Organization - Journal of Management, Informatics and Human Resources / Organizacija - Revija za management, informatiko in kadre (University of Maribor)
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Organizacija, avtopoieza in človeški potencial kot paradigma organizacije prihodnosti
No full textBackground and purpose: Eternal challenge to researchers of organization theory is how to develop a suitable organization for increasingly more complex internal and external processes, and how to set a simple definition for it. Demanding environment of organization and civilization is under constant pressure of competition for profit. This dynamics of profit is blinding humans so that they are drawing away from themselves and from creativity in organizations. A human too often reacts automatically, meaning that they do not use all the potentials which is a paradox of organization. Therefore, the contribution of autopoiesis – as a complete intertwinement of processes of characteristic characteristiccontinuous movement in the area of creativity and holistic human culture – is important. When speaking about paradigm of tomorrow’s organization, we are speaking about a person in organization, interpersonal self/ co-dependence and self/co-dependence on micro and macro level. The purpose of our contribution is to research - inside this more and more virtual organization – the position and role of an individual, humanity and human potential as a creative potential of organic-humane organization.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Research is based on qualitative approach. For more comprehensive study of autopoiesis in organization we used mixed methods. When forming the concept, we used the natural law as life circle and compared it with organization.
Results: We developed a concept of autopoietic building blocks as life circle, presenting a concept of organization of future. The concept can be a comparative tool for perceiving processes in an organization. With results we substantiated that organization is losing processes of emotions and thinking of a human.
Conclusion: Accepting autopoiesis on all levels of human activity and consequently increasingly more conscious organizations and society as a whole, results in processes, when autopoises influences the cultural development of society in the sense of connecting science, art, high technologies and spirituality. Results can serve as a guideline and challenge to humane organizations.
Keywords: organization; autopoiesis; human potential; concept of autopoietic building blocksOzadje in namen: Večni izziv raziskovalcem organizacijske teorije predstavlja vprašanje, kako razviti ustrezno organizacijo za vse bolj kompleksne notranje in zunanje procese in jo postaviti v okvir enostavne definicije. Zahtevno okolje organizacije in civilizacije je obremenjeno z nenehnim tekmovanjem za profit. Prav ta dinamika profita slepi človeka, da se oddaljuje od sebe in od kreativnosti v organizacijah. Človek vse prepogosto reagira avtomatsko, kar pomeni, da ne izrablja vseh potencialov, kar pomeni paradoks organizacije. Prav zato je pomemben doprinos avtopoieze kot celovitega prepleta procesov nenehnega gibanja na področju ustvarjalne drže in celostne kulture človeka. Ko govorimo o paradigmi jutrišnje organizacije, govorimo o človeku v organizaciji, v medsebojni samo/so-odvisnosti na mikro in makro ravni. Namen našega prispevka je znotraj čedalje bolj virtualne organizacije raziskati položaj in vlogo človeka, humanosti in človeški potencial kot ustvarjalni potencial organsko-humane organizacije.
Zasnova/metodologija/pristop: Raziskava temelji na kvalitativnem pristopu. Za celovitejše raziskovanje avtopoieze v organizaciji smo uporabili mešane metode. Pri izdelavi koncepta smo uporabili naravni zakon kot življenjski krog in ga primerjali z organizacijo.
Rezultati: Razvili smo koncept gradnikov avtopoieze kot življenjski krog, ki predstavlja koncept organizacije prihodnosti. Koncept je lahko primerjalno orodje za zaznavanje procesov v organizaciji. Z rezultati smo utemeljili, da organizacija izgublja procese občutenja in razmišljanja človeka.
Zaključek: Sprejemanje avtopoieze na vseh ravneh človeškega delovanja in posledično vse bolj osveščenih organizacij ter družbe kot celote rezultira v procesih, ko avtopoieza vpliva na kulturni razvoj družbe v smislu povezovanja znanosti, umetnosti, visokih tehnologij in duhovnosti. Rezultati so lahko vodilo in izziv humanim organizacijam.
Ključne besede: organizacija; avtopoieza; človeški potencial; koncept gradnikov avtopoiez
Ali obstaja potreba po uporabi agentov za modeliranje in simulacijo pri vodenju in upravljanju poslovnih procesov?
No full textBackground and Purpose: Agent-based modelling and simulation (ABS) is growing in many areas like, e.g., management, social and computer sciences. However, the similar trend does not seem to occur within the field of business process management (BPM), even though simulation approaches like discrete event simulation or system dynamics are well established and widely used. Thus, in our paper we investigate the advantages and disadvantages of agent-based modelling and simulation in the field of BPM in simulation experiments.
