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The Wrong of Publicity
Get PDFThe right of publicity has been, since at least 1977, a recognized concept. It was used, much like the other areas of intellectual property law to protect what a person had worked hard to create, in this case the concept of themselves. Their creativity in making themselves known and in having an act was worth protecting. However, the right of publicity has drastically changed since its conception. What is has become in the past almost forty years is a strange amalgamation of concepts, protected by laws that were never meant to be used to protect it in the first place. The time has come to take a hard look at the right of publicity, what it is meant to protect, and what we, as a country, should do with it. The right of publicity has long enjoyed protection under common law as a privacy Tort. Misappropriation of name or likeness has been the cause of action under which those whose right of publicity has been violated. Misappropriation has generally had three elements that must be satisfied to successfully bring a claim. One must show that 1. their name or likeness 2. has been appropriated, or used, 3. for another’s benefit. These elements apply to anyone, not just to celebrities, and do not explicitly require a commercial benefit. However, the focus of most right of publicity cases is on celebrities and performers, and it is on these types of cases that this argument focuses. People lacking notoriety generally have remedies in common tort privacy law or in State privacy laws. It is from this basic tort framework that the body of right of publicity law has grown
Combining Human and Machine Capabilities for Improved Accuracy and Speed in Visual Recognition Tasks
No full textIn various areas of pattern recognition, in particular, in visual recognition tasks, there is always a trade-off between accuracy and speed. Performing the task manually by an expert typically results in high accuracy, but takes a significant amount of time to accomplish. The visual recognition task areas can be facial recognition, flower recognition, hand-writing recognition, etc. Manual activity will involve comparing items within a known and presumably correct database. Performing the task automatically by machine typically can be done in a split second, but the accuracy level is quite low. With these known conditions, there is room to investigate what level of accuracy and speed that can be achieved if we combine human and machine functionalities in visual recognition tasks. Human and machine collaboration can range in a broad spectrum, from utilizing a tool to assist an expert to utilizing humans in improving automated tools. In this research we will focus on improving the automated feature extraction process by adding limited human interaction where the time utilized is still acceptable. Thus, the problem statement here is: “To investigate human assistance in an automated feature extraction of visual pattern recognition where higher accuracy is required than is currently achievable by automated systems through exploring various possible human assistances within a reasonable time.” It is expected that an automated shape/contour recognition process with human assistance in color recognition will provide the highest accuracy while still maintaining an acceptable time in the process. This model can be used to improve existing visual pattern recognition tools or to create new one
Anonymous Armies: Modern “Cyber-Combatants” and Their Prospective Rights Under International Humanitarian Law
Get PDFCyber-attacks take many forms, only some of which are applicable to the law of war. This Comment discusses only those attacks sponsored by a government or non-state entity that have the goal of affecting morale or gaining political advantage, or those attacks amounting to tactical strikes on state or civilian infrastructure. In that vein, this Comment proposes the adoption of a new legal framework for determining the threshold that marks a participant in such a cyber-attack as a “cyber-combatant” by adapting the framework set by the Geneva Conventions and existing custom. This definition should encompass cyber-attacks perpetrated by states, unrecognized states, and non-state groups. It should set the rules of engagement for cyber-attacks and operations conducted for political advantage, morale boost, and tactical purposes.
Whether they act on the orders or in support of States or non-state groups, those perpetrating cyber-attacks that have material effects upon the morale or infrastructure of a sovereign nation during armed conflict should be treated as “combatants” for purposes of international law, and the legality of their actions should be defined. Because the standard governing what constitutes a lawful combatant under any reasonable reading of the Geneva Conventions is muddled as applied to combatants in cyber-warfare as presently conducted, this paper takes the position that under present custom, cyber-combatants may likely be effectively considered illegal combatants under International Law.
