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Analysis of Sex-Specific Prostanoid Production Using a Mouse Model of Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition
Get PDFBackground: Prostanoids are a family of lipid mediators formed from arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase enzymes and serve as biomarkers of vascular function. Prostanoid production may be different in males and females indicating that different therapeutic approaches may be required during disease.
Objecti ves: We examined sex-dependent differences in COX-related metabolites in genetically modified mice that produce a cyclooxygenase- 2 (COX2) enzyme containing a tyrosine 385 to phenylalanine (Y385F) mutation. This mutation renders the COX2 enzyme unable to form a key intermediate radical required for complete arachidonic acid metabolism and provides a model of selective COX2 inhibition.
Design and Methods: Mice heterozygous for the Y385F mutation in COX2 were mated to produce cohorts of wild-type, heterozygous, and COX2 mutant mice. We investigated whether the genotype distribution followed Mendelian genetics and studied whether sex-specific differences could be found in certain prostanoid levels measured in peritoneal macrophages and in urinary samples.
Results : The inheritance of the COX2 mutation displayed a significant deviation with respect to Mendel’s laws of genetics, with a lowerthan- expected progeny of weaned COX2 mutant pups. In macrophages, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) stimulation was COX2-dependent in both males and females, and data indicated that crosstalk between the nitric oxide (NO) and COX2 pathways may be sex specific. We observed significant differences in urinary PGE2 production by male and female COX2 mutant mice, with the loss of COX2 activity in male mice decreasing their ability to produce urinary PGE2. Finally, female mice across all 3 genotypes produced similar levels of urinary thromboxane (measured as 11-dehydro TxB2) at significantly higher levels than males, indicating a sex-related difference that is likely COX1-derived.
Conclusions: Our findings clearly demonstrate that sex-related differences in COX-derived metabolites can be observed, and that other pathways (such as the NO pathway) are affected
Narrative Capacity
Get PDFThe doctrine of capacity is a fundamental threshold to the protections of private law. The law only recognizes private decision-making—from exercising the right to transfer or bequeath property and entering into a contract to getting married or divorced—made with the level of cognitive functioning that the capacity doctrine demands. When the doctrine goes wrong, it denies individuals, particularly older adults, access to basic private-law rights on the one hand and ratifies decision-making that may tear apart families and tarnish legacies on the other.The capacity doctrine in private law is built on a fundamental philosophical mismatch. It is grounded in a cognitive theory of personhood, and determines whether to recognize private decisions based on the cognitive abilities thought by philosophers to entitle persons in general to unique moral status. But to align with the purposes of the substantive doctrines of property and contract, private-law capacity should instead be grounded in a narrative theory of personal identity. Rather than asking whether a decision-maker is a person by measuring their cognitive abilities, the doctrine should ask whether they are the same person by looking to the story of their life.This Article argues for a new doctrine of capacity under which the law would recognize personal decision-making if and only if it is linked by a coherent narrative structure to the story of the decision-maker’s life. Moreover, the Article offers a test for determining which decisions meet this criterion and explains how the doctrine would work in practice
The Role of Attitudinal Familism in the Separation-Individuation Process of Latinx Emerging Adults
No full textThis study examined the association between familism and separation-individuation outcomes in Latinx emerging adults. The sample consisted of 116 participants between the ages of 18 and 25 who identified as Latinx. Participants completed demographic questions, the Attitudinal Familism Scale (AFS), and the Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence (SITA). Results revealed significant gender differences. Females scored significantly higher than males on the SITA Engulfment Anxiety, Separation Anxiety, and Teacher Enmeshment scales. Males scored significantly higher than females on the SITA Dependency Denial scale. Additionally, familism predicted the SITA Practicing- Mirroring and Nurturance-Seeking scales. This study has important implications for theory and practice in clinical psychology, specifically for working with Latinx populations. This study supports using a multicultural approach in clinical work and fosters clinicians’ understanding of cultural values in Latinx populations
Federal Historic Preservation\u27s Place in Property Theory
Get PDFProgressive Property Theory scholars often point to historic preservation as an example of how property, itself, imposes an obligatory use. A historic structure’s public benefit justifies restrictions in available uses. To date, however, Progressive Property Theory has considered historic preservation only as it is applied in state and local regimes, forgoing an analysis of the federal structure under the National Historic Preservation Act. This article establishes a synergy between the underlying principles of Progressive Property Theory and federal historic preservation and suggests that federal historic preservation’s identification and incentivization structures model a process that could move Progressive Property Theory toward wider applications.
Part I of this article explains the similarities between Progressive Property Theory and federal historic preservation. Using explicit textual comparisons between the foundational article on progressive theory (“A Statement of Progressive Property”) and the “purpose” section of the National Historic Preservation Act, this section demonstrates that federal historic preservation provides a model for putting progressive theory into practice. Part II differentiates state law and local historic preservation ordinances from federal law. Federal and local preservation regimes are commonly misunderstood to imply similar property restrictions.
