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The Investigation Procedures of the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services and the Rights of the United Nations Staff Member: An Analysis of the United Nations Judicial Tribunals’ Judgments on Disciplinary Cases in the United Nations
Get PDFAn employee of an international organization misappropriates over one million dollars from a United Nations Peace-Keeping Mission’s designated for procurement of supplies. As a staff member of an international organization, he or she has functional immunity and cannot be investigated by the local jurisdiction or by authorities in his home country. Is this the “perfect crime”? Taking into consideration that these misappropriated funds are contributions from Member States of the United Nations, is there any recourse to investigate the facts of the incident to determine culpability?
International organizations have a legal obligation to ensure compliance with internal regulations, rules and policies. This includes the breach of employment obligations in the UN. Investigations internal to the United Nations are unique. The United Nations has partners in all parts of the globe: the investigators may be located in New York, the incident may have occurred in Africa, and the witnesses may be on a new assignment in Asia. In addition to geographic separation, United Nations’ investigations may have to contend with a range of different languages, dialects, cultures, customs and ethnic issues. These are all factors that affect an investigator’s capability to investigate allegations of staff misconduct or irregular procurement procedures in the United Nations.
The United Nations has become aware that internal investigations must be conducted carefully taking into consideration the staff member’s due process rights. If an investigation does not observe the standards of good investigative practices in the investigation process, the Organization may be held financially liable through the newly established U.N. internal administration of justice. As a result, the United Nations has recognized the need to develop a properly planned and carefully conducted internal investigation
Grooming Habits and Self-Perceptions Among Emerging Adults
Get PDFThe recent increase of use of the dating websites and applications has called to question whether the use of these dating websites and applications causes emerging adults to place greater emphasis on their grooming habits, and if this emphasis is driven by a desire for sexual partners. The purpose of this study was to see whether an emerging adult’s daily grooming habits are influenced or affected by self-perceptions, and if there was a relationship between emerging adults’ sexual activity and grooming habits. The distribution of a self-report survey to 267 college-aged students regarding the use of grooming products and ratings of positive and negative self-perceptions allowed this study to contribute to the growing area of research regarding appearance and self-perceptions.
The results of this study help to better understand the role that grooming habits play in the construction of self-perceptions. This study displayed the gender differences that exist in within the views of grooming products and resulting self-perceptions including the effects of the Objectification Theory on both males and females in our society. This study also used various theories such as the Spotlight Effect, the Life History Theory, the Lipstick Effect, and developmental theories about emerging adults.
The responses obtained in this study also contribute to further analysis of developmental theories regarding emerging adults and their behaviors. The results of this study reveal that grooming products do not evoke significantly different self-perceptions in emerging adults who actively seek sexual partners compared to those who do not. Therefore, while emerging adults may more hormonally drawn to certain sexual behaviors, these behaviors do not necessarily have an effect on an emerging adult’s grooming habits and self-perceptions.
However, this study does suggest that the grooming habits of the emerging adults who use dating websites and applications have a greater effect on this group’s self-perceptions than emerging adults who do not use dating websites or applications. As certain dating applications like Tinder and OkCupid gain new users everyday, this study aimed to reveal the growing influence of dating websites and applications on an increasing number of emerging adult’s everyday lives. The consistent difference among the mean scores does call for further research regarding the topic. Since the usage of dating applications and websites continues to grow, this research will stand as one of the first studies that sought to understand how the usage of dating websites and applications may play a role in forming self-perceptions. The overwhelming receptiveness of this survey among emerging adults shows that there is interest in this topic both among researchers and emerging adults.