Design/Methodology/Approach: In our research, we investigate if there is a necessity for ABS in the field of BPM with our own simulation experiments to compare traditional and ABS models. For this purpose, we use simulation framework MAREA, which is a simulation environment with integrated ERP system. Our model is a complex system of a trading company selling computer cables. For the verification of our model, we use automated process discovery techniques.
Results: In our simulations, we investigated the impact of changes in resources’ behavior on the outcome of company’s order to cash process (O2C). Simulations experiments demonstrated that even small changes might have statistically significant effect on outcomes of the processes and decisions based on such outcomes. Simulation experiments also demonstrated that the impact of randomly distributed fluctuations of well-being have a diminishing tendency with the increasing number of sales representatives involved in the process.
Conclusions: Our research revealed several advantages and disadvantages of using ABS in business process modelling. However, as we show, many of them were at least partially addressed in the recent years. Thus, we believe that ABS will get more attention in the field of BPM similarly to other fields like, e.g., social sciences. We suggested areas in BPM simulations, e.g., modelling of resources, be it human or technological resources, where there is a need for ABS.
Keywords: Agent-based modelling and simulation; business processes; business process management; process miningOzadje in namen: Modeliranje in simulacija z uporabo agentov (ABS) se vse več uporablja na številnih področjih, kot so npr. upravljalne, družbene in računalniške vede. Vendar se zdi, da se podoben trend ne pojavlja na področju upravljanja in vodenja poslovnih procesov (BPM), čeprav so simulacijski pristopi, kot so simulacija diskretnih dogodkov ali sistemska dinamika, dobro uveljavljeni in široko uporabljeni. Zato v našem članku raziskujemo prednosti in slabosti modeliranja in simulacije, ki temelji na agentih, pri simulacijskih poskusih na področju BPM.
Načrtovanje / metodologija / pristop: S simulacijskimi eksperimenti raziskujemo, ali obstaja potreba po ABS na področju BPM, tako, da primerjamo tradicionalne in ABS modele. V ta namen uporabljamo simulacijsko ogrodje MAREA, ki je simulacijsko okolje z integriranim sistemom ERP. Pri eksperimentih smo uporabili kompleksen model trgovske družbe, ki prodaja računalniške kable. Za preverjanje modela uporabljamo avtomatizirane tehnike odkrivanja postopkov.
Rezultati: V naših simulacijah smo raziskali vpliv sprememb v obnašanju virov na izid na izid procesa od naročila do plačila (O2C). Simulacijski poskusi so pokazali, da lahko tudi majhne spremembe statistično pomembno vplivajo na rezultate procesov in odločitve, ki temeljijo na teh rezultatih. Simulacijski poskusi so prav tako pokazali, da ima učinek naključno porazdeljenih nihanj blaginje pri večjem številu prodajnih predstavnikov, vključenih v proces, vse manjši vpliv.
Zaključki: Naša raziskava je pokazala več prednosti in pomanjkljivosti uporabe ABS v modeliranju poslovnih procesov. Menimo, da je pristop ABS primeren na področjih, ker so procesi podobni kot pri BPM. Predlagali smo področja za simulacije BPM, npr. modeliranje virov, bodisi človeški ali tehnološki viri, kjer je potreba po ABS.
Ključne besede: modeliranje in simulacija z agenti (ABS); poslovni procesi; upravljanje poslovnih procesov (BPM); procesno rudarjenj
Državna podpora proizvodnji električne energije s sončnimi celicami in njen vpliv na gospodinjstva – proizvajalce/porabnike energije
No full textBackground and Purpose: Currently, the idea of households - prosumers is broadly discussed in public governments, mainly in connection with both the energy security issues and the environmental issues. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to present new agent model of household - prosumer and to compare two scenarios – “off grid household” and “on grid household”. The additional goal is to evaluate the impact of public support of solar electricity on the economic efficiency of household – prosumer projects (systems).
Design/Methodology/Approach: The model is structured as a micro-level agent model, representing one household – prosumer. The model has the following general characteristics: one household with own electricity generation (photovoltaic panels), battery and in case of “on grid household” also connection to the grid. The main goal of the agent is to cover electricity consumption in household with minimal costs. The agent model of prosumer is tested and validated, using the empirical data.
Results: The highest level of subsidy has significant impact on the economic indicators of selected scenarios. It causes lower investment costs at the beginning of the project and consequently shorter payback period (3-4 years earlier), positive cumulative cash flow, net present value and IRR in earlier period (approximately 5-10 years earlier, depending on the scenario).
