Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Transnational digital governance and its impact on artificial intelligence
No full textThe rapid pace of technological advancement and innovation has put governance and regulatory mechanisms to the test. There is a clear need for new and innovative regulatory mechanisms that enable governments to successfully manage the integration of such technologies into our societies and ensure that such integration occurs in a sustainable, beneficial, and just manner. Artificial Intelligence stands out as one of the most debated such innovations. What exactly is it, how should it be built, how can it be used, and how and should it be regulated? Yet, in this debate, AI is becoming widely utilized within both existing, evolving, and bespoke regulatory contexts. The present chapter explores in particular what is arguably the most successful AI regulatory approach to date, that of the European Union. We explore core definitional concepts, shared understandings, values, and approaches currently in play. We argue that due to the so-called ‘Brussels effect’, regulatory initiatives within the European Union have a much broader global impact and, therefore, warrant close inspection
Terminology use in animal personality research: a self-report questionnaire and a systematic review
No full textWhether animal personality studies provide insights of broader evolutionary and ecological relevance to the field of behavioural ecology is frequently questioned. One of the sources of controversy is the vast, but often vague terminology present in the field. From a statistical perspective, animal personality is defined as among-individual variance in behaviour. However, numerous conceptual definitions of animal personality are available in the literature. Here, we performed 1) a self-report questionnaire and 2) a systematic literature review to quantify how researchers interpreted conceptual and statistical definitions commonly used in animal personality research. We also compared whether data obtained from the questionnaire matched with data from the literature review. Among the 430 self-reported researchers that participated in our questionnaire, we observed discrepancies in key questions such as the conceptual definition of animal personality or the interpretation of repeatability. Furthermore, our literature review generally confirmed the global patterns revealed by the questionnaire. Overall, we identified common disagreements within the field of animal personality and discussed potential solutions. We advocate for adopting a terminology that avoids ambiguous interpretations and helps to make more explicit the widespread connotations implicit in the label “animal personality”
DEMOCARE: A mixed kinship microsimulation and Agent-Based models for studying family supply of time for care of elderly people with disabilities
No full textThis paper presents a mixed model for studying the amount of time of care available from family members of elderly people with disabilities, mainly of irreversible type, like Alzheimer or other neurological diseases. This model starts with data obtained from a classical microsimulation model of kinship which provides descending genealogies of elderly persons, based on demographic parameters specifics to the population studied. These genealogies are then fed to an Agent-Based model which follow these elderly persons and their kin for age 50 until their death in order to study the balance between the demand for care of disabled persons and the supply of care by their kin. This supply depends on the situation of these kin, typically of their labour status as well as the eventual needs for care of their own families. The paper reviews the methodology for the construction of microsimulation models of kinship and presents our own implementation. It also details the specifications of the Agent-based part of the overall model. Finally, we present some results using Spanish data
Narrative Expectations in Financial Forecasting
No full textHow do people form expectations about the future? We use amateur and expert investors’ expectations about financial asset prices to study this question. Three experiments contrast the rational expectations assumption from neoclassical economics (investors forecast according to neoclassical financial theory) against two psychological theories of expectation-formation—behaviorally-informed expectations (investors understand empirical market anomalies and expect these anomalies to occur) and narrative expectations (investors use narrative thinking to predict future prices). Whereas neoclassical financial theory maintains that past public information cannot be used to predict future prices, participants used company performance information revealed before a base price quotation to project future price trends after that quotation (Experiment 1), contradicting rational expectations. Importantly, these projections were stronger when information concerned predictions about a company’s future performance rather than actual data about its past performance, suggesting that people not only rely on financially irrelevant (but narratively relevant) information for making predictions, but erroneously impose temporal order on that information. These biased predictions had downstream consequences for asset allocation choices (Experiment 2) and these choices were driven in part by affective reactions to the company performance news (Experiment 3). There were some mild effects of expertise, but overall the effects of narrative appear to be consistent across all levels of expertise studied, including professional financial analysts. We conclude by discussing the prospects for a narrative theory of choice that provide new micro-foundational insights about economic behavior
The role of asymmetric information in making decisions under uncertainty
No full textMany decisions have to be made under partial ambiguity where information is not
available about the full probability distribution of risks. To decide in a principled way,
one would have to make some assumption(s) about hidden risks. We examined how
people may balance between the valence of the available information and the potential
information concealed by the ambiguity. Under partial ambiguity, people showed
flexible skepticism towards the valence of the partially observable probabilistic
information. When ambiguity size was small, risk taking was sensitive to valence: if the
information was promising, ambiguity aversion increased, skeptically balancing the
promising prospects of available positive evidence against the hazards of what might
be hidden from the view. Conversely, when the available information was
disappointing, ambiguity tolerance increased, cautiously anticipating more than what
the available information promised. This flexible skepticism was not a trivially reflexive
response to valence: when ambiguity was large (i.e., available information was
unreliable), the valence of available information did not impact risk attitudes
Striving for societal impact as an early-career researcher: Reflections on five common concerns
No full textMany early-career researchers are motivated by the prospect of creating knowledge that is useful, not just within but also beyond the academic community. Although research facilities, funders and academic journals praise this eagerness for societal impact, the path towards such contributions is by no means straightforward. In this article, we address five common concerns faced by early-career researchers when they strive for societal impact. We discuss the opportunity costs associated with impact work, the fuzziness of current impact measurement, the challenge of incremental results, the actionability of research findings, and the risk of saying something wrong in public. We reflect on these concerns in light of our own experience with impact work and conclude by suggesting a ‘post-heroic’ perspective on impact, whereby seemingly mundane activities are linked in a meaningful way
Cheating in the wake of COVID-19: How dangerous is ad-hoc online testing for academic integrity?
