Ice and Snow (E-Journal) / Лёд и Снег
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Причины и особенности долговременной изменчивости ледовитости Баренцева моря
Get PDFBased on the spectral analysis of a number of estimates of the ice extent of the Barents Sea, obtained from instrumental observational data for 1900–2014, and for the selected CMIP5 project models (MPI-ESM-LR, MPI-ESMMR and GFDL-CM3) for 1900–2005, a typical period of ~60‑year inter-annual variability associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) in conditions of a general significant decrease in the ice extent of the Barents Sea, which, according to observations and model calculations, was 20 and 15%, respectively, which confirms global warming. The maximum contribution to the total dispersion of temperature, ice cover of the Barents Sea, AMO, introduces variability with periods of more than 20 years and trends that are 47, 20, 51% and 33, 57, 30%, respectively. On the basis of the cross correlation analysis, significant links have been established between the ice extent of the Barents Sea, AMO, and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) for the period 1900–2014. A significant negative connection (R = −0.8) of ice cover and Atlantic multi-decadal oscillations was revealed at periods of more than 20 years with a shift of 1–2 years; NAO and ice cover (R = −0.6) with a shift of 1–2 years for periods of 10–20 years; AMO and NAO (R = −0.4 ÷ −0.5) with a 3‑year shift with AMO leading at 3–4, 6–8 and more than 20 years. The periods of the ice cover growth are specified: 1950–1980 and the reduction of the ice cover: the 1920–1950 and the 1980–2010 in the Barents Sea. Intensification of the transfer of warm waters from the North Atlantic to the Arctic basin, under the atmospheric influence caused by the NAO, accompanied by the growth of AMO leads to an increase in temperature, salinity and a decrease of ice cover in the Barents Sea. During periods of ice cover growth, opposite tendencies appear. The decrease in the ice cover area of the entire Northern Hemisphere by 1.5 × 106 km2 since the mid-1980s. to the beginning of the 2010, identified in the present work on NOAA satellite data, confirms the results obtained on the change in ice extent in the Barents Sea.На основе анализа данных инструментальных наблюдений за 1900–2014 гг. и модельных расчётов проекта CMIP5 установлена долговременная изменчивость ледовитости Баренцева моря с характерным периодом около 60 лет, соответствующим Атлантической мультидекадной осцилляции. На основе сдвигового взаимного корреляционного анализа выявлена связь изменений температуры и ледовитости Баренцева моря с изменчивостью интенсивности атмосферной и океанической циркуляции в Северной Атлантике
Изменения баланса массы ледника Гарабаши (Эльбрус) на рубеже XX–XXI вв.
Get PDFLong-term series of observations on the glacier of the southern slope of Elbrus manifest the change of two climatic periods in the highlands of the Caucasus. During the first one, relatively cold and snowy period of 1982–1997 with a small positive mass balance, the Garabashi Glacier accumulated a layer of 0.8 m.e. The second period (1998–2017) is characterized by rising summer air temperatures and increasing precipitation in the first decade, and catastrophic melting in 2010–2017. The mass balance of the glacier averaged −0.63 m w.e. yr−1, and in some years it reached −1.00 ÷ −1.50 m w.e. yr−1. In the last ten years, frequency of vast anticyclones covering the southern part of the European part of Russia and the North Caucasus increased. Summer temperatures in the Elbrus region rose to almost the level of the 1950s that was the hottest decade of the XX century. Duration of the summer season on the glaciers increased. Active melting resulted in elevation of the equilibrium line of the Garabashy Glacier by 200 m. In the main part of the glacier alimentation area, i.e. at heights of 3800–4000 m, the large parts of the firn area had disappeared, but open ice of the ablation zone had appeared. The former areas of the "warm" firn zone, where up to 35% of melt water retained within the 20‑meter firn thickness, were replaced by the firn-ice zone, and the ice discharge increased. The glacier alimentation is decreased, and its tongue retreats with increasing velocity. Rocks and entire lava ridges release from ice at different levels of the glacier. The inter-annual variations of the glacier mass balance are controlled by intensity of ablation. In the second period, the correlation coefficient of these values reached 0.97 compared to 0.82 in the first one. In total over 36 years of observations, reduction of the glacier mass during the second period resulted in loss of volume (0.05 km3 or 14%), area (0.51 km2 or 11.4%), and of ice layer (11.4 m).На основе 36‑летнего ряда ежегодных наблюдений за балансом массы и состоянием ледника Гарабаши на Эльбрусе выделены два периода: 1982–1997 и 1998–2017 гг. В первом периоде отмечен небольшой положительный баланс массы (+0,8 м в.э.), а во втором летние температуры в Приэльбрусье повысились на 1 °С, граница питания поднялась на 200 м. За все годы наблюдений ледник потерял 14% своего объёма и 11,4% площади
