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Trauma-Centered Social Justice
Get PDFThis Article identifies a new and growing phenomenon in the American legal system. Many leading agendas for gender, racial, and climate justice are centered on emotional trauma as the primary injury of contemporary social injustices. By focusing on three social justice movements--#BlackLivesMatter, #MeToo, and Climate Justice--the Article offers the first comprehensive diagnosis and assessment of how emotional trauma has become an engine for legal and policy social justice reforms. From a nineteenth century psychoanalytic theory about repressed childhood sexual memories that manifest in female hysteria, through extensive medicalization and classification in the twentieth century, emotional trauma has evolved and expanded into its current status at the center of our twenty-first century social justice movements.
The Article reveals how the rhetoric and logic of emotional trauma is increasingly used to articulate legal and policy claims for racial, gender, and climate justice and how the current understanding of trauma is connected to the concept of abuse of power. While recognizing the positive and generative effects of the growing understanding of emotional trauma, the Article explores some hidden costs of the enthusiastic embrace of the “age of trauma” in quests for social justice. The Article observes that the prominence of trauma may limit the scope of political and legal claims for gender, racial, and climate justice; and that it may shape and perpetuate wounded identities of those on behalf of whom legal claims for justice are made. As lawmakers and policymakers proceed in engaging the legal and political systems in claims for meaningful social justice, they ought to carefully assess the negative implications of a trauma-centered social justice
Knee Bone Segmentation from MRI Images Using a Deep Learning Model
No full textThis study proposed an automated segmentation method of knee bone from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) slides, based on a Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) architecture. The knee osteoarthritis (OA), oftentimes called “Degenerative Joint Disease” or “Wear and Tear” arthritis, is the most common form of over 100 types of arthritis. The effectiveness of MR images to safely provide a fast 3D visualization of the bones, cartilages, tendons and with good tissue contrast has resulted in its extensive use for the diagnosis and therapy of pathologies of the knee joint. Therefore, the need to accurately segment the knee cartilages and bones from the MR images, which is a challenging process, is paramount to the integrity of the diagnosis and monitoring of the progression of OA pathology.This study proposed a novel method for the knee bone segmentation using MRI. The proposed method is called Simplified-UNet (S-UNet), which is an improved model based on the original U-Net model. The proposed method achieved Dice coefficient of 95.38%, which is 4.73% better than that of the state-of-the-art U-Net models. The knee MRI images were obtained from the public Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) dataset. The ground truth of the bone regions were manually delineated by trained personnel. The dataset contains 88 cases and was divided into training, testing, and validation sets with the ratio of 70%, 15%, and 15% respectively. The improved bone segmentation accuracy on the same dataset shows the superiority of the proposed model over the original U-Net model, indicating the potentials of future application in clinics to assist cartilage segmentation and knee OA diagnosis
Who Holds The Power Over Who Gets Published: An Exploration of The Lack Of Diversity in Publishing.
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Teaching with Feminist Judgments: A Global Conversation
Get PDFThis conversational-style essay is an exchange among fourteen professors—representing thirteen universities across five countries—with experience teaching with feminist judgments. Feminist judgments are ‘shadow’ court decisions rewritten from a feminist perspective, using only the precedent in effect and the facts known at the time of the original decision. Scholars in Canada, England, the U.S., Australia, New Zealand, Scotland, Ireland, India, and Mexico have published (or are currently producing) written collections of feminist judgments that demonstrate how feminist perspectives could have changed the legal reasoning or outcome (or both) in important legal cases. This essay begins to explore the vast pedagogical potential of feminist judgments. The contributors to this conversation describe how they use feminist judgments in the classroom; how students have responded to the judgments; how the professors achieve specific learning objectives through teaching with feminist judgments; and how working with feminist judgments—whether studying them, writing them, or both—can help students excavate the multiple social, political, economic, and even personal factors that influence the development of legal rules, structures, and institutions. The primary takeaway of the essay is that feminist judgments are a uniquely enriching pedagogical tool that can broaden the learning experience. Feminist judgments invite future lawyers, and indeed any reader, to re-imagine what the law is, what the law can be, and how to make the law more responsive to the needs of all people
Forgetting the Right to be Forgotten: The Everlasting Negative Implications of a Right to be Dereferenced on Global Freedom in the Wake of Google v. CNIL
Get PDFThe internet is the center of global communication, culture, and education. As of January 2019, Western Europe is second only to North America and Northern Europe in internet penetration (a statistic that measures the availability of internet in a given geographical place), with data reporting that 94 percent of Western Europeans have access to the internet. The same study reported that 50 percent of the global population now has internet access, which is a staggering 49.5 percent increase from the recorded estimate in 1990 of just half a percent. From the development of the first computer, to the role of Facebook in the Arab Spring, and now the mass global social media culture, human beings are moving ever more towards life on the web. For those who use it daily, the internet has become the epitome of global civilization.