Conclusion: We can recommend to the government to continue with current system of subsidies, since it contributes to better economic indicators of particular solar electricity projects. On the other hand, the level of subsidy should be at least the same as in current year 2017, for the purposes of representing the significant part of the investment costs. Low level of subsidy has negligible impact on the economic indicators of households – prosumers projects. The developed agent model is suitable for the evaluation of economic impact of public support on households – prosumers.Ozadje in namen: Pri razpravah v različnih državnih službah se pogosto pojavi o ideja gospodinjstvih – proizvajalcih in obenem porabnikih energije, predvsem v povezavi z vprašanji energetske varnosti in okoljskimi vprašanji. Zato je glavni cilj tega prispevka predstaviti nov model (programskega) agenta gospodinjstva - proizvajalca/porabnika energije in primerjava dveh scenarijev - „gospodinjstva izklopljena iz omrežja“ in „gospodinjstva na omrežju“. Dodatni cilj je ovrednotiti vpliv javne podpore sončni elektriki na ekonomsko učinkovitost proizvajalcev/porabnikov energije).
Zasnova / metodologija / pristop: model je strukturiran kot model na mikro ravni, ki predstavlja eno gospodinjstvo. Model ima naslednje splošne značilnosti: eno gospodinjstvo z lastno proizvodnjo električne energije (fotonapetostne plošče), akumulator in v primeru „gospodinjstva na omrežju“ tudi priključek na omrežje. Glavni cilj agenta je, da pokrije porabo električne energije v gospodinjstvu z minimalnimi stroški. Model agent je preizkušen in validiran na osnovi empiričnih podatkov.
Rezultati: Najvišja raven subvencij pri izbranih scenarijih pomembno vpliva na ekonomske kazalnike. Na začetku projekta zahteva nižje investicijske stroške in posledično krajše obdobje vračila (3-4 let prej), rezultira pa tudi v pozitivni kumulativni denarni tok, neto sedanjo vrednost in IRR pa sta dosežena v krajšem obdobju (približno 5-10 let prej, odvisno od scenarija).
Zaključek: Državi priporočamo, da nadaljuje s sedanjim sistemom subvencij, saj prispeva k boljšim gospodarskim kazalnikom posameznih projektov sončne elektrike. Po drugi strani bi morala biti raven subvencije najmanj enaka kot v tekočem letu 2017, da bi predstavljala pomemben del naložbenih stroškov. Nizka stopnja subvencije ima zanemarljiv vpliv na ekonomske kazalnike gospodinjstev - projekte prosilcev. Model razvitega agenta je primeren za ocenjevanje gospodarskega vpliva javne podpore na gospodinjstva – proizvajalce/porabnike energije
Analiza posameznih vidikov, ki vplivajo na ne-nakup v spletnem okolju, in potrošnikova pripravljenost za nakup oblačila po meri
No full textPurpose: The main purpose of the study was to assess the opinion of online consumers about the possibility of making custom apparel using 3D body scanning technology in an online environment and to investigate the shopping experience of consumers who purchase in the online apparel market. In order to be able to propose solutions to improve the online shopping experience, we also investigated aspects influencing non-purchasing in an online environment. Methods: An online questionnaire on shopping experience, influences on the purchase, and the process of online apparel shopping using advanced technology was prepared and distributed via several online channels to the consumers who purchase apparel online. The questionnaire was completed by 76 respondents from different European countries, the United States and Australia. In order to analyze individual aspects influencing non-purchasing in an online environment, an exploratory factor analysis was performed. Results: The factor analysis revealed that the two broad dimensions of reasons why consumers have never bought any ready-to-wear apparel online despite browsing are a misperception of product integrity and time-consuming searching. The results show that the proposed solutions to improve the online apparel experience, such as making custom apparel using advanced technologies, have a positive impact on the decision of the consumers to purchase on the online apparel market. It turned out that a high proportion of potential consumers are willing to share their body dimensions through 3D body scanning technology in order to improve the fit of the apparel. Conclusion: According to the results, we expect that the advanced 3D body scanning technology would provide substantial progress regarding fit, visualization, and manufacturing of custom-made apparel when purchasing in online stores.Namen: Glavni namen raziskave je bil pridobiti mnenja spletnih potrošnikov glede možnosti izdelave oblačil po meri z uporabo 3D tehnologije skeniranja telesa v spletnem okolju ter raziskati nakupovalne izkušnje potrošnikov, ki kupujejo oblačila na spletu. Da bi lahko predlagali rešitve za izboljšanje spletnih nakupovalnih izkušenj, smo raziskali tudi vidike, ki vplivajo na ne-nakup v spletnem okolju. Metode: Spletni vprašalnik o nakupovalnih izkušnjah, vplivih na nakup in postopek spletnega nakupovanja oblačil z uporabo napredne tehnologije je