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A Comparative Study on Carbon Emission Reduction Systems
Get PDFThe overwhelming majority of scientists have concluded that global warming is unequivocal. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fifth report in 2013 concluded that the challenge of climate disruption to human beings is even more imperative than the previous report claimed, and that anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions have extremely likely been the dominant causes of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.
Anthropogenic GHGs emissions have many implications, including more intensive, extreme meteorological events, spreading of diseases, and threatening human health and life. Climate change also causes injustice in human society because of the dislocation of the consequences from it in time and space for the affected people. As a response, a variety of policies and laws have been initiated from regions and nations. Among them, economic incentive instruments are employed to combat global warming, including a carbon emission trading system (ETS) and a carbon tax.
Carbon emission trading as a market means has its advantages, such as political feasibility and certainty for environmental benefits. Its volatility of carbon price could be avoided by a proper design, for instance, a price containment mechanism. In contrast, a carbon tax is less politically feasible and also may have an effect on trade and market distortion, such as border and tariff adjustments (BATS).
Allowing parties to buy CERs from CDM and Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) projects will be conducive to carbon emissions reduction.
The European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) is the largest and most successful market based system in the world. The lessons learned in its development, detailed in the body of this thesis, set invaluable examples from which other market based systems can greatly benefit.
The Regional GHG Initiative (RGGI), the first mandated cap-and-trade program for GHGs, is another pioneer cap and trade program herein discussed in depth. It is a regional program of Northeastern U.S. states. RGGI is regarded as an effective and efficient system. It successfully decoupled economic growth and the reduction of carbon emissions. RGGI states surpassed other states in economic growth and the decline of carbon emissions simultaneously.
RGGI‘s challenges and shortcomings are also documented. Thus RGGI encountered carbon leakages through importing electricity from non-RGGI states. The Cost Containment Reserve also needed improvement. When reserve allowances were sold, additional emissions tended to inflate the original cap. To avoid this scenario, some portion of allowances needed to be held back in the allowance reserve.
Another pioneer U.S. cap and trade initiative, The Western Climate Action Initiative, is a unique multi-jurisdictional program among western U.S. states and Canadian provinces. In one element of it, California and Quebec have created the first international cap-and-trade system of sub-national jurisdictions. It is the most ambitious program in North America, but it encountered difficulties from the dramatic change in the political landscape accompanying the 2008 economic crisis and the change in U.S. administrations.
The emission trading systems of a number of other nations that are experimenting with emission trading systems are also covered in depth, including the Korea Emission Trading System begun in South Korea in 2015 and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government cap-and-trade program which was the first mandatory ETS in Japan, begun in 2010.
The China approaches to these issues and their prospects are a major focus of this study. China officially launched seven state pilot ETS programs starting in 2013 and plans to initiate a national ETS this year in 2017. The many accumulated experiences from the pilot programs include such findings as the importance of setting realistic targets balancing the needs for carbon reductions with those of economic growth and pollution control and the need for legislation specifying the actions to be taken, provisions for disclosure, allowance allocations, offsets, infrastructure building, monitoring reporting and verification, and adoption of a compliance mechanism. Deficiencies in the pilot programs are evaluated, such as those derived from lack of a national legal basis and unified rules for the carbon market, an excess of free allocation of allowances, a lack of liquidity of the market, lenient punishment for non-compliance, and absence of a sound monitoring and regulatory mechanism.
The requisites for sound market based programs are described, with particular emphasis on the need for a comprehensive legal basis on which programs can be built.
The pluses and minuses of cap and trade market based programs versus carbon taxes are explored in depth, including the possibilities of combining the two systems. Various bottom up and top down approaches are explored and the key elements of success and failure.
From the perspective of international cooperation under the Paris Agreement in the long run, it is concluded that it is necessary to identify a formula to link the domestic carbon markets to those in other jurisdictions. A multi-lateral club approach is suggested. The role of the judicial branch in carbon emission reduction is explored with several recent relevant cases described.