Part II of this Comment provides a framework for defining “cyber-combatants,” reviewing the traditionally accepted definition of “combatants” under the Geneva Conventions and customary international law as restated through the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare. Part III explores the alleged cyber-operations of sovereign States, including Israel’s C4i Cyber Warfare Unit and The United States’ USCYBERCOM and its sister agencies, some or all of which may have been responsible for the Stuxnet attack on Iran; Russia’s coordinated cyber-attacks perpetrated during its war with Georgia in 2008 and in the conflict in Ukraine in 2014 and 2015; and China’s PLA Unit 61398. Part IV introduces the unique problem posed by cyber-attacks perpetrated by agents of unrecognized states and organized terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS. Finally, Part V concludes by proposing alternative definitions for cyber-attacks, and consequentially, cyber-combatants
Premature Termination of Psychotherapy in an Outpatient Clinic: Exploring Risk Factors and Contributing Elements
No full textThis study explored personality features on the PAI and Rorschach that predicted early termination from psychotherapy in a sample of 104 individuals receiving treatment at a University-Affiliated Training Clinic. Early or premature termination was characterized in several ways – patients who terminated during the intake and patients who commenced treatment but terminated before the eighth session. In addition to the two categorical outcome variables, the number of attended sessions at point of termination was a third outcome variable. The findings indicated that four PAI scales (PIM, INF, WRM, PAR) were able to predict intake-completion and commencement of therapy, as well as the total number of attended sessions at point of termination. In addition, one composite Rorschach (RPAS) variable (SC-COMP) was able to predict the number of attended sessions. After interpreting the significant findings, several psychological/personality constructs seem to be related to therapeutic attendance - self-defeating patterns of behavior, interpersonal interest/desire, openness and authenticity, suspiciousness/trust toward others, and degree of task or activity engagement. Keywords: premature termination, early termination, Rorschach, PAI, psychotherap
Multi-Seed Base Authentication
No full textMulti-Seed Base Authentication, MSBA, an authentication protocol presented in this research, improves many of the shortcomings of the existing authentication protocols. In addition, it identifies new spaces of entropy sources that could enhance the generation of seeds and tokens in the pseudo random number generation domain. This thesis includes a study and a protocol on using image file as an entropy source to generate the seeds used by the pseudo random number generators in order to produce tokens. A protocol to communicate dynamic multiple tokens between a client and a server in a challenge response fashion and also a study on the effect of using S/Key scheme on improving the security of the proposed protocol. A set of experiments was conducted to analyze the proposed protocols. Using a set of 14,000 images of distinct individuals, we ran experiments using the proposed authentication protocol to study the accuracy and performance of the proposed authentication method. In addition, using the same set of images, we experimented the use of pixel-based entropy to generate the needed seeds. The result of the experiments confirmed that MSBA is a dynamic and secure authentication protocol that alleviates many threats and usability concerns that are associated with most of the common authentication methods. The simulation conducted also asserted that the use of dynamic seeds generated from user data such as image files provides a larger entropy space because the dynamic generation of the seeds and the token proved to be more secure than both text and graphical based password solutions
#(Hashtag) Publishing: How Social Media Stars Have Become Some of Publishing\u27s Biggest Sources of Original Material for Books.
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A Partition-Based Dynamic Routing Algorithm for On-Demand Bus Scheduling in Rural Areas
No full textWhile many researchers have thoroughly studied the static dial-a-ride system, the scheduling of the dynamic dial-a-ride system has not been well studied. There have been attempts to extend the static solutions to a dynamic counterpart. But, one inherent problem with the extended solutions is that characteristics of static solutions are carried over to the solutions of a dynamic problem. Current solutions use single depot, and, limits on wait time for service after making the request, have forced many of requests to be rejected. In this research, a new algorithm based on partitions, subjected to limit on wait time for service after making the request, is developed. The proposed algorithm eliminates rejection of any customer request from anywhere in the service area. A combination of an existing scheduling algorithm, like a dynamic basic parallel algorithm, with this newly suggested algorithm is recommended for better performance. This combination is recommended only when the ridership is mixed in density. Three sets of experiments were conducted for evaluation and comparison of scheduling efficiency of the existing dynamic dial-a-ride algorithms and the new partition based algorithm
Attachment as a Lens for Understanding Identity: The Impact of Attachment to God on Identity Formation
No full textThe literature suggests that attachment is an enduring bond (Ainsworth, 1985; Bowlby, 1982.) that impacts an individual\u27s identity formation (Marcia, 1989.) In the absence of a secure attachment relationship an individual may seek out a surrogate attachment figure to compensate (Ainsworth, 1985) and God is suggested as a possible surrogate attachment figure (Kirkpatrick & Shaver, 1990; Granqvist & Kirkpatrick, 2013). The objective of the current study was to explore whether emerging adults can develop a compensatory attachment to God, and if so, whether it moderates the associations between attachments in close interpersonal relationships and identity formation. In a sample of 157 emerging adults ages 18-24 (52% men, 48% women) enrolled in Jewish Orthodox colleges, this study examined attachment in close relationships, attachment to God, and identity formation. Identity was positively associated with attachment avoidance and anxiety in close relationships, but not attachment avoidance and anxiety to God. Attachment to God did not act as a moderator of the associations between attachments in close relationships and identity, as was predicted. Findings did not support the presence of compensatory attachment to God or an association between attachment to God and identity formation. This paper discusses possible explanations for lack of these associations, including variability regarding the timing and nature of attachment and identity formation in emerging adults, specifically among the religious population. For clinicians, an important implication of this study is the recognition that an individual\u27s interpersonal relationships and his/her relationship with God are distinct relationships that may operate independently. Further, a clinician should be mindful of an individual\u27s attachment style when attempting to facilitate that individual\u27s identity development