Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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A review of computational models of word recognition and pronunciation
No full textHow do we recognize words and assign a pronunciation? Computational models provide a formal description of the mechanisms and principles that guide the reading process. I review and evaluate the Interactive-Activation Model (IAM), Dual Route Cascaded (DRC) model, the Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model, and the Connectionist Dual Processing (CDP) model, as well as LEX, a variant of the MINERVA model of memory. I evaluate each model’s ability to account for consistency effects, serial effects, syllable effects, and phonological effects. Consistency effects pose a problem for the rule-based pronunciation of the DRC. Serial effects pose a problem for the purely parallel PDP models. Phonological effects pose a problem for all models save CDP. All models suffer from the distribution problem, weakening each model’s ability to learn spelling-to-sound relationships. LEX is the only model that handles polysyllabic words. As none of the models provide a complete answer to the question of ‘how do we read?’, ‘how do we pronounce?’, or ‘how do we recognize words?’, I outline a set of principles as guidelines for future model development. Models of reading should learn, include a visual attention mechanism, be sensitive to phonology, and account for meaning and spelling in addition to recognizing words and pronouncing them
Towards wide-scale adoption of open science practices: The role of open science communities
No full textOpen Science (OS) increases the quality, efficiency, and impact of science. This has been widely recognised by scholars, funders, and policy makers. However, despite the increasing availability of infrastructure supporting OS and the rise in policies and incentives to change behavior, OS practices are not yet the norm. While pioneering researchers are developing and embracing OS practices, the majority sticks to the status quo. To transition from pioneering to common practice, we need to engage a critical proportion of the academic community. In this transition, Open Science Communities (OSCs) play a key role. OSCs are bottom-up learning groups of scholars that discuss OS practices, within and across disciplines. They make OS knowledge and know-how more visible and accessible, and facilitate communication among scholars and policy makers. By the same token, community members shape the transition to OS such that it is most beneficial for researchers, science, and society. Over the past two years, eleven OSCs were founded at several Dutch university cities, with approximately 700 members in total (at the time of writing). In other countries, similar OSCs are starting up. In this paper, we discuss the pivotal role OSCs play in the large-scale transition to OS and provide practical information on how to start a local OSC. We emphasize that, despite the grassroot character of OSCs, support from universities is critical for OSCs to be viable, effective, and sustainable
Fusion cross-sections for deuterium cycle fusion reactors (D-cycle): an analysis of geometric, Gamow-Sommerfeld and astrophysical S-factors
No full textFusion reactions in the deuterium cycle (D+D, D+T and D+3He) are the main nucleus-nucleus interactions which occur in tokamaks and stellerators. These reactions are the limiting case between the Woods-Saxon potential field at nuclear distances and the Coulomb electrostatic potential (scattering) at longer distances. In this paper several fusion cross-sections, geometric, Gamow-Sommerfeld and astrophysical S-factors have been reviewed and compared with experimental data from the last ENDF/B-VIII.0 cross-section library. The XDC-fusion code has been developed to calculate fusion cross-sections, geometric, Gamow-Sommerfeld and S-factors of the deuterium-cycle (D-cycle), including resonance parameters (energy and partial width). The software estimates also fusion reaction heat (Q) and Woods-Saxon/Coulomb proximity potentials. Although relative differences between fusion cross-sections are lower than 5 %, S-factors present considerable differences between the energies and partial width (FWHM) of the single-level Breit-Wigner (SLBW) resonances. The energy at which is placed the maximum fusion cross-section is also different between cases. In conclusion, fusion reaction models for light nuclei (deuterium, tritium and helium) should be reviewed in order to apply fusion to energy production in safety conditions
Pressing Forward in Scholarly Communities: Synthesizing Communication Technologies with the Researchers Who Utilize Them
No full textDigital communication technologies have dramatically changed the ways in which scholarship is accessed, discussed, and shared. Joining the traditional journals and manuscripts are new ways to distribute and consume research, including blogs, podcasts, white papers, and more. There is more information available and more ways to access it than ever before, which presents new sets of challenges and opportunities. PressForward is free, open-source software that responds to these needs by combining the features of content aggregation, discussion, and publication into a single, user-friendly dashboard. Acknowledging that collaboration and networking is increasingly important in research development and fund- ing, PressForward has built-in, flexible user roles and workflows that allow communities of any scale to contribute in multiple ways. This article will review the history and features of PressForward, as well as describe the community partnerships that both utilize the software and influence the progress of the project
Unaware attitude formation in the surveillance task? Revisiting the findings of Moran et al. (2021)