No full textWorldwide, higher education institutions made quick and often unprepared shifts from on-site to online examination in 2020 due to the COVID-19 health crisis. This development sparked an ongoing debate on whether this development made it easier for students to cheat. We investigated whether students indeed cheated more often in online than in on-site exams and whether the use of online exams was also associated with higher rates of other behaviors deemed as academic dishonesty. To answer our research questions, we questioned 1,608 German students from a wide variety of higher education institutions about their behavior during the summer semester of 2020. The participating students reported that they cheated more frequently in online than in on-site exams. Effects on other measures of academic dishonesty were more negligible. These results speak for the notion that the swift application of ad-hoc online testing during 2020 has led to negative consequences for academic integrity
No Evidence That Belief in Conspiracy Theories is Negatively Related to Attitudes Toward Transhumanism
No full textIntroduction.
Transhumanism is a movement that emphasizes the improvement of the human condition by developing technologies and making them widely available. Conspiracy theories regularly refer to the allegedly transhumanist agenda of elites. We hypothesized that belief in conspiracy theories would be related to more unfavorable attitudes toward the transhumanist movement.
Methods.
We examined this association through two pre-registered studies (based on two French samples, total N after exclusion = 550).
Results.
We found no evidence of a negative relationship between belief in conspiracy theories and attitudes toward transhumanism. This null result was further corroborated by Bayesian analysis, an equivalence test, and an internal mini meta-analysis.
Conclusion.
This work plays a precursory role in understanding attitudes toward an international cultural and intellectual movement that continues to grow in popularity and influence
Exploring the Ethnic Immigrant Inflows from Latin America to Canada: 1981-2016
No full textUsing 2016 census data, the study carried out five socio-demographic explorations regarding 25 ethnic immigrant inflows from Latin America to Canada occurring between 1981 and 2016. The population represented by these inflows comprised approximately 470 thousand immigrants. The data was drawn from two special 2016 census tables which collected information on immigrants' admission categories (economic, family and refugee) and their reported ethnic ancestries. Explorations focused on the following aspects: census counts and periods of arrival, residential preferences, admission class mix, population configurations and human capital attainment profiles. Five main historical immigrant waves had been already been identified by Canadian scholars: Lead or Eurolatino, Andean, Coup, Central American and Technological or Professional. Evidence of the presence of these immigrant waves was found in the census data explorations undertaken. Census figures revealed that the largest ethnic immigrant inflow corresponded to those reporting Spanish ancestry (158 thousand or 34% of the total) followed by the Colombian, Mexican, Salvadoran and Peruvian inflows. Residential concentrations in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec were also detected. Explorations suggest that "Latino" communities in Canada are emerging as the demographic product of a mixture of admission classes which are uniquely distributed in age-gender cohorts of their respective population configurations. Human capital attainment explorations revealed that inflow members of the working populations corresponding to the fifth technological or professional wave from countries such as Venezuela, Mexico, Brazil and Colombia ranked at top levels of education and income achievements, those admitted as economic class in particular. The study of Latin American ethnic inflows to Canada is especially relevant for social policy because it represents a "collective" case study where the researcher is able to summarize a complex immigration picture through the examination of the geographical region representing a sample of units which ensures maximum variation in terms of several push-pull migratory factors at work
The physiological study of emotional piloerection: A literature review and guide for future research
No full textThis paper provides an accessible review of the biological and psychological evidence to guide new and experienced researchers in the study of emotional piloerection in humans. I first discuss the mechanisms and function of non-emotional and emotional piloerection. A systematic review (N = 27) reveals that indices of sympathetic activation are abundant, suggesting emotional piloerection occurs with increased skin conductivity and heart rate. Measures of emotions and parasympathetic activation are lacking and no clear conclusions can be drawn. Finally, I provide an overview of the methodological possibilities and I highlight some pressing questions researchers may wish to answer in future studies