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Crystal structure of hexa-μ-chlorido-μ4-oxido-tetrakis{[1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2- methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-κN3]copper(II)} containing short NO2· · ·NO2 contacts
Get PDFThe title tetranuclear copper complex, [Cu4Cl6O(C6H9N3O3)4] or [Cu4Cl6O- (MET)4][MET is 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-1Η-imidazole or metronidazole], contains a tetrahedral arrangement of copper(II) ions. Each copper atom is also linked to the other three copper atoms in the tetrahedron via bridging chloride ions. A fifth coordination position on each metal atom is occupied by a nitrogen atom of the monodentate MET ligand. The result is a distorted CuCl3NO trigonal–bipyramidal coordination polyhedron with the axial positions occupied by oxygen and nitrogen atoms. The extended structure displays O− H ⋅ ⋅ ⋅O hydrogen bonding, as well as unusual short O⋅ ⋅ ⋅ N interactions [2.775 (4) A ˚ ] between the nitro groups of adjacent clusters that are oriented perpendicular to each other. The scattering contribution of disordered water and methanol solvent molecules was removed using the SQUEEZE procedure [Spek (2015). Acta Cryst. C71, 9–16] in PLATON [Spek (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 148–155]
Comrades or Foes: Did the Russians Break the Law or New Ground for the First Amendment?
Get PDFThis Article discusses the recent decision by the United States Federal Government to indict more than a dozen Russian nationals for conspiracy to defraud the United States of America. The Government accused the Russians of staging protests, distributing false propaganda, and spreading political messages and ideologies online in an effort to affect the outcome of the 2016 Presidential Election. We argue that while the Defendants violated several other laws, the majority of the acts the Government classifies as a conspiracy to defraud the United States should not be considered criminal. Rather, these acts are protected political speech under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution because the Russians engaged in conduct that is crucial to political discourse in a Democracy and which the Founding Fathers intended to protect. Therefore, prosecution of the Russian Defendants on that basis should cease
Empiricism and the Misdemeanor Courts: Promoting Wider, Deeper, and Interdisciplinary Study
Get PDFSince 1956, there have been three waves of scholarly attention on the misdemeanor courts. Despite this attention, misdemeanor courts remain understudied and overlooked. The object of this paper is to summarize the empirical research conducted over the last sixty years and identify the scholarly work that should be undertaken on the processing of misdemeanor offenders in our courts. Buoyed by the current interest in studying the misdemeanor courts, scholars should widen and deepen their study by replicating the work of others in a variety of jurisdictions, observing court proceedings, interviewing defendants and the courtroom workgroup, and assessing whether constitutional ideals are being upheld by our misdemeanor courts
Why Women: Judging Transnational Courts and Tribunals
Get PDFCalls for greater representation of women on the bench are not new. Many people share the intuition that having more female judges would make a difference to the decisions that courts might reach or how courts arrive at those decisions. This hunch has only equivocal empirical support, however. Nevertheless legal scholars, consistent with traditional feminist legal methods, persist in asking how many women judges there are and what changes might bring more women to the bench. This essay argues that achieving diversity in international courts and tribunals – indeed on any bench – will not happen simply by having more female judges. Instead, judges with diverse perspectives and life experiences, regardless of their gender, will make a difference in the substance and form of judicial decisions. This essay makes two contributions to the dialogue about judicial diversity. First, the essay posits that the overall justice project would be better served by abandoning binary categories like “men” and “women” in favor of recognizing that there is great diversity in both sex (however measured) and gender identity (however expressed). Framing any policy discussion in terms of “men” and “women” will fail to account for biological variety, individual difference, diverse gender identities, multiple sexual orientations, and the significant role that law and society play in constructing these identifiers. The essay’s second intervention employs an expansive view of feminism as a broad justice project to consider that multiple facets of a judge’s lived experience, identity and perspective inform decision-making. Bias and elitism in legal education and the legal profession occlude the judicial pipeline. Instead of carrying a flag for more “women” in the judiciary, advocates for more diverse courts and tribunals should focus on elevating those with the least professional capital: people of color, low-income people, immigrants, graduates of non-elite schools, professionals from rural areas, and people with non-cisgender identities, to name a few groups. Adding more women to the bench may seem to be an immediate solution, but it will not achieve the goal. Attaining true diversity will be more difficult
Performing Arts Labor Unions and Young Industry Professionals: An Analysis of Current and Future Relations
Get PDFThis thesis surrounds the evolving topic of unionization, particularly within the performing arts industry. As trends and regulations develop that tend away from labor organization, with an increase in non-Equity professional opportunities and the enforcement and growth of legislation such as Janus vs. AFSCME and state-by-state right-to-work laws, unions such as the Actors’ Equity Association (AEA) have more reason to market themselves than ever before. This thesis aims to examine the relationship between AEA and young theatre industry entrants, aged 18-25. The study, furthermore, employs an in-depth analysis of the AEA’s social platforms, with particular focus on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook, as well as a survey of young industry entrants aged 18-25. The study proceeds to pinpoint four key ways wherein this relationship could be improved, so as to strengthen the relationship with and garner public support from said young industry entrants. These include improved use of hashtags, use of social media to directly engage audiences both on and offline, use of social media to facilitate an open dialogue with young and aspiring theatre professionals, and use of young people’s passion for the theatre to drive results. Overall, the study is meant to serve as a framework for AEA, as well as other performing arts unions, in developing a better relationship with those young people whose livelihoods will be directly or indirectly impacted by the union’s proceedings, and to encourage union membership where applicable
Mediation and Millennials: A Generational Shift in Dispute System Preferences
Get PDFMillennials have been the subject of intense media scrutiny for more than a decade. Studies have examined their social, financial, technological, and work habits. However, few studies have examined this generation’s attitudes or proclivities towards civil litigation. Such an examination presents two problems: First, the absence of data on litigants’ age makes an empirical study virtually impossible. Second, generalizations about an entire generation are inherently problematic, glossing over countless cultural, economic, familial, and demographic differences. Nevertheless, this Article argues that millennials’ experiences and educations have primed them, at the margins, to avoid litigation more than prior generations. Instead, this generation will be more likely to select mediation when a formal method of dispute resolution is required. Mediation, with its emphasis on compromise and self-determination, comports with many millennials’ financial risk-aversion as well as their uniquely interdisciplinary educations. Finally, this Article suggests that law schools must redouble their efforts to adapt their curricula to this emerging reality—especially given recent sociopolitical discord. Such adaptations include a greater focus on process choice at the outset of a dispute, better integration of practitioners as teachers, and broader clinical opportunities for students to act as both neutrals and advocates in mediation