No full textMoran et al. (2021) report a multi-lab registered replication of Olson and Fazio’s (2001) surveillance task. The surveillance task is an incidental learning procedure over the course of which participants observe pairings of conditioned stimuli (CSs) and unconditioned stimuli (USs) while engaging in a distracting secondary task. Unaware evaluative conditioning (EC) effects are inferred if participants who fail to report the CS–US contingencies on a post-hoc measure show preference for the CSpos over the CSneg. Moran et al. claimed to establish such effects relying on the criteria used by Olson and Fazio to exclude contingency aware participants from analyses. Here we reexamine Moran et al.’s data using more fine-grained analytic strategies. We show that the contingency awareness measures used by Olson and Fazio and, by extension, Moran et al. lack adequate reliability and validity. Moreover, even assuming valid awareness measures, Bayesian analyses did not provide unambiguous evidence for unaware EC effects under any exclusion criterion and provided decisive evidence against such effects in most models. Finally, a separate analysis that distinguished between fully aware, partially aware, and fully unaware participants shows that evidence for unaware EC is due to the inclusion of partially aware participants in the purportedly unaware subsample. These reanalyses suggest that unaware EC as indexed by the surveillance task has yet to be convincingly demonstrated. We discuss the conceptual, theoretical, and applied implications of these findings with regard to the potential for unaware attitude formation
Willpower needs tactical skill
No full textIn “Willpower with and without effort”, G. Ainslie advances our understanding of self-control by theoretically unifying multiple forms of willpower. But one crucial question remains unanswered: How do agents pick the right forms of willpower in each situation? I argue that willpower requires tactical skill, which detects willpower-demanding contexts, selects context-appropriate tactics, and monitors their implementation. Research on tactical skill will significantly advance our understanding of willpower
Neither measurement error nor speed-accuracy trade-offs explain the difficulty of establishing attentional control as a psychometric construct: Evidence from a latent-variable analysis using diffusion modeling
No full textAttentional control refers to the ability to maintain and implement a goal and goal-relevant information when facing distraction. So far, previous research has failed to substantiate strong evidence for a psychometric construct of attentional control. This could result from two methodological shortcomings: (a) the neglect of individual differences in speed-accuracy trade-offs when only speed or accuracy is used as dependent variable, and (b) the difficulty of isolating attentional control from measurement error. To overcome both issues, we combined hierarchical-Bayesian Wiener diffusion modeling with structural equation modeling. We re-analyzed six datasets, which included data from three to eight attentional-control tasks, and data from young and older adults. Overall, the results showed that measures of attentional control failed to correlate with each other and failed to load on a latent variable. Therefore, limiting the impact of differences in speed-accuracy trade-offs and of measurement error does not solve the difficulty of establishing attentional control as a psychometric construct. These findings strengthen the case against a psychometric construct of attentional control
Prediction English word concreteness ratios by their multidimensional Perceptual and action strength norms
No full textMany dataset resulted by participant rating for word norms also concreteness ratio are
available. However infrequent word and none words concreteness rank is rare. Here we used
Lancaster sensory motor words’ norms , to predict word concreteness ratios of Brysbaer
dataset. After removing missing values and collinear variables, we employed a SW-MLR for
choosing optimum number of norms to make a prediction MLR model. Finally we validate our
model using 10-fold cross-validation. The final model could predict concreteness by RMSE
0.7267and R-square 0.5
The InterModel Vigorish (IMV) as a flexible and portable approach for quantifying predictive accuracy with binary outcomes
No full textUnderstanding the ``fit'' of models designed to predict binary outcomes has been a long-standing problem. We propose a flexible, portable, and intuitive metric for quantifying the change in accuracy between two predictive systems in the case of a binary outcome: the InterModel Vigorish (IMV). The IMV is based on an analogy to weighted coins, well-characterized physical systems with tractable probabilities. The IMV is always a statement about the change in fit relative to some baseline model---which can be as simple as the prevalence---whereas other metrics are stand-alone measures that need to be further manipulated to yield indices related to differences in fit across models. Moreover, the IMV is consistently interpretable independent of baseline prevalence. We contrast this metric with alternatives in numerous simulations. The IMV is more sensitive to estimation error than many alternatives and also shows distinctive sensitivity to prevalence. We then showcase its flexibility across examples spanning the social, biomedical, and physical sciences. We also demonstrate how it can be used to provide straightforward interpretation of logistic regression coefficients. The IMV allows for precise answers to questions about changes in model fit in a variety of settings in a manner that will be useful for furthering research with binary outcomes
Manufacturing Revolutions: Industrial Policy and Industrialization in South Korea
No full textI study the impact of industrial policy on industrial development by considering an important episode during the East Asian miracle: South Korea's heavy and chemical industry (HCI) drive, 1973 - 1979. Based on newly assembled data, I use the introduction and termination of industrial policies to study their impacts during and after the intervention period. (1) I reveal that the heavy-chemical industrial policies promoted the expansion and dynamic comparative advantage of directly targeted industries. (2) Using variation in exposure to policies through the input-output network, I demonstrate that policy indirectly benefited downstream users of targeted intermediates. (3) The benefits of HCI persisted even after it ended, some of which took time to manifest. These findings suggest that the temporary drive shifted Korean manufacturing into more advanced markets and supported durable change. This study helps clarify the lessons drawn from the East Asian growth miracle