ХХ век: Историческая канва советской/российской гляциологии
Get PDFThe article describes the formation and development of Soviet glaciology during the second half of the XX century and the role of the Glaciological Department of the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences in this process. The Department of Glaciology had been organized in 1957 by outstanding Soviet scientist G.A. Avsyuk. During the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958) Soviet glaciologists worked in Antarctica, on the Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, as well as in the Polar Urals, where a permanent station was established and operated until disintegration of the Soviet Union. In succeeding years comprehensive field studies of glaciers were carried out in the Caucasus, in mountains of Central Asia and at Spitsbergen. Since 1961, the results were published in the periodical issues «Data of Glaciological Studies». In 2010, this edition was transformed into an academic journal under the title «Ice and Snow». Two years later, along with the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Geographical Society became its co-founder. This is a quarterly journal.In the early 1960s, special Division of Glaciology had been organized in the Russian Geophysical Committee under Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and later on, members of this Department regularly organized All-Union (then All-Russian) glaciological symposia. These were held in different cities of the Soviet Union/Russia. A total of 16 glaciological symposia took place from 1961 to 2016. In addition, in 1970-80s the Department of Glaciology annually conducted school workshops on different areas of glaciology. In the 1970s, a program had been developed for continuous observations of the glacier fluctuations of three classes, differing in degree of detail; these works were carried out until disintegration of the Soviet Union. In 1965-1982, Academy of Sciences in cooperation with the Hydrometeorological Service collected data to compile the USSR Glacier Inventory, and the Department of Glaciology of the Institute of Geography had organized for this purpose the Pamir expedition that carried out field investigations from 1968 to 1974. The USSR Glacier Inventory was the first one in creation of the world catalogue of glaciers, which had been completed at the beginning of the XXI century. In 1997, the World Atlas of Snow and Ice Resources had been published; it was based on the whole complex of data available in the XX century on the state of the present-day glaciers. At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, there comes a time of the space age, when the main sources of our knowledge about the Earth are the satellite images of different scales and properties.Рассказывается о становлении и развитии советской гляциологии на протяжении второй половины ХХ в. и о роли отдела гляциологии Института географии АН СССР/РАН в этом процессе. Говоритсяо Секции гляциологии, периодическом издании «Материалы гляциологических исследований» (сейчас академический журнал «Лёд и Снег») и 16 всесоюзных (всероссийских) гляциологических симпозиумах, а также многих начинаниях Секции гляциологии во второй половине ХХ в
Содержание журнала за 2019 год
Get PDFContents of four issues of the Journal for 2019.Содержание журнала за 2019 год
Аннотированная библиография русскоязычной литературы по гляциологии за 2017 год
No full textThe proposed annual bibliography continues annotated lists of the Russian-language literature on glaciology that were regularly published in the past. It includes 277 references grouped into the atmospheric ice; 4) snow cover; 5) avalanches and glacial mudflows; 6) sea ice; 7) river and lake ice; 8) icings and ground ice; 9) the glaciers and ice caps; 10) palaeoglaciology. In addition to the works of the current year, some works of earlier years are added, that, for various reasons, were not included in previous bibliographies. Предлагаемая библиография продолжает ежегодные аннотированные списки русскоязычной литературы по гляциологии, которые регулярно публиковались в прошлом. Помимо работ текущего года, в списке встречаются работы более ранних лет, по тем или иным причинам не вошедшие в предыдущие библиографические списки.
