Ice and Snow (E-Journal) / Лёд и Снег
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Оценка поверхностной абляции и баланса массы ледника Восточный Грёнфьорд (Западный Шпицберген)
Get PDFDue to climatic changes in Spitsbergen the glaciation of the Nordenskjold Land (West Spitsbergen) has significantly degraded over the past 100 years. Changes in glaciers are undoubtedly associated with intensive melting caused by a rise of summer air temperatures. Based on the results of field measurements of ablation on the East Grenford glacier, data on the ice reduction were obtained since 2004. Analysis of the results showed that magnitude of the surface ablation is in a good agreement with the values calculated by the Krenke–Hodakov formula, in which the argument is the average summer air temperature. The parabolic dependence of the Krenke-Hodakov formula with the exponent of 3.25 presented the best approximation to the field measurements for all high-altitude zones of the glacier with a correlation coefficient of 0.96. The calculated values of ablation of ice and snow were used to estimate the mass balance of the East Grenford glacier since 2004. The calculations were based on the following: measured values of jump in temperature at the boundary of the glacier, averaged values of the air temperature gradient, and averaged data on snow storage on the glacier. Data on the mass balance of the glacier is indicative of its shortening during the last decade, despite the interannual variations. In 2016, the glacier mass balance reached the lowest value equal to −1990 mm, the calculated value was equal to −1960 mm. Analysis of the data demonstrated that the average summer air temperature is the major factor affecting the glacier mass balance. These results may be useful for estimating melting and mass balance of a number of mountain glaciers of the Nordenskjold Land. Многолетние наблюдения на леднике Восточный Грёнфьорд показали значительное сокращение его площади и снижение поверхности ледника. Расчёт абляции проводился по четырём высотным зонам с учётом реальных значений температурного градиента и температурного скачка на краю ледника. Результаты, полученные на этом леднике, позволяют оценить летнюю абляции и баланс массы горных ледников на западе Земли Норденшельда
Внутриландшафтное распределение снегозапасов в бассейне р. Майма (низкогорья Русского Алтая)
Get PDFThe paper presents the results of observations and cartographic modeling of distribution of maximum snow storages (snowpack water equivalent) in the low-mountain forest landscapes of the Maima river basin in different by snow amount winters. The weather conditions during cold periods of 2014/15-2017/18 were analyzed. The data on precipitation and mean monthly temperatures for the above mentioned seasons were compared with averaged values for 1998-2018 as the whole. It was found that the values of snow storages as well as losses for evaporation here are mainly conditioned by the meteorological parameters of the cold period. The algorithm of mapping with the use of the landscape cartographic basis and corrections for features of the relief and the character of the underlying surface is proposed. This algorithm may be used in the studies of snow accumulation in low-mountain forest landscapes. It had been found that the cold periods of 2014/15 and 2016/17 were characterized by the highest excess of winter precipitation over the averaged long-term values, whereas the lowest values were typical for 2017/18 and 2015/16. According to mean monthly air temperatures, the investigated winters were warm. The data on the in situ measurements and calculations confirm the dependence of snow accumulation in the basin on an altitude gradient, vegetation features, expositions and surface steepness. Consistently high values of snow storages are characteristic for the black-taiga landscapes on the shadow slopes (North-Western, Northern and North-Eastern expositions) with an angle of up to 20° with small-leaved forests. Minimum values of snow storages are observed in the sub-taiga part of the basin on the slopes of light (South-Western, Southern and South-Eastern) and transitional (Western and Eastern) expositions with an angle of more than 20° with the domination of original coniferous forests.Изложены результаты (2014/15-2017/18 гг.) снегомерных работ и картографического моделирования максимальных снегозапасов в преимущественно низкогорном бассейне р. Майма. Установлено, что максимальные снегозапасы наблюдаются на теневых склонах с углом наклона до 20о с мелколиственными лесами; минимальные - на склонах световых и переходных экспозиций с углом наклона более 20о с коренными хвойными лесами
Космические снимки в новом Атласе «Российская Арктика»