Through an explanation of legal differences between programs, the discussion highlights the limitations of focusing Progressive Property Theory on local preservation. Lastly, Part III considers the implications of federal historic preservation structures for diverse social justice outcomes as part of an argument for more frequent applications of Progressive Property Theory in conflicts over property. As a case in point, this final part describes an identification and incentivization regime found in federal historic preservation structures—one that mirrors the principles of Progressive Property Theory — and shows how it may usefully be applied to issues of affordable housing or open space conservation
Optical Wireless Communications High-Speed Bluetooth Secure Pairing Towards Developing a Trust Protocol
No full textBluetooth wireless technology is a short-range radio frequency wireless information transfer technology that connects any Bluetooth enabled device to another Bluetooth enabled device. The Bluetooth Service Discovery Protocol, as specified by the official website for the Bluetooth wireless technology, represents a considerable security vulnerability because it only provides a low level of security during identification. Many applications of the technology, such as in automobiles, tend to lag the state-of-the art. Many studies have indicated that Bluetooth\u27s security needs some improvements. This research adds to the existing literature and seal the loopholes providing a systematic review of Bluetooth wireless technology security and systematically analyzing scholarly proposed solutions to the vulnerabilities. A qualitative review of the literature, followed by a design science step to develop a solution. A taxonomy of Bluetooth attacks is quantified with threat level ratings, along with Bluetooth risk mitigation and countermeasures. Finally, A thematic coding analysis, presents a proposed solution to Bluetooth wireless technology vulnerabilities
Investigating 9-1-1 Call Experience for Medical Emergencies for Future Design
Get PDFEmergency calling services have continued to use the 9-1-1 phone number to share information about a medical emergency for around 60 years. However, there are limitations to the current emergency call services that can have improved communication, speed, and accuracy with the implementation of advancing technology. By examining the experience and opinions of 9-1-1 medical emergency callers, we are able to investigate the design of 9-1-1 services to enhance the call experience. The major challenges found in the study are difficulty in verbally explaining the emergency situation and difficulty in describing the location of the emergency. Technologies such as location sharing, text chat, and video calling were suggested and favored to mitigate the challenges. Such features should be considered in the design of future 9-1-1 emergency calling services
Zine-making pedagogy during a pandemic: reflections and implications
Get PDFThe article presents a conversation between artist and professor Elodie Silberstein and feminist academic librarian Susan Thomas about the evolution of feminist zine culture ingrained in histories of resistance and self-publishing as well as the current popularity of zines. The authors discuss their collaborative zine pedagogy in an introductory gender studies course at Pace University during the COVID-19 pandemic
A Random Stroll Amongst Anthony Trollope\u27s Lawyers
Get PDFAnthony Trollope (1815-1882) resides in the pantheon of nineteenth century English literature. Overcoming a miserable childhood, he became an official with the post office and is credited with introducing the familiar red mailbox. While working full time in his postal position until 1867, he still managed to publish 47 novels, travel books, biographies, short stories, collections of essays, and articles on various topics. Trollope has been described as the novelist of the ordinary for his realistic description of English society. Law and legal issues flow through Trollope’s fiction. The legal system held a special importance to him as the skeleton upholding the social and political framework of the country. Over one hundred lawyers appear in his work and eleven of his novels feature trials or hearings. The law intrigued and exasperated him. Along with the lawyers and legal issues he depicts are ideas of the law and legal system that are part of elaborate philosophical and jurisprudential traditions, which he recognized. This article examines Trollope’s changing attitude toward lawyers. It describes the structure of the Bar in terms of class, status and reputation. Trollope believed the legal system should ensure justice, and those who labored in the law should be the vehicle of that pursuit. Justice for Trollope was the meting out of rewards and punishments as the consequence of a right or wrong decision. However, the law, as he depicted it, was often an impediment to this process, and lawyers were unreliable guides. Initially Trollope portrayed lawyers critically as caricatures as evinced by such names as Alwinde, O’Blather, Slow & Bidewhile, Haphazard, and Chaffanbrass. He was outraged that barristers (lawyers who appear in court) put loyalty to their clients ahead of the search for truth and justice. The adversary system was flawed as the enactment of laws in accord with the laws of nature assumes an inbuilt moral compass in humans that contains self-evident truths of right and wrong. Trollope felt there was no reason why a right-minded person could not intuitively recognize the truth, so criminal law’s adversary system was unnecessary. The legal system sought not the discovery of the truth but was more interested in aiding the guilty defendant to escape punishment. Another grievance was that cross examination in a trial submitted honest witnesses to torture and distracted them from testifying as to the truth. As he matured as a writer and achieved success, Trollope’s understanding and appreciation of the legal profession changed. He met and become friends with leaders of the Bar, and they influenced his descriptions of lawyers, who became realistic and often admirable human beings. Beyond the legal problems of its characters, Trollope’s later novels incorporated the social, political, and jurisprudential issues of the times and engaged the Victorian legal culture in a broader sense of history, traditions, continuity and change. Trollope’s attention to the faults of the adversary system had its source in principles of natural law, which posited that God-given universal axioms of right and wrong gave individual guidance or a map for reaching the right result in a legal controversy. Natural law principles were challenged during the Victorian era by positivist notions that law is what the statute books say, and legislators enact. These divisions lurk in the background of his later portraits of lawyers and the legal system. In his later period Trollope created a realistic characterization of the legal profession at the time that offered universal insights into human nature
Cumulative Impact Analysis in NEPA Climate Assessments
Get PDFThis article argues that CI analysis is a critical tool for addressing global warming. This is because the largest anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions in the U.S. each contributes a vanishingly small portion of global GHG emissions, which alone cannot rise to NEPA’s threshold of “significance” requiring a “detailed statement…on the environmental impact of the proposed action,”i.e., an environmental impact statement (EIS). Yet there is no pollution today in greater need of assessment and understanding than GHG emissions, given the urgency of the impending catastrophe that global warming could mean for our planet