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Quantum Circuit Optimization Leveraging Multi-Qubit Exchange Interactions In Spin Qubits
Get PDFThis thesis looks into how multi-qubit exchange interactions can be used to improve quantumcircuits in semiconductor quantum devices. Pairwise interactions between qubits are a common tenet of traditional quantum computing paradigms, although they can impose complexity and depth constraints on circuits. In order to improve the efficiency and scalability of quantum circuits, this research explores the theoretical underpinnings and practical uses of multi-qubit interactions. A thorough theoretical framework is formulated, outlining the mathematical equivalence of a unitary matrix representing interactions between multiple qubits. We obtain the timeevolution operator by analyzing the Hamiltonian of three spin-1/2 particles. A number of quantum circuits, such as those for producing GHZ states, W states, and executing 3-qubit error-correcting codes, are built and optimized using this operator. Results show that the suggested method is superior to conventional pairwise interactionbased circuits, with both the number of gates and the depth of the circuit significantly reduced. Quantum algorithm processing efficiency is assessed by testing the improved circuits. This research adds to the growing body of knowledge on quantum computing by offering a fresh viewpoint on optimizing and designing circuits through interactions between many qubits. The suggested approaches show potential for creating efficient and scalable quantum processors, which could have an effect on many different areas of quantum computing
Reactive Processing Of Hf-Nb-Ti-Ta Melts Into A B4c/c Packed Bed
Get PDFThe reactivity of liquid Hf-Nb-Ti-Ta alloy in B4C/C packed bed to form boride-carbide precipitates for ultra-high temperature ceramics was investigated at 2800 K. The objectives were to predict the thermodynamic phases formed and verify them with microstructural characterization. A pseudo-isopiestic technique was used to significantly lower the oxygen potential as the liquid Hf alloy infused and reacted into a B4C packed bed within a graphite enclosure. The technique had a low temperature region (at 1300 K) to control the oxygen potential with a Y-Al/Y2O3-Al2O3/carbide mixture as a liquid Hf alloy at 2800 K and reacted with B4C/C. In addition, any oxygen within the graphite enclosure reacted to form CO which transported oxygen from the hot region to the low temperature at which the invariant point of oxide/Y-Al melt/carbide fixed the oxygen potential.
The liquid Hf alloys reacted with the B4C to produce a metal matrix composite of Hf-Nb-Ti alloys with and without Ta with precipitates of primarily Hf-Nb diborides and Hf-Nb-Ti monocarbides. Although the liquid Hf has a significant reactivity with oxygen, limited dissolved oxygen developed within the liquid Hf alloy, because the pseudo-isopiestic technique significantly controlled the oxygen potential. The liquid Hf alloy upon cooling segregates into hafnium rich and niobium rich phases of borides and monocarbides along with graphite precipitation. A calculated Hf-Nb/Ti/B4C ternary system depicting diborides and monocarbides in the midsection surrounded by liquid regions at 2800 K explains the reactivity of the Hf liquid alloys with B4C
Effects of Doctoral Program Education on Cardiovascular and General Health Outcomes of Physical Therapy Students
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How to Make AI More Reliable
Get PDFOne of the reasons why the results of the current AI methods (especially deep-learning-based methods) are not absolutely reliable is that, in contrast to more traditional data processing techniques which are based on solid mathematical and statistical foundations, modern AI techniques use a lot of semi-heuristic methods. These methods have been, in many cases, empirically successful, but the absence of solid justification makes us less certain that these methods will work in other cases as well. To make AI more reliable, it is therefore necessary to provide mathematical foundations for the current semi-heuristic techniques. In this paper, we show that two related approaches can lead to such a foundation: the approach based on computational complexity and the symmetry-based approach. As a result, we get an explanation of why, in general, fuzzy and neural techniques are so successful, and why specific version of these techniques are empirically the most successful, such as ReLU activation function and the use of piecewise linear membership functions in fuzzy approach
What to Do If an Inflexible Tolerance Problem Has No Solutions: Probabilistic Justification of Piegat\u27s Semi-Heuristic Idea
Get PDFIn many practical situations, it is desirable to select the control parameters x1, ..., xn in such a way that the resulting quantities y1, ..., ym of the system lie within desired ranges. In such situations, we usually know the general formulas describing the dependence of yi on xj, but the coefficients of these formulas are usually only known with interval uncertainty. In such a situation, we want to find the tuples for which all yi\u27s are in the desired intervals for all possible tuples of coefficients. But what if no such parameters are possible? Since we cannot guarantee the inclusions with probability 1, a natural idea is to select parameters for which the probability that all inclusions are satisfied is the largest. To implement this idea, we need to select a probability distribution on the set of all tuples. Since we have no reason to believe that some tuples are more probable than others, it is reasonable to assume that all tuples are equally probable, i.e., that we have a uniform distribution on the set of all tuples. Interestingly, this idea leads to the same recommendation as was proposed -- based on heuristic fuzzy-logic-based arguments -- in a recent paper by Piegat. An important remaining open problem is how to efficiently compute the recommended solution