bil pripravljen in posredovan prek različnih kanalov potencialnim potrošnikom, ki uporabljajo internet za nakup oblačil na spletu. Vprašalnik je izpolnilo 76 anketirancev iz različnih evropskih držav, Združenih držav Amerike in Avstralije. Za analizo posameznih vidikov, ki vplivajo na ne-nakup v spletnem okolju, smo uporabili faktorsko analizo. Rezultati: Faktorska analiza je razkrila, da obstajata dve širši dimenziji razlogov, zakaj kljub iskanju oblačil na spletu potrošniki še niso opravili spletnega nakupa in sicer: napačna predstavitev integritete izdelka ter časovno zamudno iskanje. Rezultati kažejo, da predlagane rešitve za izboljšanje spletnih izkušenj pri nakupu oblačil, kot je izdelava oblačil po meri z uporabo naprednih tehnologij, pozitivno vplivajo na odločitev potrošnikov, da le-ti kupijo izdelek na spletnem trgu oblačil. Izkazalo se je, da je velik delež potencialnih potrošnikov pripravljen zaupati svoje mere telesa dobljene s 3D skeniranjem, z namenom, da bi se izboljšalo prileganje oblačil. Zaključek: Glede na rezultate pričakujemo, da bodo napredne 3D tehnologije zagotovile velik napredek glede prileganja, vizualizacije in izdelave oblačil po meri pri nakupu v spletnih trgovinah
Vzroki za plagiarizem v visokem šolstvu
No full textBackground and Purpose: The survey was performed to determine the reasons that lead students to possibly commit plagiarism during their studies. By doing so, we wanted to determine the main reason for the appearance of plagiarism and how, within this main reasons, various indicators of plagiarism are judged and, finally, how demographic data and student motivation for study are associated with the reasons for plagiarism.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A paper-and-pencil survey was carried out among 17 faculties of the University of Maribor in Slovenia. A sample of 139 students 85 males and 54 females participated in this study, ages ranged from 19 to 36 years. The questionnaire contained 95 closed questions referring to: (i) general data, (ii) education, (iii) social status, (iv) awareness of plagiarism, and (v) reasons for plagiarism. Parametric and nonparametric statistical tests were performed depending on distributions of the answers.
Results: The results reveal that information and communication technology is largely responsible for the plagiarism with two reasons highlighted: ease of copying and ease of access to materials and new technologies. We also found some differences between low and high motivated students. Different average values of the answers considering motivation for study were confirmed for academic skills, teaching factors and other reasons for plagiarism, where the average for lower motivated students is significantly different (higher) than the average for higher motivated students. At the end we could find no direct relationship between the average time spent on the Internet and plagiarism.
Conclusion: The transmission of knowledge is the basic mission of faculties. This mission is based on moral beliefs about the harmfulness of its abuse, and plagiarism is exactly such abuse. Regardless of the students past at this point professors are those who could greatly contribute to the right set of skills to keep students off plagiarising.Ozadje in namen: Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kateri so tisti vzroki zaradi katerih se študenti odločijo za plagiarizem. Želeli smo dognati, kateri je glavni vzrok, da do plagiarizma pride in kako so znotraj glavnega vzroka ocenjene posamezne trditve. Analizirali smo tudi povezanost demografskih podatkov študentov in njihovo stopnjo motivacije za študij z vzroki za plagiarizem.
Oblikovanje/metodologija/pristop: Podatke za raziskavo smo zbrali z anketnim vprašalnikom, ki smo ga razdelili med študente 17 fakultet Univerze v Mariboru v Sloveniji. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 139 študentov, 85 moških in 54 žensk, starih od 19 do 36 let. Anketni vprašalnik je vseboval 95 zaprtih vprašanj, ki so bila strukturirana v: (i) splošne podatke, (ii) izobraževanje, (iii) socialni status, (iv) zavedanje plagiatorstva, (v) vzroki za plagiarizem. Odgovori so bili porazdeljeni na likertovi lestvici od (1) sploh se ne strinjam do (5) močno se strinjam. Izvedeni so bili parametrični in neparametrični statistični testi.
Rezultati: Rezultati kažejo, da je informacijska in komunikacijska tehnologija v veliki meri odgovorna za plagiarizem študentov. V največji meri sta izpostavljena vzroka: enostavnost kopiranja in preprost dostop do materialov in novih tehnologij. Ugotovili smo tudi nekatere razlike med nizko in visoko motiviranimi študenti za študij. Razlike v povprečnih vrednostih odgovorov pri stopnji motiviranosti za študij se kažejo pri vzrokih: akademske spretnosti, učni dejavniki in drugi razlogi za plagiarizem, pri čemer so povprečne vrednosti nižje motiviranih študentov statistično pomembno drugačne (višje) od povprečnih vrednosti višje motiviranih študentov. Med povprečnim časom, ki ga študenti porabijo na internetu in vzroki za plagiarizem ni bilo ugotovljene neposredne povezanosti.