Get PDFThe increasing interest in the Arctic promotes appearance of new cartographic products to provide information for the primary tasks of this region development. So, several atlases of the Arctic have been already published. At the initiative and with the financial support from the oil and gas industry, a new Atlas «Russian Arctic» is being prepared for publication, in which considerable attention is given to the environmental aspects of the development of the North with account for conditions of changing climate. Unlike previous atlases, this Atlas contains thematic sets of satellite images reflecting changes in the natural environment, in particular, different types of natural ice under conditions of warming. The space part of the Atlas developed by the authors of this article covers a number of subjects. Thus, the decrease in the area of sea ice is illustrated by the materials of shooting from the space of the Northern polar cap for the period of the largest reduction in the area. Images made in different time fix retreating of the shores, composed of underground ice, being the result of the processes of thermal abrasion, thermal erosion and thermal denudation. Complicated ice conditions of navigation in the Ob Bay and characteristics of the Arctic rivers mouths are presented by pictures of tidal estuaries of the rivers Mezen and Kuloi. Images of ice jams at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River and materials of space monitoring of measures for liquidation of them are also given in the Atlas. Special attention is given to forms of permafrost relief, which are well displayed in high-resolution images. They show a polygonal micro-relief of different types and stages of development of them, as well as frost mounds, dales, and thermo-erosion forms. Formation of aufeises (naleds), thermokarst lakes, and craters of gas outbursts is also shown. The wildlife of the Arctic is represented in the Atlas as well. The pictures present a visual image of different types of tundra. The influence of warming on vegetation development is well reflected in the photo map of the dynamics of the vegetation index for 2000-2009, showing the growth of phytomass in the European North. The Atlas contains unique materials of satellite monitoring of Arctic mammals - walruses and seals. The impact of using mineral resources on the vulnerable nature of the Arctic is shown in the Khibiny region. Prominent examples of the vegetation degradation in the areas of Norilsk and Monchegorsk cities are given, where technogenic wastelands have been formed under the sulfuric acid fumes of the copper-nickel plants.Представлено космическое оснащение нового Атласа «Российская Арктика». Включённые в атлас космические снимки отражают изменения в районах криолитозоны, насыщенных разными видами природных льдов, остро реагирующих на потепление климата и освоение территории. Снимки группируются по темам: морские льды, берега северных морей, устьевые области арктических рек, многолетняя мерзлота, ландшафты, биота, недропользование, промышленное воздействие на экосистемы
Загрязнение поверхности снега полициклическими ароматическими углеводородами при образовании изморози
Get PDFWhen analyzing chemical compositions of snow the high variability of content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in snow cover between snowfalls is observed. Researchers explain this by concentrating of snow. However, another mechanism of atmospheric contamination of the snow cover surface is possible. It may be a precipitation of fine crystals of PAHs from the atmosphere in the composition of cryohydrates, which can form aerogenic anomalies on the snow surface at formation of hoarfrost. The process starts in the atmosphere during the interaction of finely dispersed crystals of PAHs with cloud supercooled drops. This results in the cryogenic concentration of solid particles of PAHs by way of formation of solid eutectic mixture – cryohydrates, which are a two-phase system consisting of a fine mixture of crystals of solid particles and ice. Evidence of their manifestation is the presence of the Forel hatching on the surface of the facets of the hoarfrost crystals appearing due to the different optical density of alternating zones, which consist of interpenetrating domains of crystallized solid aerosols and ice. At the same time, due to the presence of temperature inversion over the snow cover and its drying effect on the near-snow layer of air, a stable mass transport of water vapor down to the snow cover is formed, which can initiate the flow of fine cryohydrates from the PAHs. Therefore, the growth of atmospheric ice crystals, begun in the surface atmosphere, continues on the snow surface during formation of hoarfrost, thus creating a special nano-relief of snow cover. The paper presents the results of observations of changes in the concentration of individual PAHs in the upper 18 mm layer of snow at accumulation of the surface hoarfrost during a long period between snowfalls. Some micro-morphological features of the forms of skeletal rime micro-crystals are shown, with which an increase in the nano-roughness of the snow surface is associated, as well as the manifestation of the signal of the aerogenic PAH anomaly on the snow surface. Since the conditions for the formation of surface hoarfrost occur more often than for snowfalls, the hoarfrost may be an informative object of testing when detecting hydrocarbon contamination of snow cover during the intervals between snowfalls.Рассматриваются физические свойства снежного покрова, контролирующие механизм загрязнения снежного покрова полициклическими ароматическими углеводородами при образовании поверхностной изморози. Показаны некоторые микроморфологические признаки различных форм скелетных кристаллов изморози, участвующих в указанном процессе. Обсуждается механизм загрязнения поверхности снежного покрова, связанного с атмосферным стоком тонкодисперсных кристаллов полициклических ароматических углеводородов в составе криогидратов
«Взаимодействие элементов природной среды в высокоширотных условиях» Всероссийская научная конференция в Сочи (сентябрь 2019 г.)