Изотопный состав кислорода снежно-фирновой толщи на Восточной вершине Эльбруса
Get PDFThe isotopic composition of oxygen of the snow-and-firn and snow thickness on the Eastern peak of Elbrus had been studied. In 2006-2008, a number of snow samples were taken in the near-peak area of Elbrus to analyze the isotopic composition of them. The drilling was performed at the crater of the Eastern peak in 2006 (64 samples) while in 2017 the samples were taken from snow pit (25 samples). Another core to a depth of 23.8 m was extracted at the Western Plateau (118 samples) for the purpose to compare local 518О values with samples from the Eastern peak. The δ18О values in the snow-and-firn thickness from the crater of the Eastern peak vary from -6.8 to -19.41 %o with the average value of -12.61 %o. It was revealed that snow layers with extremely low values of δ18О (down to -30 %) found on the eastern slope were absent on the western plateau. The loss of part of the annual isotope precipitation signal due to the winter extra light horizons could be caused by two reasons: wind drift of the freshly deposited snow, as well as the absence of part of the winter snowfalls with isotope-light precipitation at altitudes higher 5300 m. Seasonal variations of δ18О values, equal to 12 % and found in the snow-and-firn thickness on the Eastern peak, indicate that formation of the isotopic characteristics of snow is determined here by the equilibrium Rayleigh condensation and this is associated with the annual amplitude of the air temperature by a coefficient of 0.6 %o/°C. In the isotopic record obtained on the Western plateau of Elbrus, the relationship of values δ18О with the condensation temperature may be disturbed due to the frequent change of the main moisture-bearing air masses. This leads to significantly different δ18О values in precipitation at the same temperatures (the connection of seasonal δ18О values with the annual amplitude of air temperature varies from 0.3 to 1.12 %о/°С).Установлены сезонные вариации значений δ18О в снежно-фирновой толще на Восточной вершине Эльбруса от -6,8 до -19,41 %о при среднем значении -12,61 %о. В отличие от Западного плато здесь отсутствуют слои снега с экстремально низкими значениями δ18О. Потеря части годового изотопного сигнала осадков за счёт зимних экстра лёгких горизонтов связана с ветровым сносом уже отложенного снега и отсутствием части зимних снегопадов с изотопно лёгкими осадками на высотах более 5300 м
Каменные глетчеры хребта Улахан-Чистай (осевая часть горной системы Черского)
Get PDFThe Ulakhan-Chistay Ridge is interesting by the fact that one of the most extensive mountain glaciations in northeast Russia is located here. In addition, there are widespread specific glacial-cryogenic formations – stone glaciers related to glacial and periglacial processes. On the basis of geoinformation mapping on evidence of remote sensing of the Earth and field investigations within boundaries of the Ridge, 1812 stone glaciers of different morphological types in relation to the enclosing relief were found, among them 111 circus (corrie) and 1701 niche ones. In the group of corrie glaciers, the dominating units are the active forms (76). Some of them are distinctive in the complex structure with different age generations. Among the niche glaciers 948 active, 545 inactive, and 208 relict ones were determined. The analysis of frequency distributions has allowed establishing that the stone glaciers of the studied area are located within the interval of heights 550-2450 m above the sea level. However, the main part of the active formations are positioned at heights of 1500–1900 m. Field observations of stone glaciers were carried out in the upper part of the Kyureter River area that is on the eastern slope of the Ridge. Investigations did show that thicknesses of glaciers at the key area (site) did not exceed 50 m, and they probably consist of several coalesced lobes. Thus, they form polylobate stone glaciers which width may reach 610 m or more with the lobes extending for up to 340 m.На хр. Улахан-Чистай по данным дистанционного зондирования Земли и полевых наблюдений в интервале высот 550–2450 м над ур. моря установлено 1812 каровых и присклоновых каменных глетчеров. Среди них выявлены активные, неактивные и отмёршие. Результаты дешифрирования космических снимков проверены на основе полевых работ в долине верхнего течения р. Кюрэтэр на восточном склоне хребта
Мониторинг температуры почв на многолетнемёрзлых породах в естественных и антропогенно нарушенных условиях Тункинской котловины