Conclusions of the study seek to identify what alternative systems of carbon emission controls are being applied throughout the world, what lessons can be learned from them, and what are the important elements needed for successful programs
The Need for Strict Morality Clauses in Endorsement Contracts
Get PDFThe increasing significance of morality clauses seems to directly correlate with the increase of social media platforms and avenues to live-stream events, including but not limited to Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram, and Twitter. News of an athlete’s behavior can go viral in a matter of seconds. This leads company brands to seek broader terms in their morality clauses to allow them to disassociate themselves from the athlete. However, this is not always fair to the athlete, who might not have any idea that their personal-life choices could lead to the end of an endorsement contract
School Psychologists\u27 Interprofessional Collaboration with Medical Providers: Training, Preparedness, Attitudes, and Current Practices
No full textWhile previous research has pointed to the importance of interprofessional collaboration (IPC) between school psychologists and medical providers in the provision of quality mental health care for youth with chronic health conditions, little is known about current IPC practices among school psychologists. This study sought to address this need by examining school psychology trainees\u27 and professionals\u27 perceptions of training, preparedness, attitudes, and current practices related to IPC with medical providers. Results of a survey with trainees and professionals (n = 317) indicated that school psychology trainees and professionals report relatively low levels of training and preparedness related to IPC with medical providers, positive attitudes towards interprofessional education, and limited engagement of IPC with medical providers. Additionally, results indicated that perceptions of training and preparedness related to IPC with medical providers were associated with engagement in IPC with medical providers. Study findings demonstrate the importance of school psychology trainees\u27 and professionals\u27 training and preparedness in engaging in IPC with medical providers, and have implications for future training of school psychologists
The Influence of Parents\u27 Alcohol Expectancies and Behaviors on their Young Adult Children\u27s Alcohol Expectancies and Behaviors in the Orthodox Jewish Community
No full textSince alcohol is an integral part of many Jewish religious customs and practices, unhealthy alcohol use may be easily overlooked or difficult to identify as Orthodox Jewish community members work to develop and transmit an appropriate, balanced, and controlled approach to moderate alcohol use, a value of the historical Judaism, from one a generation to another. Although previous research has examined the impact of parental alcohol expectancies, parental alcohol behaviors, and parent-child relationship quality on their children\u27s alcohol use, there is a dearth of research on this topic as it relates to the Orthodox Jewish community. In this study, the influence of parental alcohol expectancies (both positive and negative) and behaviors on their young adult children\u27s alcohol expectancies and behaviors in the Orthodox Jewish community are examined, in addition to the variables of religiosity and parent-child relationship quality. Using SEM, results indicated significant positive effects of parental negative alcohol expectancies on young adult negative alcohol expectancies, and parental positive alcohol expectancies on young adult positive alcohol expectancies suggesting the important role parents play the development of their children\u27s relationship with alcohol. Religiosity was found to have a significant negative effect on both young adult positive expectancies and young adult alcohol behaviors. Parental negative alcohol expectancies and young adult alcohol positive and negative expectancies also had significant effects on young adult alcohol behaviors. A significant positive indirect effect that was identified included the impact of parental positive alcohol expectancies on young adult alcohol behaviors by way of young adult positive alcohol expectancies. Implications for school and clinical psychology are discussed
The Mountains Are Calling
Get PDFMark Knapp’s Relationship Model in Communication Studies attempts to limit human relationships to a specific, linear array of stages and categories. This research project attempts to critique the rigidity of Knapp’s model, while simultaneously attempting to posit film as an incredibly influential tool (if not an alternative model entirely) for communication both diegetically – within the realm of the film – and in conversation with an audience. The silent nature of the creative filmed portion of this project is in direct opposition to Knapp’s model, which inadvertently roots human relationships in language
It Takes an Instigator, Vision and Passion, Promoting Health In Haiti: Developing a Partnership Between an Impoverished Nation and an NGO to Develop Advanced Practice Nursing Education, A Case Study
Get PDFFour nurse educators went to Haiti after the 2012 earthquake to help rebuild the School of Nursing in Port-au-Prince. They were alarmed by the low level of health care in Haiti. Most people have no care, and those that do are treated by nurses who are not trained to do so. This article details the steps the nurses went through to start a family nurse practitioner program in Haiti to address the need for primary care and discusses how they created the partnerships necessary to start such an innovative program at the University of Haiti
The Value of Existence
Get PDFOne does not read Beating Hearts passively. I found myself agreeing often, disagreeing often, and sometimes doing both at the same time. Just as frequently, the book made me reexamine my views from a perspective I had not considered before. For example, prior to reading the book, I had not explored the basis for my belief that causing the death of a living being is a morally significant act. The authors (with a post-mortem assist from Epicurus) have seen to that deficiency. This forum seems an ideal place to push that discussion a bit further
