) after β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan supplementation. Serum NO levels significantly decrease after treatment of β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan (p<0.001).CONCLUSION: Current study concludes that β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan from mycelia extract does not significantly lower urea and creatinine level, however, significantly able to reduce the serum NO concentration in obese subjects. Therefore, β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan from mycelia extract might have the renal protection potential in obesity.KEYWORDS: β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan, Ganoderma lucidum, renal function improvement, obesit
Ameliorative Effect of Eruca sativa Seeds and Its Rutin on Gentamicin‑Induced Nephrotoxicity in Male Rats via Targeting Inflammatory Status, Oxidative Stress and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1)/Cystatin C Expression
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Nephrotoxicity of Gentamicin (GM), an important aminoglycoside, is still a serious issue in clinical use. Therefore, natural products are currently being used as an alternate source of medicinal substances by researchers all over the world for new medication molecules. Eruca sativa shows several health benefits that appear to be associated with the content of flavonoids. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of E. sativa seed extract (ESE) and its active flavenol rutin (RUT) in GM-induced nephrotoxicity in adult male rats. METHODS: The animals were divided into 10 groups: a control group, a groups administered 150 mg/kg body weight (BW) of ESE, a group administered 300 mg/kg BW of ESE, a group administered with 50 mg/kg BW of RUT, a group administered with 100 mg/kg BW of RUT, a GM-nephrotoxic group, and four GM-nephrotoxic groups treated with the same doses of ESE and RUT as previous groups. The treatments were given orally for 4 weeks. Following the treatments animals in all groups were sacrificed. The blood samples were drawn, and the kidney tissue samples were collected for further analysis.RESULTS: ESE alleviated the nephrotoxic effects of GM as it decreased the serum levels of creatinine, urea, Na+, K+, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Moreover, ESE was linked with kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and Cystatin C mRNA downregulation. Although treatment with pure RUT induced the same modulation of ESE in GM- nephrotoxic rats, pure RUT was more effective than ESE in the modulation of oxidative kidney injury.CONCLUSION: The present study revealed the health-promoting effects of ESE or RUT in the attenuation of GM-induced nephrotoxicity.KEYWORDS: nephrotoxicity, gentamicin, Eruca sativa, rutin, inflammation, KIM-1/cystatin C expressio
Update on Obesity: Induced Inflammation to Cause Cardiometabolic Diseases
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Obesity incidence has risen dramatically during the last 50 years, reaching epidemic proportions. Obesity's growing prevalence, as well as its numerous metabolic and cardiovascular problems, poses a danger to human health and lifespan across the world.CONTENT: Numerous studies have shown that obesity causes inflammation, and suggest that inflammation may have a causal role in the development of insulin resistance, defective insulin secretion, and energy homeostasis disturbance. Obesity-induced inflammation is different from other inflammatory models because it includes tonic activation of the innate immune system, which has a long-term influence on metabolic balance. Inflammation can cause tissue damage by causing maladaptive responses such as fibrosis and necrosis. Obesity-induced inflammation is unique since it affects a variety of organs, including the adipose tissue, pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. These characteristics of obesity-induced inflammation make it difficult to decipher the underlying processes and how they affect metabolic systems.SUMMARY: The disruption of energy homeostasis caused by a positive energy balance is most likely the first trigger of metabolic inflammation, and the initial adaptive response aim to relieve the anabolic pressure caused by obesity. However, over time, this adaptive reaction becomes maladaptive, and the persistence of inflammation shows that the initial response has failed. The inflammation affects so many organ systems during obesity, and to develop novel treatment methods, a greater knowledge of the process was needed.KEYWORDS: obesity, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, heart failur
OXTR Gene mRNA Expression is Correlated to Prosocial Behavior of Children in the Golden Generation Program of Nusa Tenggara Barat
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Cases of undernutrition, such as stunting and wasting, in Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB), Indonesia, was found to be relatively high. Therefore, local government launched a golden generation program called GEN NTB to improve the quality of human resources by achieving a healthy, intelligent, devout, and productive generation in 2045. One of the genes known to be related with prosocial behavior is the oxytocin transferase (OXTR) gene. This study was conducted to determine the association between OXTR gene mRNA expression and prosocial behavior of the GEN NTB children.METHODS: This was an analytical observational case-control study involving 25 children as GEN NTB samples and 26 children as controls. Blood samples were tested for OXTR protein level with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and OXTR mRNA expression with real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Prosocial behavior was characterized and determined by using a rating method, which valued from 1 to 4 for poor to very good behavior.RESULTS: The average OXTR protein levels of the GEN NTB group was 88.28 ng/mL, which were higher than the average OXTR protein levels of control group (2.41 ng/mL). According to fold change analysis, the OXTR mRNA expression in GEN NTB group was also higher than the control group (10.91 vs. 6.40). Interestingly, observations on the prosocial behavior of the GEN NTB group showed significantly higher rate values compared to the control group (17.3 vs. 8.0, p=0.034). Hence, these findings showed that the OXTR protein level and OXTR mRNA expression was correlated with the better prosocial behavior.CONCLUSION: Higher rating of prosocial behavior of the GEN NTB children is related to the higher OXTR mRNA expression levels. This might be attributed to the interventions of GEN NTB program that may elevate children's quality of life since early childhood.KEYWORDS: GEN NTB, OXTR protein, mRNA expression, prosocial behavior, childre