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How important are SOEs and MNEs in Vietnam’s economy?
Get PDFThis paper examines patterns and changes of shares of the state sector, including stateowned enterprises (SOEs) and other state entities, and foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Vietnam since the mid-1990s. Because most Vietnamese are still self-employed or household workers with little or no connection to the state sector or MNEs, it is important to exclude the household sector from these comparisons. First, ownership shares vary markedly among economic activities. For example, economy-wide estimates indicate that MNEs and state sector have both been relatively small employers, but larger producers. MNEs have also become by far the largest exporters. Second, ownership shares and their trends vary substantially depending on the data source. Most conspicuously, SOE shares of nonhousehold enterprise employment and sales have decreased rapidly since 2000. On the other hand, economy-wide estimates of state shares in non-household employment and GDP declined much more slowly. Recent discrepancies between these estimates have become so large that they almost certainly result from errors in one or more data sources. There are also smaller discrepancies between corresponding, alternative estimates of MNE shares. The extent of privatization of SOEs and its economic effects are thus ambiguous in Vietnam, creating important concerns for academics and policy makers.working pape
Firms and Regional Favoritism
Get PDFWe examine formal firm behavior in response to regional favoritism by top-ranked politicians using a balanced panel of 444 rural districts (yearly observations) in Vietnam during 2000 to 2011 and census microdata of firms, politicians’ home towns, and climate and population microdata. The study finds that the number of firms and aggregated employment of firms increase in the home town districts of politicians after they resume office. The findings suggest that regional favoritism in a single–party system maintains the continuous development of firms in politicians’ home town districts and widens the gaps among rural districts.working pape
Convergence of public and private enterprise wages in a transition economy: Evidence from a distributional decomposition in Vietnam, 2002-2014
Get PDFWe examine the transition of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Vietnam from a wage
perspective by decomposing the difference in wage distributions between SOE employees and non-SOE employees during the period 2002–2014. In 2002, SOE employees enjoyed higher pay than non-SOE employees owing to characteristics difference and any factors other than either the price of skills or the characteristics difference, so-called residuals difference. University graduates were the main contributor to the endowments difference. However, we found that SOE pay schemes converged with those of non-SOEs by 2014, in terms of both the price of skills and residuals.working pape
Foreign Workers, Foreign Multinationals, and Wages after Controlling for Occupation and Sex in Malaysia’s Manufacturing Plants during the mid-1990s
Get PDFThis paper investigates the effects of foreign worker shares and MNE ownership on wages after controlling for worker sex and occupation in Malaysian manufacturing plants during 1994-1996, an important period during which use of foreign workers began to increase substantially. In a previous paper, I estimated similar wage equations separately for five occupation groups of both sexes in large heterogeneous samples of plants in many industries and more homogeneous samples of plants in seven industries. Results indicated that use of foreign workers generally had insignificant effects on plant wages for most occupation-sex-(and industry) combinations and that that MNE-local differentials were almost always insignificant in three industries and consistently significant in only one. Although separate estimation by sex and occupation has the strong advantage of accounting for worker characteristics relatively well, it has the disadvantages of complexity (10 results per sample) and being difficult to compare to more common approaches, which use sex and occupation as controls. The primary purpose of this paper is thus to see if using sex and occupation as independent variables generates results that differ from estimating wage equations separately for each sex-occupation cohort. Results suggest that the effects of foreign worker shares differ substantially among foreign worker occupations and among industries. Plants that have relatively large foreign manager shares tend to pay relatively high wages in most industries, but the effects of other foreign worker occupations are usually insignificant or inconsistent. Results that assume all foreign workers impart the same effects thus appear misleading, as do results assuming identical slope coefficients among industries. Similar to previous estimates, MNE-local wage differentials were consistently positive and significant in only two relatively small industries, chemicals and food, in marked contrast to previous results for 2000-2004, which did not account for the effects of foreign worker shares.working pape
The Succession and Business Transformation of Taiwanese SMEs to Reactivate the Entrepreneurial Spirit
