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Are Embryos or Fetuses Brain Dead? Implications for the Abortion Debate
Get PDFMost state abortion definitions exclude the removal of a dead fetus, attempting to distinguish miscarriage and abortion care. But what does “dead” mean at the earliest stages of potential life? There is a consensus at the end of life that death not only encompasses the cessation of cardiac activity, but also brain death. This symposium essay considers whether life can only begin with the emergence of brain life and if so, how that might impact the abortion debate. The most rudimentary brain waves cannot be detected in an embryo before roughly the eighth week of pregnancy; the capacity for feeling and consciousness begin much later. If brain life starts at one of these points, one could argue that before that moment, terminating a pregnancy simply removes dead pregnancy tissue and is not an abortion according to state abortion definitions. This essay considers important critiques of this argument as a legal theory, including that the legal definition of brain death has an “irreversibility” element that is inapplicable at the beginning of life, that this strategy could exacerbate fetal personhood efforts that erase the pregnant person, and that this fundamentally philosophical question cannot be resolved by science, particularly in a moment of scientific distrust. The essay concludes that though the concept of brain life has some moral and rhetorical salience, it should not be pursued as a legal strategy
Defamation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Get PDFRapid advancement in artificial intelligence (AI) technology threatens the defamation landscape. Defamation, a legal concept addressing false statements that harm an individual\u27s reputation, legally regulates the responsibility of human interactions and corporate publications. AI is neither a human nor a legal entity, which many argue makes it impossible for plaintiffs to bring successful defamation claims. The role of humans and corporate publishers in creating and curating AI systems and the added role of humans republishing false AI-generated contact, however, preserve a likelihood of success for plaintiffs bringing defamation claims against AI. Unlike other technological advances, AI does little to disrupt proof of the dignitary tort.
This article draws on the first, and to date, only case against an AI-generated chatbot and highlights the hurdles this and future plaintiffs encounter when attempting to establish the elements of defamation. The article first offers an overview of AI and identifies where to place human liability for artificial hallucinations or confident false responses to chatbot requests. It then delves into the elements of defamation, including publication, free speech, and intent. Drawing on a comprehensive analysis of existing defamation laws, the article traces how technological advances have altered the traditional common law tort. The article then critically analyzes the potential for fault among AI\u27s creators in contributing to the defamatory content and the responsibility of users who disseminate the AI-generated material.
To address these challenges, the article proposes the proper legal avenues for establishing the elements of defamation in cases involving AI hallucinations. It considers the feasibility of imposing liability on various stakeholders in the AI creation and deployment process, from owners to employees, while addressing accountability and ethical considerations. By offering insights into the evolving jurisprudence and potential solutions, this article seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding the need for a legal framework and responsible AI deployment to mitigate the potential societal harm caused by defamation in the digital age
Rorschach Profiles in Adolescents: Cluster Analytically Derived Subgroups Based on the Revised Comprehensive System-Variables
Get PDFThis study explored the development and creation of the most frequently occurring Rorschach configurations made up of the major decision-making Comprehensive System-Revised variables (The Constriction Index, The Perceptual Thinking Index (PTI), The Affective Difficulty Index (ADI), The Coping Vulnerability Index (CVI), and Difference Score (D Score)) in a sample of 3,100 adolescents in an inpatient setting. A cluster analysis, K-Means Partitioning procedure specifically, was utilized to attain empirically derived commonly occurring Rorschach profile types using the Constriction Index, PTI, ADI, CVI, and D-score as clustering variables. The cluster analysis identified a total of 249 profile types among the inpatient sample, and this study focused on the 15 profile groupings that had a frequency of at least 1.5%. Protocols with a distance greater than one standard deviation were removed from each cluster, resulting in the removal of 361 of the protocols (11.6%). Comparisons were then made for all clusters using all of those not in that cluster as a control group. Additionally, external criterion of the empirically derived clusters as determined by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - Adolescent Version (MMPI-A) and therapist ratings (HPRS) were conducted. The features of each profile as determined by the Rorschach clusters in conjunction with the findings of the MMPI-A and HPRS were analyzed and described. Observable patterns based on the Rorschach cluster elevation of each profile were also identified. Profiles 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, and 14 in particular demonstrate the validity of using the Rorschach clusters to gain a comprehensive understanding of adolescents’ psychological functioning and clinical areas in which they may be experiencing difficulty. Overall, the results suggested that the Rorschach CS-R variables can be cluster analyzed to produce clinically meaningful groups. Finally, limitations in the creation process of the clusters as well as directions for future research and clinical implications are discussed
Parental Perspective of ADHD Symptomatology in the First Year of Life
Get PDFAttention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children is primarily characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with their functioning (Zero to Three, 2016). It is believed that 2% to 18% of children between six and seventeen years of age have ADHD, making it one of the most common neurobehavioral disorders afflicting children (Sharma & Couture, 2014). While an abundance of research exists regarding early precursors of ADHD in younger children (i.e., infants or toddlers), such as motor and speech delays (Dyck & Piek, 2014), there is a lack of exploration regarding traits of inattention in the first year of life. This study examined parents\u27 perspectives of inattention during the first year of their child’s life, as well as how it relates to child’s age of diagnosis. Thematic analysis, specifically the six-phase thematic analytical process created by Braun and Clarke (2006), resulted in four overarching themes used to conceptualize the interview data: Adequacy in Initiating and Responding to Social Attention, Limited Nonsocial Sensory Attention, Hyperactivity, and Nonattention Indicators of ADHD. These findings emphasize the importance of parents’ perspectives in infant development and may more broadly inform early indicators of ADHD
