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Expanding the Toolbox of Sustainable Business Law: The Transnational Impacts of the EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD)
Get PDFThe contemporary global economy relies extensively on interconnected value chains that often span different continents, presenting challenges when operations result in human rights violations or environmental damage. This has prompted the emergence of non-binding due diligence guidelines and binding laws in several countries, reflecting the necessity of fostering accountability in transnational business activities. The European Union’s adoption of the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) on May 24th, 2024, represents a novel significant milestone in this trajectory. As a new instrument of binding transnational business law, the CSDDD aims to promote sustainable business practices, with implications extending beyond EU borders. This article provides a transatlantic perspective on the CSDDD, exploring its relevance to U.S.-based businesses and its potential to foster sustainability within a global business context. It explores the directive’s personal and material scope, its enforcement mechanisms, and reflects on the broader implications in relation to corporate sustainability
Exploring Associations among Identity, Cognitive Flexibility, Intersectional Awareness, and Empathy
Get PDFGrowing research has supported the need to incorporate an intersectional perspective in psychology, both in terms of research and clinical practice. The current investigation aimed to expand on current literature and used an intersectional approach to understanding empathy, specifically focusing on self-identification with stigmatized identities, intersectional awareness, and cognitive flexibility. Although prior research has investigated these variables individually, the current study examined the factors simultaneously and proposed a serial mediation model to explain the relationship between the variables. In particular, the serial mediation model suggested the association between the number of stigmatized identities an individual identifies with and their level of empathy is sequentially mediated by both cognitive flexibility and intersectional awareness. A total of 258 participants (Mage = 34.9; SD = 14.02) completed an online questionnaire that included self-identified demographic information and scales tapping intersectional awareness, cognitive flexibility, and empathy. The number of stigmatized identities was derived from participant’s self-reported demographic responses. The results partially supported the hypotheses proposed. In particular, cognitive flexibility was positively associated with intersectional awareness and empathy. Similarly, intersectional awareness was positively associated with empathy levels. However, the number of stigmatized identities was negatively correlated with cognitive flexibility, intersectional awareness, and empathy. Results supported the hypothesized model, in that there was a significant effect of serial mediation. However, it was not in the expected direction. Additionally, an indirect effect was present for cognitive flexibility, but not for intersectional awareness. The implications of the results on future research and clinical practice are discussed
What Does it Mean to Feel Like We Matter? Examining Differences Within the Meaning in Life Facets of Mattering and Significance.
Get PDFPrevious research suggests that the construct of meaning in life is made up of distinct yet overlapping dimensions of coherences, purpose, and mattering/significance. Of these dimensions, mattering has been the least explored. What does it mean to feel like we matter? Scholars have described two theoretically distinct forms of mattering: (a) feeling we matter existentially in the grand scheme of the universe; and (b) a sense of significance related to feeling valued at an interpersonal level. Although conceptually different, little research has explored empirical differences between these two forms of mattering. Based on an age-stratified sample of 317 adults in the U.S, the current study examined the distinct dimensions of mattering and significance and their relationships with religiosity, spirituality, and dispositional awe. As predicted, both mattering and significance were significantly positively correlated with both religiosity and spirituality, albeit in both cases stronger correlations were found for mattering than significance. Age was significantly positively correlated with both mattering and significance, whereas relationship status was only associated with significance. Contrary to prediction, spirituality did not moderate the relationship between religion and mattering nor of that between religion and significance. Dispositional awe was found to be a predictor of both mattering and significance, even when controlling for the effects of religiosity and spirituality. However contrary to prediction, awe was not a significant moderator in the relationship between spirituality and mattering. The implications of these findings for future research on mattering and significance as well as clinical implications for counselors are discussed
iGen + Technology: A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Screen Time and Social Media on Sexual Desire
