Geological Observatory of Coldigioco
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THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, LEGALITY, AND LEGITIMACY OF THE PROPOSED SECESSION OF THE BOSNIAN SERBS FROM BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
No full textEmployee Turnover & Partial Plan Terminations
No full textWho would have expected that a pandemic would bring Congressional awareness of an oft-overlooked concept called Partial Plan Terminations? Congress codified a temporary (and now expired) partial termination safe harbor for qualified retirement plans in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021. This was necessary because qualified plans can experience a partial termination due to layoffs resulting from an economic downturn. The pandemic created such an upheaval for many businesses that without such relief, an overwhelming number of plans would have partially terminated. However, even with businesses reopening, the economy continues to be in flux, and this can portend more employee turnover.
It is important to understand the partial termination rules so that employers can recognize whether their plan has experienced one when they terminate employees. This article covers the mechanics of determining whether a plan has experienced a partial termination by defining the applicable time period, calculating turnover, and determining who the affected employees are that will become 100% vested if a plan termination has occurred. This article includes the safe harbor created by Section 209 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act from a short-term and long-term perspective. The article then highlights compliance methods and litigation concerns. Lastly, the article discusses the need for IRS guidance going forward
OCC\u27s Response to Insurer\u27s Objections to Claims
No full textOCC\u27s response to insurer\u27s objections to claims, filed January 10, 2022
Marketing Authorization at the FDA: Paradigms and Alternatives
No full textIn many critical industries, the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) marketing authorization decisions determine the range of products available in the United States. Because of the broad scope of the FDA’s marketing authorization responsibilities, the existing scholarship focuses on individual product categories, or small groups of product categories, regulated by the agency. This Article identifies how the existing literature has overlooked important connections between the FDA’s different marketing authorization programs. These connections suggest both explanations for existing programs and strategies for potential reforms.The Article sets forth a two-level framework for analyzing the FDA’s marketing authorization role. At the first level, the framework divides the FDA’s marketing authorization programs into three components: pathways, designations, and means of access before marketing authorization. At the second level, the framework distinguishes between two types of pathways, three types of designations, and four means of access before marketing authorization. This framework gives a coherent intellectual structure to a sprawling set of regulatory programs that are otherwise difficult to analyze. Based on this framework, the Article makes several analytical contributions specific to food and drug regulation.The Article’s final contribution highlights a newly identified phenomenon, interchangeable-part lawmaking (IPL), that should be of broader interest. IPL takes place when a government entity takes a portion of its law in one subject area and uses it as a model for its own law in another subject area. It is strikingly visible in the statutes administered by the FDA, but IPL likely exists in statutes more generally. IPL has substantial implications for statutory interpretation, as well as for numerous strands of academic literature
Live Demo #1: The Research Trail
No full textIn this game based on the tabletop version of The Oregon Trail, players will undertake a perilous research journey in order to arrive at court with the relevant sources required for success. Players will encounter frightful calamities, such as sudden internet shutdowns, as well as helpful characters, like the supportive Shepard, along the way. Gameplay will involve individual and collective decision-making as well as evaluations of resources and strategies. The purpose of this game is to enable students to survey the research process while identifying different types of sources and the connections between them.
In this session, attendees will play the game themselves and learn how to implement it as a formative or summative assessment. Attendees will also be able to see how the game can be used as a springboard for class discussion as well as for students to review and develop a deeper understanding of the research process
Live Demo #3: The Research Practicum: An Individual Live Formative Assessment
No full textThe Research Practicums are formative assessments that allow instructors to monitor each student’s progress, evaluate their skills, identify areas of strength and areas to target, provide immediate individualized feedback, and recognize areas where groups of students may struggle. This 30-minute program will demo an abbreviated version of a Research Practicum, showing attendees the value and function of the live assessment format