Relationship Satisfaction in Consensually Non-Monogamous and Monogamous Relationships: A Self-Determination Theory Approach
Get PDFConsensual non-monogamy (CNM) represents a relationship structure that incorporates additional partners into the dynamics of a dyadic primary relationship. CNM commands a nontrivial proportion of the population and is categorized into three forms: polyamory, swinging, and open relationships. Foundational research has uncovered that CNM relationships are rather common, diverse, and relationally healthy, despite the CNM population facing significant societal stigmas. This study was designed to complement research supporting the relational quality of CNM relationships by utilizing a self-determination theory framework. Participants in CNM (n = 124) and monogamous relationships (n = 164) were tested and quantitative analysis revealed that relationship motivation (the motivation to maintain one’s relationship) and need satisfaction (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) were extremely strong predictors of relationship satisfaction. Subgroups analysis evidenced that monogamous and polyamorous relationships had no significant differences on any relational variables, while open relationships had poorer relational outcomes compared to the other relationship structures. Exploratory findings showed that happiness was the most frequently cited spillover benefit (the improvement in the primary relationship as a result of having an extradyadic or secondary partner) for CNM relationship participants. A “Relationship Agreement Template” with three related Worksheets were created to assist counselors and relationship partners with implementing a CNM relationship structure. Future studies may assess additional predictors of CNM relationship satisfaction, other relational constructs, or individual well-being variables, with separate conclusions for each of the CNM relationship forms. Issues such as empathy, destigmatization, and widespread adoption are discussed with implications for future CNM research
Social Camouflaging and Self-Disclosure in the Workplace
Get PDFApproximately 5,437,988 (2.21%) adults in the United States have autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Dietz et al., 2020). Autistic young adults have low rates of employment, with only 53.4% working at some point since completing high school (Roux et al., 2013; Wei et al., 2018). In the workplace, autistic people report trying to fit into the job environment (Berman, 2022). The purpose of the present study is to ask, “What are the lived and emotional experiences of autistic adults in the workplace who ‘mask’ or ‘unmask’ their autistic traits?” By interviewing autistic adults, this study examines workplace self-disclosure and masking experiences of autistic people. The five constituents that arose from this phenomenological study were: (1) Frame of mind towards being autistic, (2) Relatedness with other autistic people, (3) Masking as an effortful socialization technique, (4) Navigating the workplace, and (5) Barriers to being authentic at work
Parental Attitudes Toward Infant Sleep in the First Year of Life: A Systems Framework
Get PDFPrevious research indicates that infant sleep is a complex topic for parents to navigate. Parents often face exhaustion and stress in putting their infants to sleep and may try different methods of encouraging them to sleep independently. Utilizing Uri Bronfebrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory (1979), this study examines parental background (e.g., occupation, race, religion, socioeconomic status) in relation to attitudes and interventions towards infant sleep. This research also considers where and how parents receive information regarding infant sleep and what supports parents rely on in navigating their infants’ sleep journeys. From a sample of mothers, this study finds that the macrosystem seems to have the strongest influence on their attitudes towards infant sleep, frequently affecting the interventions they use. Many participants report that their main source of information regarding infant sleep is digital media, part of the macrosystem. Attitudes toward infant sleep seem to be correlated with parental age; that is, parents between the ages of 18 and 26 looked to others for advice in understanding their infant, parents between the ages of 27 and 34 were more likely to sleep-train their infant, and parents 35 and older showed a high level of sensitivity in their nighttime parenting. This research may contribute to mental health professionals’ understanding of parents’ needs regarding sleep issues associated with infants and young children. Keywords: infant sleep, nighttime parenting, sleep training, co-sleeping, Ecological Systems Theory, parental age, social medi
Rorschach Profiles in Children: Cluster Analytically Derived Subgroups Based on the Revised- Comprehensive System Variables
Get PDFThis study examined the development of an empirically derived subgroups for Rorschach Comprehensive System - Revised (Exner, 1974; Exner, 2003; Fontan et al., 2022) protocols, consistent with Exner’s framework, in a sample of 2,727 children aged five–12 in a psychiatric inpatient setting. A cluster analysis of Rorschach variables (Constriction Index, Perceptual Thinking Index [PTI], Depression Index [DEPI], Coping Deficit Index [CDI], and D score) identified 15 distinct profile types. The resulting clusters were organized into distinct psychological dimensions, including Impaired Reality Testing (Clusters 6, 7, 10, 11, 12), Coping Vulnerabilities (Clusters 2, 5, 13), Constriction with Minimal Interpretive Yield (Clusters 3, 9), Low Perceived Control (Clusters 8, 14, 15), and Unremarkable with Moderate Elevations (Clusters 1, 4). External validation through therapist and parent rating scales provided additional interpretative information about the clusters. The study demonstrated the utility of the Rorschach in identifying clinically meaningful subgroups. It emphasized its role in capturing dimensions of child functioning that are not readily observable through external reports
Inclusion and Representation in Magazine and Trade Publishing: Is the Industry Doing it Right?.
No full textTHE FUTURE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AS A WEAPON OF WAR
Get PDFBefore the signing of the Decree of the Russian Federation on May 27, 2022, the use of intellectual property as a weapon of war was largely unprecedented. This article reviews the implications of the Russian-Ukrainian War on trademarks belonging to countries deemed to be “unfriendly nations” and their impact on the future of intellectual property as a weapon of war. Following the issuance of economic sanctions by the United States of America and many other countries against Russia, many global organizations took their products off the Russian market. However, in doing so, these companies did not anticipate the emergence of Russian copycat brands without any permission, licenses, or royalty payments