Get PDFResearchers have extensively analyzed generational cohorts as a means of understanding economic, social, behavioral, and political trends. A growing body of literature has focused on Millennials (individuals born between 1981 and 1996) because of their large makeup within the U.S. population, their early exposure to mobile phones and social media, and their divergent view of the world, compared with previous generations. Millennials have exhibited an increase in depression and anxiety-related symptoms (Twenge, 2017). However, iGen (born between 1995 and 2012), the first digitally native generation, has not received the same degree of attention. Similar to Millennials, GenZ has reported high levels of depression, anxiety, and suicidality. Notably, they also report fewer romantic partners (Twenge et al., 2018). This study focuses on the effects of screen time and social media among iGen on sexual desire and on whether general distress is a potential mechanism of this relationship. Utilizing a three-time point longitudinal design with a sample of 317 young adults, this study evaluated the links among screen time and social media, and general distress and sexual desire. It was hypothesized that the negative effects of screen time and social media consumption on sexual desire would be mediated by increased distress and these effects would be stronger for women. There were modest cross-sectional links between social media and general distress at each time point (rs ~ .20) and smaller links between social media and screen time (rs ~ .10). However, social media did not longitudinally predict increased distress. As a result, the hypothesized mediational pathway of social media/screen time\u3e general distress \u3e sexual desire did not emerge, nor did gender moderate these mediational effects. However, although there was no evidence that screen time and social media led to increased distress at a subsequent time point, an exploratory analysis revealed that increased passive and active social media consumption resulted in heightened levels of sexual desire at a subsequent time point. The findings are discussed in the context of shared dopaminergic pathways of social media and sexual desire
Subjective Deliberate Indifference: The Correct Standard for Pre-Trial Detainees\u27 Fourteenth Amendment Claims for Inadequate Medical Care
Get PDFThis article examines the legal standard of “subjective deliberate indifference” as it pertains to the Fourteenth Amendment claims of pre-trial detainees facing inadequate medical care. With the Supreme Court’s evolving interpretation of constitutional protections for incarcerated individuals, this piece argues that subjective deliberate indifference offers a more appropriate framework for evaluating the state’s duty to provide adequate medical treatment. By analyzing relevant case law, including the significant distinctions between pre-trial detainees and convicted prisoners, the article highlights the necessity of considering the mental state of correctional officials in medical negligence claims. Furthermore, it explores the implications of this standard on the rights of detainees, the responsibilities of healthcare providers within correctional facilities, and the broader context of human rights in the criminal justice system. Ultimately, this article advocates for a clear and consistent application of subjective deliberate indifference to ensure that the medical needs of pre-trial detainees are adequately addressed and protected under the Constitution
Confirmation Notes in the English Common Law
Get PDFConfirmation notes allow parties to a final or near-final contract to specify the terms of their agreement and thus render it binding. As a result, the note may take the form of an offer or acceptance or, if so specified by the parties, it may just as well serve as the contract. Where the note does not serve as a contract, the receiver is presumed to have accepted its terms if it has not rejected within reasonable time. A confirmation note that adds, modifies or limits the parties’ original (usually oral) agreement has no effect, unless the receiver unjustifiably delays conveying its rejection thereof. Moreover, it should now stand as good law that the parol evidence rule is generally inapplicable where one of the parties seeks to prove the existence of a term based on a confirmation note
Context-Aware Query Performance Optimization for Transportation in Big Data Analytics
No full textTransit data is stored in multiple data sources doing exploratory analytics on these datasets require querying more than one database. Users need to be updated regarding route services. Hence there is a need for a smarter query framework which can query multiple databases and retrieve the results in less time. The aim of this study is to improve a cost-based query optimizer that utilizes external optimized copy registered in a database and enhances the performance in terms of execution time of the analytical query for data analytics for public transportation datasets stored in different databases. The improvement is initiated in this study by rewriting the query plan to utilize the externally registered optimized copy of data in the relational expression tree during the analytical query execution
Protecting Public Land from Trespass: Why the Six-Year Statute of Limitations in 28 U.S.C. § 2415(B) is Appropriate for All Trespass Cases on Federal Land
Get PDFThe United States has the authority to bring claims for trespass on federal land under the statutes of the state in which the trespass occurs. Many states have statutes that codify and often alter the elements of common law trespass while also providing for double or treble damages. Thus, in cases of trespass on federal lands, the government is incentivized to bring claims under state trespass statutes. Doing so adds an alternate theory of liability and maximizes the opportunity to recover adequate damages. 28 U.S.C. § 2415(b), in part, sets a six-year statute of limitations for when the United States can bring an action to “recover damages resulting from trespass on lands of the United States.” However, the statute of limitations under most state trespass statutes is only three years.
It is unclear whether section 2415(b) preempts state statutes of limitations for statutory trespass because it may be construed to apply only to federal statutes and regulations and common law trespass. As to federal trespass, federal law (including statutes of limitations) clearly governs when available. As to common law trespass, it is distinct from most if not all state trespass statutes because these statutes typically change the elements required for liability, creating what might reasonably be viewed as an entirely different cause of action, to which section 2415(b) does not apply. However, the legislative history, the case law (both before and after the law’s passage), and current policy arguments largely support preemption. Ultimately, section 2415(b) ought to apply to all trespass cases on federal lands. This rule is in the best interest of the public by virtue of preserving the lands managed in trust for the public by the federal government