Zaključek: Osnovno poslanstvo fakultet je prenos znanja na študente. To poslanstvo temelji na moralnem in etično sprejemljivem ravnanju vseh subjektov. Fakulteta je tista, ki mora študente usmerjati ter jim nuditi pravi nabor spretnosti in veščin, da do plagiarizma ne bo prihajalo
Psihosocialni faktorji in pojavnost bolečine v križu pri poklicnih voznikih
No full textBackground and purpose: Professional drivers as a group are exposed to high risk of developing low back pain due to ergonomic factors and work conditions. The purpose of the study was to examine to what extent the low back pain occurs among Slovene professional drivers as a result of the development of various psychosocial factors.
Methodology: The study involved 275 respondents (professional bus drivers, car/van drivers, international truck/lorry drivers, and ambulance car drivers). Hypotheses were tested using multivariate statistical method (regression analysis) and analysis of variance. Data were collected by structured questionnaire comprised of three parts: socio-demographic data, basic psychosocial factors causing low back pain, and incidence, duration and severity of low back pain as a result of psychosocial risk factors, was implemented.
Results: The results of quantitative survey suggest that low back pain is mostly caused by lifting and carrying heavy loads, inadequate working conditions, poor physical fitness, regular nights out, shift work, and stress. Only the impact of gender on low back pain distress among professional drivers was confirmed, predominantly among bus drivers and lorry drivers on international routes. Low back pain occurrence was less common, albeit not statistically significant, among professional drivers of vans and passenger cars.
Conclusion: Our study suggests that psychosocial factors are also important cause for the development of low back pain among professional drivers and can limit the quality of their social and professional lives.Ozadje in namen: Poklicni vozniki predstavljajo poklicno skupino, ki je zelo izpostavljena tveganjem, da razvije bolečino v križu zaradi ergonomski kot tudi psihosocialnih dejavnikov. Namen naše raziskave je ugotoviti pojavnost bolečine v križu pri poklicnih voznikih v Sloveniji kot rezultat različnih psihosocialnih dejavnikov tveganja.
Oblikovanje/Metodologija/Pristop: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 275 anketirancev, poklicnih voznikov iz Slovenije (poklicni vozniki avtobusv, poklicni vozniki osebnih avtomobilov, vozniki tovornjakov, taksisti in vozniki reševalnih vozil). Hipoteze smo testirali s pomočjo multivariatne statistične metode (regresijske analize) in analize variance. Podatki so bili pridobljeni s strukturiranim anketnim vprašalnikom, sestavljenim iz treh delov: osnovni demografski podatki, vprašanja v zvezi s psihosocialnimi dejavniki tveganja za bolečino v križu in posledice bolečine v križu, zaradi psihosocialnih dejavnikov.
Rezultati: Rezultati kvantitativne raziskave so pokazali, da na bolečino v križu pri poklicnih voznikih najbolj vplivajo naslednji dejavniki: dvigovanje in prenašanje težkih bremen, neprimerni delovni pogoji, slaba telesna pripravljenost, redno ponočevanje, delo v izmeni ter stres. V raziskavi smo ugotovili, da spol vplivaj na pojavnost bolečine v križu. Bolečino v križu imajo najpogosteje vozniki mestnega avtobusa in tovornih vozil na mednarodnih progah, najredkeje pa poklicni vozniki osebnih avtomobilov, vendar razlike niso statistično značilne.
Sklep: Naša raziskava opozarja, da so tudi psihosocialni dejavniki tveganja tisti, ki lahko poklicnim voznikom povzročijo pojavljanje bolečine v križu in jim posledično zmanjšajo kvaliteto njihovega zasebnega in poklicnega življenja
Hoteli in v halal usmerjena ponudba: kaj o tem menijo managerji hotelov v Sloveniji?