Becoming a Bilingual Teacher on the Border: Developing Ideological Clarity at a Hispanic-Serving Institution
No full textAs teacher education programs encourage more candidates to pursue bilingual certification, a need exists to improve the ways that preservice teachers (PSTs) are prepared to teach in bilingual classrooms. Research suggests the importance of preparing PSTs in the area of linguistic ideological clarity. Scholars define ideological clarity as an ongoing process through which individuals can critically consider their ideological orientations as well as dominant ideologies that favor those in power, with an aim of becoming agents of change through this process (Alfaro & Bartolomé, 2017). This case study sought to understand the opportunities that bilingual PSTs have to develop ideological clarity during a teacher education program, as well as the ways their own linguistic histories might interact with the language ideologies in circulation and development in the program. Drawing from the theoretical lenses of language ideologies (Kroskrity, 2004; Woolard, 1998) and dynamic bilingualism (García, 2009), this study analyzed the ways that bilingual PSTs in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands have come to understand bilingualism and what is necessary to become a bilingual teacher in this context. PSTs reported moments in which their bilingualism was framed in a monoglossic manner during their K-12 schooling, but the teacher education program had afforded opportunities to reframe it through a heteroglossic lens. Participants also described the ways that standardized testing had come to define success for them as bilinguals, both during their K-12 years and again during the teacher education program. Pedagogies implemented during an introductory bilingual education course provided opportunities for PSTs to notice, name, reflect on, and apply ideologies that were evident in their linguistic histories and in current educational practice. The findings of this study indicate ways that ideological clarity may be developed through teacher education, informing the field through implications in teacher education programs, K-12 bilingual education, and state policy
Synthesis of Neoglycoproteins as Potential Biomarkers for Chagas Disease and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis
No full textProtozoan parasites are responsible for causing numerous diseases in humans and mammals worldwide. Among them are Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), and tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL), caused by the parasite Leishmania (Viannia). Both diseases coexist in many regions of Latin America, and current hurdles to differentiallydiagnose them and determine chemotherapy success need to be overcome. CD can be diagnosed by traditional serological tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but disadvantages of thesemethods are that they may produce false negatives because the antigens used in commercial CD kits are not conserved across all T.cruzi genotypes. Additionally, to determine the treatment efficacy by conventional serology would have to rely on negative antibody seroconversion, which takes 10-20 years. On the other hand, PCR might not detect the parasite when its concentration in the blood circulation is below ~0.3-0.5 parasite equivalent/ mL of blood. For CL, traditional diagnostic methods, like microscopy, parasite culture, or PCR, have limitations due to the irregular distribution of parasites in biopsy samples. However, even when parasitemia is low, antibody levels in CD and CL patients remain high, with the CD or CL-specific anti-a-Gal antibodies being universally present. The infective form of T. cruzi expresses glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored mucins (tGPI mucins) with unusual immunogenic glycans having terminal nonreducing a-Galp residues. Besides, another immunogenic moiety, b-galactofuranose (bGalf), is believed to be contained in the (GPI)-anchor. Most of those oligosaccharides are branched and their precise structures remain unknown. The CD-specific anti-a-Gal Abs show a rapid seroconversion within 2-3 years or less, following chemotherapy, making them potential candidates for diagnosis and monitoring post-chemotherapy using serological assays. Similarly, L. (V.) braziliensis expresses a family of low-molecular mass glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs), containing terminal a-Galpresidues. So far, the exact structures of the immunodominant glycotopes responsible for eliciting IgG antibodies in CL patients have not been determined. However, neoglycoprotein NGP28b, composed of the trisaccharide Galpa1,6Galpb1,3Galfb derived from the type-2 (GIPL)-3 of Leishmania major and linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA), acts as a reliable serological BMK for L. (V.) braziliensis infection in Brazil. This suggests the existence of GIPL-3 or an analogous structure within this parasite, with its terminal trisaccharide either acting as or constituting an immunodominant glycotope. Given these findings, we investigate specific parasite-derived serological BMKs for CD and CL infection in certain New World regions utilizing chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Chapter 1 briefly introduces the hypothesis and specific aims of this study. Chapter 2 demonstrates the background and significance of performing this research in diagnosing and following up CD and CL. Chapter 3 describes the synthesis, optimization steps, and serological evaluation of two b-Galf-containing