This study demonstrated how certain societal pressures may have effects on the grooming habits and self-perceptions of emerging adults, and also how the use of dating websites and applications may serve as an additional platform where emerging adults’ bodies and appearances are put for critique. The results of this study call for further research as the mean scores of this study reveal that there is certainly a relationship between the use of grooming products and the development of self-perceptions. Additionally, with an increasing number of users on dating websites and applications, this study could be replicated time and time again to further measure the effects that dating websites and applications have on the lives of emerging adults
Parenting Children of Different Ages: Comparing Professional Practitioners\u27 Perceptions with those by Late Adolescents
No full textThe importance of parenting behaviors in children\u27s social and emotional development has been well supported by studies, and parenting behaviors change accordingly to accommodate children\u27s different needs at different stages of life. Parents face parenting challenges and conflicts throughout children\u27s developmental stages, but particularly with late adolescents who go through a phase of life filled with significant changes. For example, many late adolescents move away from home for college. But regardless of college, late adolescents increasingly distance themselves from their families as they continue to establish relationships with their peers. Supportive, nurturing, and monitoring parenting leads to positive developmental outcomes in adolescents. In late adolescence, college students and others at that age range often experience significant environmental changes and social challenges, and their transitions can be facilitated by a positive relationship with their parents. The current study examined college students\u27 parenting expectations and to what extent these expectations may be similar to or differ from professional practitioners. Another focus of this study was to explore late adolescents\u27 perceptions of parenting that is most desirable for each developmental stage in life. The results of this study indicate that, despite some differences, late adolescents\u27 perceptions about parenting are generally similar to those of professional practitioners. Late adolescents, similar to professional practitioners, tend to rate the importance of six positive characteristics of the parent role differently based on children\u27s developmental stages. The importance of three of the seven parenting characteristics (i.e., discipline, education, general welfare and protection) generally increases until children are approximately 6-12 years of age. Then, these three parenting characteristics generally decline in importance. Also, even though there are some declines in importance of the six positive parenting characteristics, three characteristics (i.e. bonding, responsivity, sensitivity) remain relatively high in importance during childhood. Thus, late adolescent respondents seem to have developed a solid appreciation for positive parenting, as well as a general understanding of what parenting behaviors are desirable. In contrast to professional practitioners, late adolescents tend to perceive negative parenting behaviors as slightly more, but not significantly important. Late adolescent respondents rate the importance of discipline, education, general welfare and protection, and negativity in parenting late adolescent or adult age levels more highly than professional practitioners. Therefore, late adolescents apparently tend to recognize the beneficial effects of parenting involvement for their own age group and favor engagement from their parents, seemingly more than professional practitioners. Thus, late adolescent respondents, at least those in this study, recognize the importance of parents\u27 involvement and support while they are in college transitioning into adulthood
Attachment to the Therapist and Parenting Stress in Parenting Interventions
No full textWhat factors influence the mental health of an infant? Attachment theory proposes that developing a secure attachment to ones primary caregiver allows infants to explore their environment and receive needed nourishment in order to grow and prosper (Ainsworth, 1989; Bowlby, 1969) and that the relationship between infant and mother influences how a person learns to navigate interpersonal relationships throughout their lives (Ainsworth, 1989). A mother\u27s own attachment style has been shown to be a predictor of a child\u27s psychological functioning (van IJzendoorn, 1995) and a child\u27s attachment to their mother further impacts the child\u27s psychological well being
Is America Becoming A Nation of Ex-Cons?
Get PDFRecent rates of mass incarceration have become a concern, but those rates are only part of the challenge facing (and posed by) the American criminal justice system. An estimated 25% of the U.S. adult population already has a criminal record and, with new felony convictions churning out at a rate of a million per year, America is well on its way to becoming a nation of ex-cons. Already, the ex-offender class is the nation’s biggest law-defined, legally discriminated-against minority group, and it is growing. The adverse social implications of this trend remain unclear and the critical demographic tipping point is still uncertain, But whatever the details, this is surely not good path for the nation to be on
Environmental Privacy
Get PDFThis Article looks to nuisance doctrine, surveillance under environmental statutes, and Fourth Amendment cases arising in implementation of fish and game laws (the hunter enforcement cases) to better understand our experience, to date, balancing the need for environmental information with privacy. Section A analyzes common law nuisance and its relationship to individual privacy concerns and concludes that the law affords little *7 value to or protection of privacy in the context of at least one type of environmental externality -- conduct that gives rise to a common law nuisance. Recognizing that most environmentally significant individual behaviors do not constitute a common law nuisance, Section B then considers how privacy values are balanced with the need for information to support the development and enforcement of environmental statutes designed to regulate (primarily industrial) conduct that often imposes harm only in the aggregate. Section C focuses on how the Fourth Amendment has been applied with respect to enforcement of a subset of environmental statutes -- fish and game laws
