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Diversity in Publishing: the sociological and psychological effects of the lack of diversity in the publishing industry and in the books we read.
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Cyber-Mourning: Toward a Psychological Understanding of Grief on Social Media
No full textGrief researchers have shown that there are many variables that predict normal and complicated grief including attachment style, continuing bonds, and meaning-making. However, with the rise of technology and more specifically social media networking sites such as Facebook, there is a need to re-examine these predictors and outcomes through the lens of cybermourning.The first aim of this study was to examine how cyber-mourning is defined and how it could be measured by ultimately creating a validated scale called the Cyber-Mourning Scale. The scale was developed from a questionnaire administered to a sample of 140 paricipants and yielded two subscales that distinguish between the behavioral aspects of cyber-mourning and the emotional aspects of cyber-mourning. Based on factor analysis, the first subscale, entitled the Cyber-Mourning Behavior Subscale, was found to have two factors: active (e.g., posting about the deceased person) and passive (e.g., reading posts about the deceased person) mourning behaviors. The total score for the subscale as well as the two factors were found to have good internal consistency. lso based on factor analysis, the second subscale, entitled the Cyber-Mourning Emotions Subscale, was found to have three factors that are consistent with the conceptual understanding of positive emotions (i.e., the comfort/happiness subscale), and also distinguish between negative emotions (i.e., sadness/discomfort subscale) and more conflicted emotions (i.e., guilt/anger subscale). The total score for the subscale as well as the three factors were found to have good internal consistency.The second aim of the study was to explore the relationships between attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, and complicated grief, through cyber-mourning and continuing bonds as potential mediators. The hypothesized serial mediation model was not supported; however, there was a significant indirect association between cyber-mourning and complicated grief through continuing bonds, suggesting that posting about the deceased person, reading posts, or visiting their page may prolong the grief process, or that cyber-mourning behaviors may be a manifestation of continuing bonds.The development of the Cyber-Mourning Scale suggested that cyber-mourning may not fit neatly with current conceptualizations of grief (offline) and should be treated as a separate and distinct construct. How an individual mourns online may be very different than how they mourn offline. Finally, the low incidence of complicated grief within the current sample may allow us to gain additional insights into normative grieving online
The Influence of Childhood Rearing on the Separation and Individuation Process of Twins
No full textResearch has evolved to show that the psychological development of twins is different than non-twins and that they must undergo a secondary separation. Whether this additional separation puts twins at greater risk for developmental difficulties remains unresolved and confounded based on the current twin literature. This study sought to clarify these inconsistencies by examining the relationship between being reared the same in childhood (CRHQ) and difficulties with separation and individuation in adulthood (PDI Scales I-VI) for twins (experimental group) and non-twins with a sibling born within three years of their birth (control group). Participants were recruited using MTurk and included 106 adults within the US between the ages of 20-40 years old. Initial analyses included independent samples t-tests to determine differences between twins and non-twins on the CRHQ and PDI, and primary analyses involved ANCOVAs to examine differences in the relationship between CRHQ and PDI scales across groups. Results revealed that CRHQ predicted four PDI scales for twins and non-twins, although twins had greater scores on the CRHQ and PDI scales. The study concluded that while twins are not exclusively vulnerable to the negative consequences in ego development of being reared the same as a sibling, they are more at risk. Clinical applications, limitations, and future directions are discussed. Keywords: twins, separation and individuation, identity developmen
An Examination of Perceived Support, Organizational Justice Climate, and the Psychological Cost of Workplace Bullying
No full textThis study aims to broaden the literature on workplace bullying in higher education. The primary researcher examined the occurrence of workplace bullying within higher education institutions across the United States, and whether perceived social support moderates the effect of workplace bullying on psychological distress, measured as occupational burnout. Additionally, the primary researcher assessed if organizational justice climate influences the moderating effect of perceived social support on the relationship between workplace bullying and occupational burnout. A simple moderation analysis was conducted in order to investigate if the effect of workplace bullying on occupational burnout was attenuated by perceived social support. Additionally, a moderated moderation analysis was conducted in order to investigate if perceptions of justice climate led to a change in the moderating effect of perceived social support on the relationship between workplace bullying and occupational burnout. Participants consisted of 395 faculty (those in some type of teaching position) and staff (librarians and other administrators) from higher education universities across the United States, out of which 240 were used in the final analyses of this study. Participants were recruited via email and social media. Potential implications regarding expected strengths and limitations of this proposed study are examined in the discussion