neoglycoproteins, NGP29b and NGP32b, believed to exist in the GPI anchor of T.cruzi using chronic CD (CCD) patient sera from endemic areas. The biological data obtained suggest that both NGPs are suitable as diagnostic biomarkers for CCD and that the branched tetrasaccharide Galfb1,3Manpa1,2[Galfb1,3]Manpa present in NGP32b is an immunodominant glycotope. In chapter 4, we studied two a-Galp-containing neoglycoproteins, NGP33b and NGP34b, that contain trisaccharide glycans believed to exist in the tGPI mucins of T. cruzi. We present their synthesis and serological evaluation using CD and CL patient sera from endemic areas. Surprisingly, the biological data indicate that the Galpα1,6 containing NGP33b is not suitable for diagnosing CD, but reacts strongly with sera of CL patients, suggesting that the Galp1,6 moiety is an immunodominant glycotope in L.braziliensis. Also described is the partial synthesis of tetrasaccharide G38SH, another glycan structure potentially present in the T. cruzi tGPI mucins, as suggested by glycomics data. Finally, chapter 5 discusses the synthesis of aGalα1,6Galα1,3Galfβ1,3Manα-containing NGP, NGP31b, as a synthetic biomarker for L. (V.) braziliensis CL in comparison to NGP28b. Included is also a study of the glycotope size requirement. In the future, the promising new NGPs should be more deeply studied as diagnostic and/or prognostic BMKs with a larger number of patient samples. If confirmed as BMKs these NGPs could have a substantial impact on public health as they could be used for disease diagnosis and determination of treatment efficacy. One can also envision the development of an affordable lateral flow assay for point-of-care testing in developing countries where access to ELISA technologies is limited
Microstructural Characterization and Oxidation Behavior of Al-Cu-Ni-Mn and Al-Cu-Ni-Mn-Si Non-Body Centered Cubic High Entropy Alloys
No full textHigh entropy alloys (HEA) differ from traditional alloying systems because five elements are mixed in equi-atomic proportions, as opposed to having one main principal element. As a result of exploring this new method of alloying, it was found that high entropy alloys demonstrate exceptional mechanical properties, an example being oxidation resistance, and are capable of enduring elevated temperatures. Seeing the potential that this new area of interest contains, studies involving a combination of elements to form various HEA have been performed. Most refractory metals are body-centered cubic and possess extremely high melting temperatures, so they are regularly considered when designing high entropy alloys. However, the main goal of this investigation is to characterize and study the oxidation behavior of a high entropy alloying system that is comprised of only non-body centered cubic elements. The two alloys of interest are Al-Cu-Ni-Mn (Non Si Alloy) and Al-Cu-Ni-Mn-Si (Si Alloy). Each element that was selected for the HEA did not occupy a body centered cubic crystal structure and did possess a relatively high melting temperature. During this investigation the main objective was to microstructurally characterize each alloy in the as received condition and subject each alloy to different oxidation experiments. Exposing each HEA to elevated temperatures, 600oC and 1000oC, led to the study of their static and cyclic oxidation behavior. For static oxidation experiments, each alloy was held for a time duration of 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours at 600oC and 1000oC. For cyclic oxidation experiments, each alloy was exposed to heating for a 24 hour time period and then remained cooled for 24 hours, and this process was repeated until the heating time equaled 1 full week. After experimentation the next objective was to identify microstructural features, characterize the oxide layer, and analyze the interface between the bulk microstructure and the oxidation layer. This characterization was done by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to identify microstructural characteristics in the as received and oxidized condition
Energy Optimization in Pneumatic Systems Using ENS-200 Energy Saving Trainer
No full textVarious industries such as manufacturing and assembly, the automotive sector, printing and paper handling, packaging, aerospace, etc., widely use pneumatic systems for a variety of operations. Enterprises use pneumatic systems for cost-effectiveness, reliability, and simplicity. However, they also have certain inefficiencies, leading to high operating costs and reduced efficiency in various applications. The focus of this research is on energy optimization in pneumatic systems to improve efficiency in industrial applications, minimize energy waste, and reduce operational costs. The best practices for enhancing energy efficiency in pneumatic systems were proper system design, pressure regulation, leak detection and repair, energy-efficient components, and regular maintenance.This study utilized the ENS-200 Energy Saving trainer, which consisted of a standard actuator, double forced cylinder, air guns, primary pressure regulator, auxiliary pressure regulator, and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). The energy-saving trainer provided a platform to investigate processes to optimize energy efficiency by reducing excess operating pressure, the impact of using a pressure regulator on an actuator requiring lower pressure, proper selection and sizing of pneumatic components, and the effect of leaks in the pneumatic system, along with strategies to minimize their impact through sectorization.Overall, this research emphasized the importance of addressing energy optimization in pneumatic systems to achieve cost savings while maintaining the performance and reliability necessary for various industrial applications