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From Dreamers to Dangerous Women: A Shift from Abstinence and Hypersexuality to Sexuality with Shame in Pop Music Listened to by Tween Girls in 2006 and 2016
Get PDFThis thesis contains a comparative study of the most popular female artists or femalefronted groups among tween girls in the years 2006 and 2016. During the tween years girls construct their identities, develop sexual beliefs, and interact with potentially influential media texts.1, 2, 3 Based on survey data of fifty-seven female students ages twenty to twenty-four in a mid-Atlantic university, Hannah Montana/Miley Cyrus, Hilary Duff, and The Black Eyed Peas were remembered as the musical artists they most often listened to in and around the year 2006. An analysis of the music videos, lyrics, and public personas of these artists showed a dichotomy in representations of sexuality with no middle ground; while The Black Eyed Peas displayed a hypersexualized version of female sexuality that objectified women and commodified female sexuality, Montana/Cyrus and Duff expressed little to no sexuality in their music and spoke publicly about wearing purity rings and/or virginity. The 2016 survey, which asked sixty-two female students ages ten to fourteen in a mid-Atlantic suburban middle school to name their favorite musical artists right now, found that Ariana Grande, Selena Gomez, and Taylor Swift were the top three choices. Ariana Grande presents her sexuality as something that makes her a “dangerous woman” and a “bad girl.” Selena Gomez’s sexuality gets her into trouble. The sexuality displayed by Grande and Gomez often caters to the male gaze. They also claim to be unable to control their sexual desires. Despite their public statements about feminism and female empowerment and the neoliberal, third wave feminist discourse that often deems any sexual choice a woman makes an inherently feminist choice, the sexuality presented by Grande and Gomez does not fully challenge patriarchal views. Although their music is more sexualized than that of Montana/Cyrus and Duff, and less objectifying than that of The Black Eyed Peas, Grande and Gomez associate their sexuality with shame, which may be an enduring effect of the media focus on virginity and purity discussed by the 2006 acts. Contrastively, Taylor Swift presents her sexuality as something she controls, without shame, and with a prioritization of her own sexual desires. Swift’s empowered sexuality does not exist without backlash, though; I argue that the public slut-shaming that Swift experiences is a response to her more feminist sexuality, despite her music videos and lyrics being less overtly sexual than that of Grande and Gomez
Police Officers\u27 Job Satisfaction and Well-Being: The Influences of Flow
No full textConsiderable attention has been given to the mental health outcomes of police officers, with prior research indicating that police officers’ well-being positively predicts job satisfaction. There remains debate, however, as to what best predicts job satisfaction. Some research has focused on organizational characteristics (e.g., supervision and salary), while other studies have indicated job characteristics (e.g., task identity and autonomy) to be important. Most of the prior research has failed to consider the influence of these variables at the same time and no research exists examining the influence of flow on police officer well-being. Flow has been found to be a strong predictor of job and life satisfaction in a number of other professions; this study sought to examine whether the benefits of flow extend to police work. Based on data collected from 227 police officers working in New York, results indicated that organizational characteristics was a better statistical predictor of global job satisfaction than demographic and job characteristics. Flow predicted job satisfaction even after controlling for demographic characteristics and job resources. In fact, work-related flow was the best single predictor of global job satisfaction. Lastly, when examining the association between global job satisfaction, flow and life satisfaction, global job satisfaction was the best predictor, although flow was also associated with life satisfaction even after controlling for job satisfaction. This study’s findings provide support for the importance of flow in police officers’ well-being and suggest the need for further research and intervention
Unusual “Politics as Usual”: The 2017 Ballot Proposition Calling for a Constitutional Convention in New York
Get PDFThe first task of constitutional reformers is to make the people of the state aware that they live under a constitution that, for better or worse, affects their everyday lives whether they live on in remotes sections of the Adirondacks routes in villages or a teeming megalopolis. Until this is done, the people are not likely to demand or even accept the more thoroughgoing revision so badly needed in New York
Criterion Validity Study of the Aggressive Content Scales in the Rorschach for Pre- Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients
No full textThis study aimed to expand upon the existing literature regarding the intersection of the Rorschach and Gacono and Meloy\u27s (1994) extended aggression variables (i.e. Aggressive Potential and Aggressive Content) compared with parent ratings to assess for criterion validity with a sample of 75 pre-adolescent children who were admitted for inpatient psychiatric care. The Rorschach literature has emphasized that an analysis of performance on chromatic versus achromatic cards might be indicative of the degree to which affective stimulation impacts personality functioning. The study also assessed the Aggressive Content (AgC) variable\u27s ability to differentiate between aggression on chromatic versus achromatic cards. Analysis of the relationship between AgC and various Rorschach variables indicated that AgC, and most notably AgC on achromatic cards, correlated with W and S responses, was positively correlated with some critical contents (Fi, Hd, (Hd)), and positively related to active , as opposed to passive , movement scores. Furthermore, achromatic cards with AgC, but not chromatic cards, was found to be positively correlated with overall signs of poor reality testing (X-%). Males with high levels of ego-impairment also provided more AgC on achromatic, but not chromatic, cards. Statistical analysis revealed that neither Aggressive Potential nor AgC related to age or gender variables. AgC on achromatic cards, but not chromatic cards, was found to be related to parent ratings of aggression and anger control, though this small effect was only significant for males. A difference score between AgC occurring on achromatic cards and chromatic cards was also significantly associated with parent ratings of aggression and anger dyscontrol. Thus, it appears that in the current sample, the relationship between Rorschach aggression variables and parent-rated aggression differs for males and females. The major contribution of the current findings, with respect to the association between Rorschach Aggression Variables, is that the greater the degree to which a child provides aggressive responses on achromatic, versus chromatic cards, the more likely it is that he is rated as exhibiting aggressive behavior by his parents. However, this finding was only evident in males, and bears further exploration
Fanfiction: A Social and Literary Phenomenon That Redefines the Landscape of Online Publishing and Fiction.