Get PDFAll-Russian Scientific Conference «The interaction of the natural environment elements in high latitude areas», Sochi, September 2019.25–28 сентября 2019 г. в Сочи проходила Всероссийская научная конференция «Взаимодействие элементов природной среды в высокоширотных условиях»
Химический состав льда и подлёдной воды Онежского озера (на примере Петрозаводской губы)
Get PDFData on the content of ions, nutrients and organic substance in snow on the ice as well as in the ice and water under ice in the Petrozavodsk Bay and Central part of Onega Lake (March 2017) as well as in the snow cover on the Petrozavodsk Bay shore (2008–2017) are presented. In areas of the Petrozavodsk Bay experiencing anthropogenic and natural impacts, chloride ions prevail among anions in crystallo-hydrates, while sulphate ions are prevalent at the exit from the Bay and in the central part of the lake (clean water). The water under ice has a bicarbonate-calcium composition. Among the inorganic forms of nitrogen compounds (NH4+, NO2, NO3) ammonium ions prevail in the ice(70%), while in snow and the water under ice the prevalent are nitrate ions and organic nitrogen. The content of nitrogen compounds and mineral and total phosphorus is increased in the upper layer of ice. Note, that chemical composition of ice cover is formed by both, a water under the ice and atmospheric precipitation. To determine intensity of involvement of dissolved substances to the ice in combination with ice-forming water, the coefficient of involvement Kv was used. As is shown by our studies, value of the involvement index Kv is individual for each chemical component, however a certain general regularity is observed. Thus, the not proportional relations between contents of ammonium and phosphate ions in ice and water under ice were noticed. The increased involvement indices of NH4+and РО43− into the ice from the water under ice seem to be due to the high rate of migration of these ions together with detachment of them from organic matter molecules.Представлены результаты исследований гидрокриогенных компонентов минеральных, биогенных и органических веществ в системе лёд – подлёдная вода – снег на акватории и на побережье Петрозаводской губы и Центрального плёса Онежского озера. Среди неорганических форм азотистых соединений во льду преобладают аммонийные ионы (~70%), а в снеге и подлёдной воде – нитрат-ионы и органический азот. В районах Петрозаводской губы, испытывающих антропогенное и природное воздействие, в кристаллогидратах среди анионов преобладают хлорид-ионы, а в чистых её районах и Центральной части озера – сульфат-ионы
Исследования ледового режима на акватории Хатангского залива в море Лаптевых
Get PDFThe study was carried out to reveal characteristics of the ice regime of poorly explored water area of the Khatanga Bay in the South-Western part of the Laptev Sea. Actuality of the research is due to the high potential of hydrocarbon reserves in the license area «Khatangsky» of the PAO «NK «Rosneft Currently available methods of monitoring ice cover and hydrometeorological conditions throughout the year were used. The main features of the hydrological regime of the region in the ice-free period, reflected in the spatial distribution of thermohaline characteristics and sea level fluctuations, are shown. The area under investigation has specific features of the conditions for the formation of ice cover: the entire area is covered with the fast ice; the winter fresh water infl w from Khatanga and Anabar rivers results in the desalination of sea water, and this promotes formation of ice cover, which differs in crystal structure and texture from both fresh and sea ices. These factors do influence on the mechanical properties of ice, including its strength. It was found that the average and maximum values of strength of the smooth and deformed ice of the Khatanga Gulf are approximately twice as high as the similar values of the sea ice strength in the southern part of the Laptev Sea. The basic features of the spatial distribution of different types of deformations of the ice cover such as lines of ice hummocks, zones of homogeneous ice hummocking, and stamukhas had been determined.Цель исследований – выявить особенности ледового режима малоизученной акватории Хатангского залива в море Лаптевых. На основе круглогодичных исследований на стационаре «Хастыр» и весенних исследований с использованием вертолёта обнаружены новые особенности формирования ледяного покрова, связанные с притоком пресных вод и большого количества примесей, которые приводят к повышенной прочности льда. Установлено пространственное распределение различных видов деформированного льда
СТРОЕНИЕ И МНОГОЛЕТНЯЯ ДИНАМИКА ЛЕДЯНОГО ПОКРОВА В НИЖНЕМ ТЕЧЕНИИ РЕКИ АМУР
Get PDFThe severity of the climate in the lower reaches of the Amur River, characteristics of the river water regime, dynamics of the channel processes together with meteorological factors determine rather specific ice regime of this river. The freeze-up on the river lasts from 152 (Khabarovsk) to 185 (the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur) days, and by the end of winter the ice thickness reaches, on the average, 1.0–1.2 m. Three main types of the ice thickness structure are recognized according to conditions of the ice formation. The first type is much hummocky ice, consisting of the ice fragments frozen together over the entire thickness after the end of the autumn ice drift. It is widespread in channels of the largest branches of the river and is characterized by a thickness up to 2.2 m and the great quantities of terrigenous inclusions – up to 1.064 g/dm3. The second type is weakly hummocky ice comprising two layers. The upper part consists of fragments with inclusions of terrigenous particles, while the bottom one – of the homogeneous transparent ice thickness frozen during the winter. The third type is the pure homogeneous ice formed during the winter in small branches of the river. Its thickness is about 0.9–1.1 m, and the average content of terrigenous material is about 0,046 g/dm3. When compared with the climate situation of 1930–1990, the global climate warming of 1991–2013 resulted in a shift in dates of the main spring and autumn ice phenomena by 2–3 days, while the duration of the stable ice cover reduced by 3–4 days.Рассматривается строение ледяного покрова на участках разветвлённого русла в пределах нижнего течения р. Амур. Определено среднее содержание терригенного материала, включённого в лёд (от 1,064 г/дм3 для сильно торосистых льдов в больших речных рукавах до 0,046 г/дм3 в небольших второстепенных протоках). В 1991–2013 гг. по сравнению с 1930–1990 гг. начало осенних ледовых явлений в нижнем течении реки сместилось на 1–2 дня на более поздние сроки, весеннего ледохода – на 2–3 дня раньше, а продолжительность ледостава сократилась на 3–4 дня