Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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University Instructors’ Implicit Theories of Intelligence, Achievement Goals for Teaching, and Teaching Quality
No full textUniversity instructors’ goals for teaching are important for teaching quality. However, studies examining factors that shape instructors’ goal adoption are lacking. Using data from 785 instructors, we investigated whether implicit theories (ITs) about the malleability of intelligence constitute one such factor. Following achievement goal theory and Dweck’s (1999) achievement motivation framework, we analyzed whether differences in teaching goals are attributable to differences in ITs, and whether goals mediate the relation between ITs and instructional quality. Structural equation modeling yielded the expected relations between goals and instructional quality (positive for mastery and performance approach goals; negative for performance avoidance and work avoidance goals). As hypothesized, stronger endorsement of incremental ITs was positively related to mastery, and negatively to work avoidance goals. However, ITs were unrelated to performance goals. Indirect effects of ITs on teaching quality via goals were significant but rather weak. Implications for research and fostering teaching motivation are discussed
Preschoolers' Comprehension of Functional Metaphors
No full textPrevious work suggests that preschoolers often misunderstand metaphors. However, some recent studies demonstrate that preschoolers can represent abstract relations, suggesting that the cognitive foundations of metaphor comprehension may develop earlier than previously believed. The present experiments used novel paradigms to explore whether preschoolers (N = 200; 4-5 years; 100 males, 100 females; predominantly White) can understand metaphors based on abstract, functional similarities. In Experiment 1, preschoolers and adults (N = 64; 18-41 years; 25 males, 39 females; predominantly White) rated functional metaphors (e.g., “Roofs are hats”; “Tires are shoes”) as “smarter” than nonsense statements (e.g., “Boats are skirts”; “Pennies are sunglasses”) in a metalinguistic judgment task (d = .42 in preschoolers; d = 3.06 in adults). In Experiment 2, preschoolers preferred functional explanations (e.g., “Both keep you dry”) over perceptual explanations (e.g., “Both have pointy tops”) when interpreting functional metaphors (e.g., “Roofs are hats”) (d = .99). In Experiment 3, preschoolers preferred functional metaphors (e.g., “Roofs are hats”) over nonsense statements (e.g., “Roofs are scissors”) when prompted to select the “better” utterance (d = 1.25). Moreover, over a quarter of preschoolers in Experiment 1 and half of preschoolers in Experiment 3 explicitly articulated functional similarities when justifying their responses, and the performance of these subsets of children drove the success of the entire sample in both experiments. These findings demonstrate that preschoolers can understand metaphors based on abstract, functional similarities
A socialist price system: answering the Austrians
No full textAccording to economists of the Austrian school, even with everyone’s best efforts, a system based on social ownership of the means of production could not effectively deploy a decentralized price system. The case is made primarily by Mises and Hayek in the 1920s and 1930s with a further contribution by Lavoie in the 1980s. Their argument can be broken down into two elements. Firstly, only the competitive market process can give prices the coordinative meaning necessary for economic calculation. Secondly, we cannot do without capitalists. To begin with, there has to be people with “skin in the game”; and, furthermore, those running socialist firms would not be in a position to replace the capitalists in the entrepreneurial role that the latter perform in an ever-changing economy. An examination of the key writings on these questions by these three economists reveals that their case rests on very shaky ground. The case is weakened further when one looks at the ways in which a socialist price system could be an improvement on what capitalism offers. The article also discusses the Lange and Dickinson ‘neoclassical’ models and shows them to be irrelevant diversions
LANDASAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN DAN TEKNOLOGI DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KURIKULUM PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM
No full textPendidikan adalah usaha sadar untuk menyiapkan peserta didik melalui kegiatan bimbingan, pengajaran dan atau latihan, serta membekali anak didik dengan ilmu pengetahuan guna perannya di masa mendatang. Sementara itu teknologi adalah aplikasi dari ilmu pengetahuan ilmiah dan ilmu-ilmu lainnya untuk memecahkan masalah-maslaah praktis. Dengan demikian Ilmu dan teknologi tidak bisa dipisahkan. Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi berkembang teramat pesat seiring lajunya perkembangan masyarakat. Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi mempunyai hubungan timbal-balik dengan pendidikan dan kurikulum. Pendidikan dan kurikulum harus mampu merespon perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi yang begitu cepat, karena pendidikan merupakan upaya menyiapkan peserta didik menghadapi masa depan yang lebih baik. Pengembangan kurikulum semua mata pelajaran termasuk di dalamnya Pendidikan Agama Islam haruslah berlandaskan pada perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi secara langsung berimplikasi terhadap pengembangan kurikulum yang di dalamnya mencakup tujuan, materi, metode dan evaluasi. Teknologi memiliki peranan penting dalam pengembangan kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam karena materi Pendidikan Agama Islam harus selalu up to date dengan kondisi dan kebutuhan peserta didik. Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam harus selalu kontekstual dengan kehidupan nyata peserta didik agar keberadaannya selalu hadir dan menjadi kebutuhan peserta didik
How Can Evolutionary and Biological Anthropologists Engage Broader Audiences?