The internet has become the new idea marketplace, in which the exchange of ideas, knowledge, values, and cultures freely move from source to source. As such, the internet can be a foundation upon which revolutions and world events emanate out of, such as the Arab Spring of 2010. However, inherent in this ever-evolving worldwide information source is the risk and danger of personal data falling into the hands of criminals, and/or the constant threat of private information remaining on the internet forever. This issue is not relegated to hackers or criminals, as large companies like Google and Facebook have fallen under fire for their misuse and failure to protect an individual’s data. Yet, data breaches and misuse are not the only dangers associated with the internet. Unwanted personal data can remain on the internet when it is no longer desired, creating a “permanent stigmatization” of one’s reputation. This stigmatization can impact employment hopes and create negative impacts in social circles. A combination of these three threats has created the problem of data privacy and the modern remedy of the right to be forgotten
Sloth Speed: Finance Classes Slow to Incorporate Important Research
Get PDFTraditional finance contains many models which misrepresent human behavior. In order to mathematicise the field and make it more like hard sciences, economics in the 20th century presupposed that people act “rationally.” In economics, rationality means adherence to the neoclassical model, which presents persons as utility maximizers. This presupposition was useful for certain applications but dominated the academic landscape. Later, the Chicago School of Economics built on the rationality premise, advocating less regulation in favor of the free market. The Efficient Markets Hypothesis was built on these same ideas and argued that markets have a wisdom that individuals do not. As a result of his belief in this hypothesis, former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan stood idly by a market dabbling with novel financial instruments. Though at one time uneasy, he soon became convinced that rising stock prices were not a concern. When the 2008 financial crisis occurred, he was left to admit, before Congress, that the markets were not as wise as he assumed. The type of economics that led up to the catastrophe was faulty. For example, traditional economics tends to oversimply reality. Additionally, applying statistics to markets is erroneous since constituent actors are not independent of each other. Behavioral finance, the component of behavioral economics that deals with markets, presents human tendencies which impact the financial world. Therefore, it is important to include behavioral finance in introductory courses so business graduates can have the information they need to prevent future crises. Several behavioral ideas are summarized in this paper to give the reader an understanding of what the field entails and how it differs from the rationality premise. As well, the paper examines a selection of course syllabi, textbooks, and CFA bodies of knowledge to find out if behavioral economics, which may play such an important role in preventing calamities, is included in introductory courses. The findings about the field’s inclusion in textbooks is especially interesting as one publisher includes a commentary concerning their choices regarding this matter in their text. In all, however, behavioral finance is covered to a limited extent in the materials examined. There are several reasons for this, including explanations from behavioral finance itself. In the future, publishers and universities should approach the teaching of finance differently. They should present the truth of finance, even if it is not as neatly organized as what has been taught for decades
The Problem of Modern Monetization of Memes: How Copyright Law Can Give Protection to Meme Creators
Get PDFSome legal questions answered in this article on the horizon for the courts and lawyers is how should courts apply copyright law to popular media made by small scale creators and shared on the internet, otherwise known as memes.
Part II of this article will focus on validity of potential copyright protection in internet memes. It will start by describing the increased monetization surrounding memes and how this monetization calls for greater interest for meme creators to protect their work. It will then describe the merits of individual copyright interests in internet memes.
Part III of this article will focus on how memes have existed without copyright lawsuits from content creators: principally, that internet memes constitute fair use. This section will use an example meme to weigh all four statutory factors of fair use to support the argument that internet memes are highly transformative and do not impact the market of the original copyrighted work.
Part IV of this article will outline how public policy favors copyright protection of memes since copyright protection would not stifle creativity or new meme creations. First, copyright protection of memes would not disrupt the current “meme culture” of sharing memes because social media platforms, the major platform and vehicle for meme creation and sharing, have negated many copyright concerns through their terms of use policies. Next, it will explain how the Digital Media Copyright Act’s safe harbor rule protects social media platforms from being secondarily liable for potential copyright infringements involving meme appropriation. Finally, it will explain how other aspects of copyright law, like independent creation, the idea/expression dichotomy, and the fair use doctrine, will prevent meme creators from “weaponizing” their copyright interests in their memes