Get PDFThe territory of the study is the Tunkinsky intermountain basin (South-Western Baikal region, Republic of Buryatia) which belongs to the area of sporadic (island) distribution of permafrost. Soil temperature controls many biotic and abiotic processes in it, so it is important to monitor the freezing and thawing regimes in peat and mineral soils. The object of the study is coarse-humic cryogenic soils on sandy lacustrine-alluvial sediments. The first site was represented by natural coarse-humic cryogenic soils under spruce forest, while the second site was organized on the area where in 1960s the forest had been destroyed and the soils were ploughed. At the end of XX century, the arable lands were abandoned, and now they are covered with steppe grasses (the long fallow). Both sites are located on the permafrost. The atmospheric-soil measuring complex was used to study the state of both the perennial and seasonal permafrost at these two sites. The soil temperatures were measured in automatic mode with a time interval of 1 hour from July 1, 2013 to June 30, 2017 along the soil profile from the surface down to a depth of 320 cm. Anthropogenic interference on one of the sites resulted in changes in vegetation cover, the soil moisture as well as the morphological structure and granulometric composition of the upper part of the soil layer. This caused changes in the temperature regime of the permafrost and its degradation with lowering of its upper limit. The soil on the long fallow is better warmed up and cools down faster than it takes place under the spruce forest. As a result of this, the maximum annual temperature on the surface here is higher by 10 °C, while at a depth of 320 cm – by 5 °C, and the minimum annual temperature on the surface is lower by 7 °C, while at a depth of 320 cm – by 1 °C. On the anthropogenically disturbed area, the warm period (at the soil temperature above 0 °C) on the surface is, on the average, by 22 days longer than on the natural lot. These differences are observed at all depths. As a result, the perennial permafrost is retained under the spruce forest below 130 cm throughout the year (soil temperature −0.2 ÷ −0.9 °C), while on the fallow the zero isotherm during seasonal thawing falls much deeper 320 cm, and the soil in the layer of 240–320 cm warms up to 2–5 °C.По данным автоматического мониторинга с 1 июля 2013 г. по 30 июня 2017 г. на территории Тункинской котловины изучена внутригодовая динамика температуры грубогумусовых криозёмов, оценены последствия сведения леса и агрогенной трансформации гумусового горизонта на режим промерзания и протаивания почв, приведшие к деградации многолетнемёрзлого слоя
Изучение дрейфа айсбергов у побережья Северной Земли весной 2018 г. с помощью спутниковой информации
Get PDFThe movement of icebergs in the Laptev Sea off the coast of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago in spring of 2018 was analyzed using satellite observations in visible spectral band. As is shown in the article the data of radiometers installed on the Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellites allow monitoring of iceberg drifting in spring period in the above Arctic region. Thus, in March-April 2018, the total amount of icebergs detected near the archipelago was 4917. 4161 icebergs were in the landfast ice, 722 ones were drifting with the ice fields, and the other 32 were aground in ice fields. The average length of the icebergs was equal to 88 m; the largest of the recognized icebergs was located in the landfast ice near the ice shelf of the Matusevich fjord and it was 1240 m in length. The maximum speed of drift of the icebergs, as determined by the satellite data, was equal to 29.5 km/day. This was estimated for the situation when the speed of the near-water (surface) wind reached 20 m/s and larger. The purpose of the work was to study drifting of icebergs in order to define more exactly dynamics of the iceberg movement in this poorly known area of the Arctic. It is found that in a case of the consolidated ice cover the drift speed of ice fields with the icebergs involved depends on the driving wind force and direction. According to mean speeds of movement all icebergs were separated into three groups: the icebergs of the coastal zone with velocities smaller 1 km/day; the icebergs of the transition zone at speeds of 1.3 to 1.6 km/day; and the icebergs of the transit zone with speeds larger 2 km/day. The characteristics of the iceberg drifts obtained on the basis of daily satellite monitoring can be used in regional iceberg drift models to ensure safe economic activity on the Arctic shelf. Also, they can find application in engineering calculations in the design of infrastructure facilities on the shelf of the Arctic seas.Обсуждаются результаты спутникового мониторинга айсбергов, находившихся в сплочённом ледяном покрове у побережья Северной Земли в марте-апреле 2018 г. Показано, что айсберги вместе с ледяными полями перемещались на северо-запад из моря Лаптевых в Арктический бассейн, причём скорость перемещения зависела от скорости приводного ветра. Приведены траектории 50 айсбергов по наблюдениям за 1-3,5 месяцев