No full textBackground and Purpose: Tourists from the Islamic world are significant stakeholders in the tourism market. The purpose of this paper is to identify the key aspects of halal tourism in connection with the hotel industry. Furthermore, we want to determine whether hotel managers are familiar with halal certification and on what basis they would opt for it. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research focuses on halal goods, services, and facilities, in general, and specifically in Slovenian hotels; concepts, contemporary trends, and the situation in Slovenia are presented. In response to the literature review, we applied the analysis of the factor loadings to define the important factors that influence the decision-making process; by applying PCA, we reduced the dependent variable to a single factor (although predictions were slightly different). Findings: The most important elements in the adoption of the certificate are the simplicity and efficiency of the procedure itself and the fact that the process does not require major financial investments. The element that significantly influences the managers’ decision-making process is the possibility of adjusting to the standard of the certificate. Conclusion: The paper’s main contribution is to deepen the perspective of the development of tourism in an area that remains a relatively undeveloped and unknown niche within the Slovenian tourism/hospitality industry but very promising in the global context.Ozadje in namen: Turisti iz muslimanskih držav so pomemben deležnik na turističnem trgu. Namen tega prispevka je identificiranje ključnih vidikov halal turizma, posebej v hotelirstvu. Posebno nas je zanimalo, ali so managerji seznanjeni s halal certifikatom in ali bi želeli pridobiti certifikat. Design/Metodologija/Pristop: Raziskava je osredotočena na halal izdelke, storitve in opremo v splošnem in posebej v slovenskem hotelirstvu; predstavljeni so koncepti, obstoječi trendi in razmere v Sloveniji. Poleg pregleda literature, smo za definiranje pomembnih faktorjev, ki pomembno vplivajo na proces odločanja managerjev, izdelali analizo faktorskih obremenitev; z uporabo metode glavnih komponent smo nabor odvisnih spremenljivk zmanjšali in oblikovali en faktor (čeprav so bila predvidevanja nekoliko drugačna). Rezultati: Najpomembnejši elementi pri certificiranju so enostavnost in učinkovitost postopkov ter dejstvo, da postopek ne zahteva večjih finančnih investicij. Najpomembnejši element, ki vpliva na proces managerjevega odločanja, je možnost prilagoditve obstoječe ponudbe standardu, ki je del certifikata. Zaključek: Glavni prispevek je v poglobitvi razvojnega vidika v turizmu na področju, ki je relativno nerazvita in nepoznana niša v slovenskem turizmu/gostinstvu, toda zelo obetajoča na svetovnem nivoju
Indiferentni, dobri Samaritan, hrabri in agent v položaju Allais-ovega paradoksa: kako učinek lastništva vpliva na našo odločitev v primeru Allais-ovega paradoksa?
No full textBackground and purpose: Mainstream economic models do not take ownership into consideration. Only after the findings of behavioural economists was endowment effect widely observed. Endowment effect means that goods that one owns are valued higher than other goods not held in endowment. At the same time the principal-agent literature is concerned with how the principal (such as employer) can motivate his agent (say the employee), to act in the principal’s interests and also for their holdings. The main problem is that acting in somebody’s else’s interests can influence our values as well. Moreover, the principal as owner suffers from endowment effect. Both situations can be treated as a risky decision. Risk confuses our rationality in a predictable way. Design/Methodology/Approach: D ue t o t his i t w as o bserved h ow f oreign s tudents f rom v arious c ultural b ackgrounds decided (n=186 answers) in a risky financial situation by focusing on Allais’ classic gambles. I also presented their preferences over certain and uncertain outcomes regarding the owner of the final win; i.e. how they choose for themselves or on behalf of one of their best friends. One famous experiment - which tested the descriptive validity of the axioms’ expected utility theory - was Allais. Allais handled probabilities and outcomes in high hypothetical payoff financial gamble situations; he found that when offering two similar options, the common consequences will not be removed by the actors. I was interested in what happens when the actors take risks on behalf of others. It was used between-subjects technique on an extended multicultural sample. Regarding the two different topics, three hypotheses were tested (1); based on Allais paradox (2); observed ownerships (3); the comparison of two phenomena. Results: The results show that the subjects responded differently when they needed to decide about their own properties rather when their friends’ properties were concerned. When a sure safe outcome was offered to the subjects, they took more risk on behalf of their friends rather than own. Moreover, the subjects do not take into consideration that the same attributes must be ignored, so