Get PDFTaiwanese SMEs (small and medium enterprises) have been the source of creativity and the key driving force of economic growth early on in the 1960s, key partners in supply chain and industry clusters later, and recently focal point of local economy, social value, and dreams for young generation. However, based on the “White Paper on Small and Medium Enterprises in Taiwan,” in recent five years, share of SMEs in existence over 20 years was in the range of 21% to 23%, far below the average 35% of large enterprises. This shows the business succession / transition remains a major challenge to SMEs as going concerns. Further, compared to large enterprises, SMEs in existence over 20 years suffered significant sales decline and “the crisis of the elderly age” as their firstgeneration entrepreneurs got into old age and lost their vitality and creativity. It has become an important issue for sustainable development of SMEs to reactivate the entrepreneurial spirit, combined with sound “second-generation succession” and business transformation strategy. In this paper, we use the two key factors of succession and business transformation to analyze how the Taiwanese SMEs to reactivate the entrepreneurial Spirit. The research results provide some policy implications for Succession and transformation of Taiwanese SMEs. These points are suggested as: (1) promote market-oriented business management courses in colleges and universities to cultivate curiosity and creative thinking of potential new generation of successors;(2) form professional succession team in response to new business opportunities; (3) integrate existing knowledge exchange platforms for succession to provide customized mechanisms of knowledge sharing and exchange services required for different types of succession; (4) provide succession planning adviser or match professional managers to succession needs for SMEs' sustainable development as going concerns; (5) encourage new generation successors of SMEs to obtain innovation awards that could reactivate the entrepreneurial spirit; (6) grasp the opportunity of succession and transformation to guide SMEs towards institutionalized management; (7) establish SME succession and transformation follow-up service mechanism linking research institutions, universities and private sector professional consulting companies to meet long term counseling needs for SME succession and transformation; (8) strengthen cross-industry cooperation mechanism for SMEs’ sustainable development in order to guide the SME succession and transformation toward the direction of “professionalism,” “branding,” and “internationalization.”working pape
家族が抱える高齢者介護の負担：現状と課題
Get PDF本稿は，2000 年に導入された介護保険制度の利用状況を踏まえたうえで，家族による高齢者介護の現状を把握し，高齢者介護が家族介護者にどのような影響をおよぼしうるのかを，関連のデータや先行研究の結果などを参考に検証する。日本では，従来高齢者介護は主に家族によって担われてきたが，核家族化やチャイルドレス高齢者世帯の増加，家族介護者の高齢化など，家族をめぐる状況にも変化が現れてきたことを反映し，それまで家庭内で担ってきた介護の負担を社会全体で支える仕組みとして介護保険制度が創設された。それ以後，介護サービスの利用は年々増加傾向にあり，介護保険制度の導入には一定の効果がみられるといえよう。しかし，現在でも，多くの要介護者の主な介護者は家族であり，家族が抱える介護の負担は決して軽いものではない。実際，高齢者介護が，介護を担う家族介護者の就業行動や健康状態，主観的幸福度など，様々な側面で負の影響をおよぼしていることが確認された。今後，団塊の世代が75 歳以上の後期高齢者となる2025 年を機に，介護ニーズが更に拡大することが予想されている。そのためにも，介護保険制度や介護休業制度などの課題を正確にとらえ，対処する必要があるといえよう。working pape
県外大学進学率のパネル分析
Get PDF人口減少社会に突入した日本において，特に地方では，いかにして人口流出を抑え，人口流入を増やすかが課題となっているようだ。これは人口という総量の決まった資源の奪い合いであり，ゼロサムゲームではあるものの，人口の減少と高齢化という現実に直面した自治体の危機感の表れとして，この課題への政策的対応が課題となってきている。日本の人口移動は，大学進学時および就職時に，地方圏から都市圏への移動が顕著に見られ，その後大学卒業時に都市圏から地方圏への還流が，少ないながらも見られるという特徴がある。したがって，前期の課題を解決する最も有力な手段は，大学進学および就職時の移動に対して働きかけることであろう。本研究は，大学進学時の都道府県間人口移動について，その特徴を分析するものである。本稿では，都道府県別の大学進学者に占める県外大学進学者の比率を県外大学進学率と定義し，県外大学進学率に関するパネル分析を行った結果を整理する。すなわち，複数年次における県外大学進学率を，大学数や大学教員などを含む社会経済指標で説明するモデルを構築した。その結果，都道府県別の県外大学進学率には，潜在大学収容率や男子進学者比率，大卒者就職率や完全失業率，教員一人当たり科研費配分額，人口密度，授業料などの要因が影響していることが示唆された。working pape
東アジア地域からのインバウンドと地方公共団体の海外展開
Get PDF本稿では、地方公共団体の海外展開の長短や濃淡が、東アジア地域からのインバウンドにどのような影響を与えているのかを分析した。地方公共団体の海外展開の中でも、姉妹都市の提携、海外事務所の設置、職員の海外派遣、国際交流の実施などの有無や形態の違いを取り上げた。これらの効果に関して、分析対象を都道府県としてグラビティモデルを使用したパネルデータ分析を行った。分析結果から、地方公共団体の海外展開の効果は、韓国との関係では確認されなかったが、中国との関係では姉妹都市の提携年数、海外事務所の設置年数、海外事務所の設置数といった海外展開の長さと濃度のどちらでも確認され、これらがインバウンドの増加に影響を与えていることが示された。これらのことから、地方公共団体の海外展開は、一定の時間のもとで効果を発揮していることが示唆された。working pape
高齢化と地方財政
Get PDF日本の現在の制度の下では，高齢住民は，自治体に，大きな税収をもたらさないが，医療や介護などの高齢化対策費に多くの財政支出を余儀なくさせる。このことは，高齢者の多い自治体の財政負担を圧迫し，自治体サービスを低下させ，ますますの人口流出を促している。それだけでなく，受け入れ地方自治体が十分な施設を老人福祉計画で用意したくなくなるインセンティブを作り出すことによって，高齢者の地方移住を抑制することにつながっている。
本稿では，その問題を解消するために，高齢者への社会保険のための財政支出に関して，国と地方自治体の間で，どのような役割分担を行うべきかを分析する。本稿の目的は，自治体ごとに支給されるべき「モデル給付額」を算定することである。最終的な目的としての，年齢層ごとの「モデル給付額」だけでなく，移行過程において採りうる「過渡的モデル給付額」も算出する。research repor
The Impact of Intergenerational Transfers on Household Wealth Inequality in Japan and the United States
Get PDFTo help shed light on the implications of intergenerational transfers for wealth inequality, this paper examines whether or not individuals who receive intergenerational transfers from their parents are more likely to leave bequests to their children than those who do not using data for Japan and the United States. The estimation results show that the receipt of intergenerational transfers from parents and/or parents-in-law increases the likelihood of individuals' leaving bequests to their own children in both Japan and the United States, which in turn is likely to contribute to the persistence or widening of wealth disparities. However, such a tendency is found to be stronger among less better-off households in both countries, and this may help alleviate the disequalizing effect of intergenerational transfers on the distribution of wealth, at least to some extent.working pape