No full textBook Censorship in America: A History and Analysis of the effects of Literature Censorship.
No full textOn the Categorical Approach to Free Speech – And the Protracted Failure to Delimit the True Threats Exception to the First Amendment
Get PDFOn June 1, 2015, the Supreme Court decided Elonis v. United States on statutory rather than constitutional grounds. In doing so, it turned away an important opportunity to provide needed clarification of true threats, a category of expression relegated to a lower level of protection by the Court almost a half-century ago. The categorical approach to free speech made its first explicit appearance in Supreme Court case law in 1942. Since that time, the Court has relied heavily on this method of constitutional interpretation, carving out discrete exceptions from the seemingly absolutist mandate of the First Amendment that Congress make no law abridging the freedom of speech. Although the categorical approach – frequently front and center in First Amendment adjudication – has been with us for almost seventy-five years, it rests on a surprisingly unsettled theoretical foundation. It is an indispensable doctrinal tool with a puzzling and sometimes contradictory array of justifications and operating instructions. In this piece, I attempt to clear up the confusion. I examine the evolution of this approach to the First Amendment. I critically assess the famous dictum from Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire that is responsible for establishing this system of classification. I scrutinize a number of possible interpretations of Chaplinsky and explore the disparate scholarly and judicial perspectives on this mode of constitutional interpretation. Finally, I move from the foundations and justifications of the categorical approach to the way this system works in practice. I argue that if the Court is to maintain its fidelity to an effectual categorical system of First Amendment adjudication – one that is properly respectful of the high stakes for free expression and democratic self-governance – it is vitally important that Court adequately define and operationalize respective categories. The final third of this article delves into one such category: true threats. I closely examine the Court’s true threats jurisprudence and look critically at the recent Elonis decision, contrasting the Court’s protracted failure to define and delimit true threats with the comparatively robust guidance it has offered with other discrete categories
Omnicare v. Indiana State District Council and Its Rational Basis Test for Allowing for Opinion Statements to Be a Misleading Fact or Omission Under Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933
Get PDFThis article examines when statements in a registration statement, couched as opinion, can and cannot be considered to be misstatements of material fact that could lead to liability under Section 11 (and potentially other sections) of the Securities Act. The rest of this paper is formatted as follows. We review the Omnicare case, followed by the key cases in the Second, Third, Ninth, and Sixth Circuit Courts of Appeals. The Second, Third, and Ninth Circuits have all required that, in order for there to be an actionable claim under Section 11, the plaintiff must plead not only that the statement or omission was false, but also that the defendant had subjective knowledge that its opinion was false. The Sixth Circuit, although later reversed by the Supreme Court, applied a strict liability interpretation of Section 11 and required only that the fact or omission be false or misleading. The split decisions among the circuits may be the reason that the Supreme Court granted certiorari. Then, we explain the implications of these decisions to future registrants and to professionals preparing opinions that are to be included in registration statements. This article is important to future registrants and opining professionals because of their liability implications. We conclude with the assumption that future cases will decide how to apply the new rational basis test created by the Supreme Court in interpreting when an opinion statement becomes a misstatement of material fact, or leads to an omission that renders a registration statement false or misleading in violation of Section 11
The Big Lebowski: The Dude’s Lessons in Law and Leadership for Military and National Security Attorneys
Get PDFThe Big Lebowski is a cultural phenomenon that has prompted academic research into the nature of cult cinema, provided fodder for a host of law review quotes, and motivated a tradition of fan festivals and midnight screenings. However, most viewers do not realize that The Big Lebowski also serves as an engaging training tool for military and national security attorneys.
Disguised as an impish play on film noir and hard-boiled detective fiction, The Big Lebowski’s unpretentious treatment of delicate topics contains poignant lessons for military and national security attorneys that include: (1) the risks facing national security attorneys when they lose focus on their professional and moral responsibilities, (2) the unexpected ways military attorneys should expect to encounter mental health concerns and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), (3) the importance of values and how they impact the success of a national security legal office, and (4) the role of the attorney in military operations. Military and national security attorneys who adopt the lessons of The Big Lebowski will be better lawyers and leaders
Dual Environmentalism: Demand Response Mechanisms in Wholesale and Retail Energy Markets
Get PDFThis note argues that a dual jurisdictional approach to demand response programming is better suited to mitigate environmental harms than an “either-or” regulatory model. Through an exploration of FERC’s authority over wholesale demand response, state authority over retail-level demand response, and implications for electricity and capacity markets arising out of the Court’s decision in FERC v. EPSA, this note will offer effective legal mechanisms for mitigating environmental costs, while fostering environmental benefits. The next section of this note analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of state and federal regulatory approaches to demand response in isolation.
Based on this assessment, this note suggests the policy mechanisms most conducive to environmentally-conscious electric energy regulation. This note concludes with a model regulatory scheme that utilizes demand response to mitigate global climate change and advance environmental sustainability