Allais paradox was verified. Conclusion: The goal of this paper is then twofold. First, it was established a conceptual link between Allais-type behaviour and ownership problem. Second, Allais axiom was used to characterize different roles. Knowing predictable patterns of seemingly irrational heuristics in human behaviour can improve economic theory. At the same time, this knowledge helps us to avoid irrational decisions.Ozadje in namen: Glavni ekonomski modeli ne upoštevajo lastništva, čeprav učinek lastništva kažejo ugotovitve vedenjskih ekonomistov. Ta učinek pomeni, da je blago, ki ga nekdo ima v lasti, vrednoteno višje od drugega blaga, ki ni v njegovi ali njeni posesti. Obenem se literatura glavnega agenta ukvarja s tem, kako lahko glavni agent (kot je n.pr. delodajalec) motivira svojega agenta (recimo delavca), da deluje tudi v interesu glavnega agenta. Poglavitni problem je, da lahko delovanje v interesu nekega drugega vpliva tudi na naše vrednote. Poleg tega učinek lastništva vpliva tudi na glavnega agenta. Obe situaciji je mogoče obravnavati kot tvegano odločitev. Tveganje namreč zmede našo racionalnost na predvidljiv način. Oblikovanje / metodologija / pristop: V članku raziskujem, kako so se študentje (n = 186 odgovorov) iz različnih kulturnih okolij odločali v tveganem finančnem položaju, s posebnim ozirom na klasične Allais-ove igre. Predstavila sem tudi njihove preference glede gotovih in negotovih izidov upoštevajoč lastnika končnih izidov; to je, kako se odločijo, ko se odločajo za sebe ali za enega od svojih najboljših prijateljev. Eden od znanih eksperimentov, ki so testirali veljavnost pričakovane uporabne teorije aksiomov, je bil Allais-ov eksperiment. Allais je obravnaval verjetnosti in izide v izrazito hipotetičnih situacijah v finančnih igrah. Zanima me, kaj se zgodi, ko udeleženci tvegajo v imenu drugih. Uporabljena je bila tehnika med subjekti na razširjenem večkulturnem vzorcu. V zvezi z dvema različnima temama smo testirali tri hipoteze (1) prva temelji na Allais-ovem paradoksu, (2) druga na percipiranem lastništvu in (3) na primerjavi obeh pojavov. Rezultati: Rezultati kažejo, da so se subjekti drugače odzvali, ko so se morali odločiti o svoji lastnini, kot takrat, ko so odločali o lastnini drugih. Ko je bil subjektom ponujen tudi varen izid, so sprejemali večje tveganje v imenu svojih prijateljev, kot v svojem imenu. Subjekti niso upoštevali, da bi morali prezreti lastništvo. Tako je bil potrjen Allais-ov paradoks. Zaključek: V članku je bila vzpostavljena je bila konceptualna povezava med vedenjem vrste Allais in problemom lastništva. Drugič, Allais-ov aksiom je bil uporabljen za označevanje različnih vlog. Poznavanje predvidljivih vzorcev navidezno iracionalne hevristike v človeškem vedenju lahko izboljša ekonomsko teorijo. Hkrati to znanje nam pomaga preprečiti neracionalne odločitve
Algoritmi za optimizacijo več ciljev z metaheuristiko otoka za učinkovito reševanje problema vodenja projektov
No full textBackground and Purpose: In every organization, project management raises many different decision-making problems, a large proportion of which can be efficiently solved using specific decision-making support systems. Yet such kinds of problems are always a challenge since there is no time-efficient or computationally efficient algorithm to solve them as a result of their complexity. In this study, we consider the problem of optimal financial investment. In our solution, we take into account the following organizational resource and project characteristics: profits, costs and risks. Design/Methodology/Approach: The decision-making problem is reduced to a multi-criteria 0-1 knapsack problem. This implies that we need to find a non-dominated set of alternative solutions, which are a trade-off between maximizing incomes and minimizing risks. At the same time, alternatives must satisfy constraints. This leads to a constrained two-criterion optimization problem in the Boolean space. To cope with the peculiarities and high complexity of the problem, evolution-based algorithms with an island meta-heuristic are applied as an alternative to conventional techniques. Results: The problem in hand was reduced to a two-criterion unconstrained extreme problem and solved with different evolution-based multi-objective optimization heuristics. Next, we applied a proposed meta-heuristic combining the particular algorithms and causing their interaction in a cooperative and collaborative way. The obtained results showed that the island heuristic outperformed the original ones based on the values of a specific metric, thus showing the representativeness of Pareto front approximations. Having more representative approximations, decision-makers have more alternative project portfolios corresponding to different risk and profit estimations. Since these criteria are conflicting, when choosing an alternative with an estimated high profit, decision-makers follow a strategy with an estimated high risk and vice versa. Conclusion: In the present paper, the project portfolio decision-making problem was reduced to a 0-1 knapsack constrained multi-objective optimization problem. The algorithm