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Exploring the Impact of Immigration, Linguistic, and Cultural Factors on Autism Outcomes in a Sample of Children Receiving Early Intervention Services in New York State
No full textCulture, language, immigration status, and socioeconomic status have a significant impact on the way individuals perceive mental health issues (Ravindran & Myers, 2012). When it comes to identification, treatment, and diagnosis of developmental disabilities in children, more specifically, these factors play key roles in a family\u27s acceptance of the child\u27s needs, involvement in the process, and decision to seek services and support (Palawat & May, 2011; (Tincani et al., 2009). For autism spectrum disorders (ASD), early identification, accurate diagnosis, and access to timely and evidence-based intervention have been linked to optimal outcomes (Garon et al., 2009; Weitlauf et al., 2014). Research has been conducted on ethnic and socioeconomic disparities with regard to optimal outcomes, and consistently demonstrates that children from marginalized and non-dominant cultures are often diagnosed at later ages than European American children (Begeer, El Bouk, Boussaid, Terwogt, & Koot, 2009; Cuccaro ct al., 1996; Mandell et al., 2010; Mandell & Novak, 2005; Zuckerman et al., 2014). Further, qualitative literature on attitudes about disability across various cultures suggest that the way in which a culture defines disability can influence help-seeking behaviors and level of parent advocacy (Daley, 2004; Ennis-cole et al., 2013; Palawat & May, 2012; Ravindran & Myers, 2012; Tincani et al., 2009). Although the qualitative research in these areas provides insight into beliefs and perspectives of parents from various populations, there is minimal quantitative research on the influence of being from a non-dominant immigrant group in the United States on ASD outcomes—including the age of diagnosis and timely utilization of services for their children with ASD. Additionally, although there is evidence outlining the significance of early intervention and the necessity for children with ASD to receive intensive, continuous, behavioral interventions (Ramey et al., 1992; Ramey & Ramey, 1998; Weitlauf et al., 2014), there is a gap in the literature when it comes to identifying any systemic issues that may impact diverse families\u27 ability to access and appropriately utilize these services. The current study aims to explore the associations between immigration background (measured by years in the United States) and outcome variables of age of diagnosis, utilization of recommended services, completion of a plan to continue services (transition plan), and whether parent training was provided within a sample of children who were diagnosed with autism and enrolled in the NYS Early Intervention Program (EIP). The study also explored whether there are outcome differences for children who are in multilingual environments, as well as any group differences across geographic origins. A secondary goal of the study was to assess the interaction between immigration background, ASD symptom severity, and outcome measures, as previous research has touched on this interaction, but the strength of the interaction is unclear (Fountain et al., 2011; David S. Mandell & Novak, 2005). Given that the NYS EIP serves children and families from many different diverse backgrounds, the ultimate goal of the proposed study was to utilize the results to identify ways to adapt the current program at various points (referral, evaluations, service plan development and provision, and program discharge) in order to reduce existing disparities and meet the needs of families from various socioeconomic, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds
Come Hell or High-Water: Challenges for Adapting Pacific Northwest Water Law
Get PDFThe Pacific Northwest region of the United States has been recognized as a leader in crafting water laws that work to balance human needs and ecological considerations. However, this region is experiencing changing dynamics that test the strength of existing water policies and laws. Such dynamics include increasing populations, new and exempt uses, quantification of tribal treaty rights, species protection, renegotiation of the Columbia River Treaty, and the impacts of a changing climate. Together, these dynamics are stressing the legal framework, which remains vital to ensuring sustainable water supplies now and into the future. The history behind water resources management in Oregon, Washing- ton, Idaho, and Montana provides the foundation for the laws in place today. Although all four states share regulatory features, nuances specific to each state have tremendously affected their governance structures and ability to adapt to changing dynamics. Although a challenge to meet these changing dynamics, collaborative efforts offer creative opportunities for meeting current and future needs
All Dogs Get Regulatory Protection—And This Means Wolves Too: Extending Species- Specific Animal Welfare Act Protections
Get PDFGood Initiative, Bad Judgement: The Unintended Consequences of Title IX\u27s Proportionality Standard on NCAA Men\u27s Gymnastics and the Transgender Athlete
Get PDFTitle IX fails to provide the tools or guidelines necessary to equalize opportunities for all student athletes in the collegiate setting despite the government’s continuous effort to explain the law. This failure is because judicial precedent has largely developed around the binary proportionality test of compliance. Title IX was originally intended to equalize educational opportunities for male and female students in order to remedy past discrimination in our society. However, the application of Title IX has frequently created fewer opportunities in athletics due to the unintended relationship between the proportionality standard and the social phenomenon that is the commercialization of college sports. This comment will highlight recent historical challenges with Title IX\u27s application in college athletics with a focus on men’s gymnastics. This comment proposes that the Office for Civil Rights revoke their policy letter outlining the binary proportionality test, so that universities will be incentivized to use more qualitative measures of compliance. Finally, this comment will highlight developing legal issues with the application of the binary proportionality test on transgender athletes
Translated Literature and Artistic License: Translators and the Transcendence of a Story From one Language into Another.
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Consent as a Free Pass: Platform Power and the Limits of the Informational Turn
Get PDFAcross the United States and Europe, notice and consent, the act of clicking that “I have read and agree” to a platform’s terms of service, is the central device for legitimating and enabling platforms’ data processing, acting as a free pass for a variety of intrusive activities which include profiling and behavioral advertising. Notwithstanding literature and findings that lay significant doubts on notice and consent’s adequacy as a regulatory device in the platform ecosystem, courts, regulators and other public authorities across these regions keep adopting and legitimating these practices. Yet while consent seems a good proxy for ensuring justice in the platform economy, it is an empty construct. This Article explains how notice and consent practices in the platform economy are not only normatively futile but also positively harmful. Narrow understandings that focus on voluntariness and disclosure such as the ones generally adopted by regulators and courts fail to account for the systemically unjust background conditions within which voluntary individual acts of consent take place. Through such narrow approaches, regulators are failing to acknowledge that consent cannot be reasonably taken to morally transform the rights, obligations and relationships that it purports to reshape. Further, it positively harms consumers in at least three ways:
burdening them with decisions they cannot meaningfully make; subordinating their core inalienable rights to respect and dignity to the economic interests of platforms and creating widespread ideological resistance against alternatives. Notice and consent as a discourse is hardly contestable and is currently part of the rigid background of assumed facts about our digital environment. As new legislation is devised in the US and new opportunities to reinterpret the GDPR present themselves in the EU, we must be more courageous in looking beyond the façade of individual control and instead grapple with the core structure of corporate surveillance markets. The longer we fail to acknowledge consent’s irrelevance to data governance, the longer we will deny ourselves respect and protection from the evergrowing expansion of digital markets into our lives