investigation confirms that the use of the island meta-heuristic significantly improves the performance of genetic algorithms, thereby providing an efficient tool for Financial Responsibility Centres Management.Ozadje in namen: V vsaki organizaciji vodenje projektov odpira številne in različne probleme odločanja, katerih velik del je mogoče učinkovito rešiti s pomočjo posebnih sistemov za podporo odločanju. Takšni problemi vedno predstavljajo izziv, saj za njihovo kompleksnost ni časovno ali računsko učinkovitega algoritma. V članku obravnavamo problem optimalnih finančnih naložb. V naši rešitvi upoštevamo naslednje organizacijske vire in značilnosti projekta: dobiček, stroške in tveganja. Zasnova / metodologija / pristop: Problem odločanja je formuliran kot večkriterialni problem 0-1 nahrbtnika. To pomeni, da moramo poiskati nedominantno množico alternativnih rešitev kot kompromis med maksimiranjem dohodkov in zmanjševanjem tveganj. Obenem pa morajo alternative zadoščati omejitvam. To vodi k omejenemu problemu dvokriterialne optimizacije v Boolovem prostoru. Da bi obvladali posebnostmi in visoko zapletenost problema, smo kot alternativo običajnim tehnikam uporabili evolucijske algoritme z meta-hevristiko otoka. Rezultati: Problem smo formulirali kot neomejeno dvokriterijsko optimizacijo in ga rešili z različnimi heurističnimi optimizacijami, ki temeljijo na evoluciji. Nato smo predlagali meta-hevristiko, ki združuje specifične algoritme in dosega njihovo interakcijo na sodelovalni način. Dobljeni rezultati so pokazali, da je hevristika otoka presegla rezultate, dobljene na podlagi vrednosti specifične metrike, s čimer se je pokazala reprezentativnost Paretovih prednjih aproksimacij. Bolj reprezentativni približki omogočajo nosilcem odločanja več alternativnih projektnih portfeljev, ki ustrezajo različnim ocenam tveganja in dobička. Ker so ti kriteriji v nasprotju, pri izbiri alternative z ocenjenim visokim dobičkom nosilci odločanja sledijo strategiji z ocenjenim tveganjem in obratno. Zaključek: V članku smo problem reševanja portfeljev projektov formulirali kot problem večciljne optimizacije 0-1 nahrbtnika z omejitvami. Analiza algoritma potrjuje, da uporaba meta-hevristike otoka bistveno izboljšala učinkovitost genetskih algoritmov in tako predstavlja učinkovito orodje za upravljanje centrov za finančno odgovornost
Strateški vidik upravljanja znanja
No full textBackground and Purpose: This paper analyses the strategic aspects of knowledge management in organizations in Serbia, from the theoretical and empirical point of view. In its theoretical part, the paper analyzes the latest literature in the fields of knowledge management, relations between communications strategyes and knowledge management, generations of knowledge management and organizational culture.
Design/Methodology/Approach: In its empirical part, the paper deals with determining the level of knowledge management in Serbian organizations through diffrent generations of knowledge management, as well as the problem with explicit and tacit knowledge management. The hypotheses were tested using data colleted from organizatons in Serbia via questionnaire, which consisted of 50 questions to examine five key factors in knowledge management.
Results: The results showed that out of 41 indicators, only eight are rated positively. Results of t-test indicate significant distinctions within factors affecting the quality of knowledge management, as well as differences in quality of explicit and tacit knowledge management, therefore they confirmed both hypotheses.
Conclusion: The knowledge management projects in organizations in Serbia are initiated, as well as that belonging to the first generation of knowledge management can be defined.Ozadje in namen: S prispevkom želimo tako s teoretičnega kakor z empiričnega vidika predstaviti strateške vidike upravljanja znanja v organizacijah v Srbiji. V teoretičnem delu prispevka smo predstavili najnovejše dosledke s področja upravljanja znanja, relacije med strategijami komunikacije in upravljanjem znanja ter pomenom dimenzij ustvarjanja znanja in organizacijsko kulturo.
Oblikovanje/metodologija/pristop: Empirični del prispevka predstavi opredelitev nivoja upravljanja znanja v organizacijah v Srbiji skozi vidik dimenzije upravljanja znanja in problem eksplicitnega ter tihega znanja. V prispevku smo postavili dve hipotezi: H1: Organizacije v Srbiji so na prvi stopnji upravljanja znanja in H2: Organizacije v Srbiji bolje upravljajo z eksplicitnim kakor tihim znanjem. Hipotezi sta bili testirani s pomočjo raziskave in anketnega vprašalnika, ki ga je sestavljalo 50 vprašanj. S pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika smo analizirali pet ključnih dejavnikov upravljanja znanja.
Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da je bilo med 41 indikatorji samo osem ocenjenih pozitivno. Rezultati t-testi kažejo statistično pomembne razlike znotraj razločkov faktorjev v kakovosti eksplicitnega in tihgega upravljanja znanja, zatorej smo potrdili obe hipotezi.
Zaključek: V organizacijah v Srbiji so projekti upravljanja znanja na začetni stopnji kar smo utemeljili skozi prispevek in raziskavo