No full textOBJECTIVES. With our diverse training, theoretical and empirical toolkits, and rich data, evolutionary and biological anthropologists (EBAs) have much to contribute to research and policy decisions about climate change and other pressing social issues. However, we remain largely absent from these critical, ongoing efforts. Here, we draw on the literature and our own experiences to make recommendations for how EBAs can engage broader audiences, including the communities with whom we collaborate, a more diverse population of students, researchers in other disciplines and the development sector, policymakers, and the general public. These recommendations include: (1) playing to our strength in longitudinal, place-based research, (2) collaborating more broadly, (3) engaging in greater public communication of science, (4) aligning our work with open-science practices to the extent possible, and (5) increasing diversity of our field and teams through intentional action, outreach, training, and mentorship. CONCLUSIONS. We EBAs need to put ourselves out there: research and engagement are complementary, not opposed to each other. With the resources and workable examples we provide here, we hope to spur more EBAs to action
Rational After All: Changes in Probability Matching Behaviour Across Time in Humans and Monkeys
No full textProbability matching—where subjects given probabilistic in-put respond in a way that is proportional to those input probabilities—has long been thought to be characteristic of primate performance in probability learning tasks in a variety of contexts, from decision making to the learning of linguistic variation in humans. However, such behaviour is puzzling because it is not optimal in a decision theoretic sense; the optimal strategy is to always select the alternative with the highest positive-outcome probability, known as maximising(in decision making) or regularising (in linguistic tasks). While the tendency to probability match seems to depend somewhat on the participants and the task (i.e., infants are less likely to probability match than adults, monkeys probability matchless than humans, and probability matching is less likely in linguistic tasks), existing studies suffer from a range of deficiencies which make it difficult to robustly assess these differences. In this project we present a series of experiments which systematically test the development of probability matching behaviour over time in simple decision making tasks, across species (humans and Guinea baboons), task complexity, and task domain (linguistic vs non-linguistic)
How to Think Straight About Psychometrics: Improving Measurement by Identifying its Assumptions
No full textThe aim of the current study is to present three assumptions common to psychometric theory and psychometric practice, and to show how alternatives to traditional psychometrical approaches can be used to improve psychological measurement. These alternatives are developed by adapting each of these three assumptions. The assumption of structural validity relates to the implementation of mathematical models. The process assumption which is underlying process generates the observed data. The construct assumption implies that the observed data on its own do not constitute a measurement, but the latent variable that originates the observed data. Nonparametric item response modeling and cognitive psychometric modeling are presented as alternatives for relaxing the first two assumptions, respectively. Network psychometrics is the alternative for relaxing the third assumption. Final remarks sum up the most important conclusions of the study
Teaching and research: Specificity and congruence of university faculty achievement goals
No full textTeaching and research are core tasks of university faculty. Previous research has documented the power of achievement goal theory for describing university scholars’ motivations. For theory, research, and practical implications it is crucial to have knowledge about the separability, as- sociations, differences, and interplay of scholars’ goals for teaching and research. Hence, we report two studies with 1151 and 771 German university scholars. We found that their goals can be separated between both domains while sharing a substantial amount of variance (26–67%). Besides general differences in goal pursuit (more functional in the research domain, more variability in the teaching domain), the congruence of goal pursuit between both domains was associated with work stress, job satisfaction, and beliefs about the teaching-research-nexus
Who is susceptible to online health misinformation? A test of four psychosocial hypotheses
No full textABSTRACT
Objective: Health misinformation on social media threatens public health. One question that could lend insight into how and through whom misinformation spreads is whether certain people are generally susceptible to health misinformation regardless of the health topic at hand. This study provided an initial answer to this question and also tested four hypotheses concerning the psychosocial attributes of people who are susceptible to health misinformation: deficits in knowledge or skill; pre-existing attitudes; trust in healthcare and/or science; and cognitive miserliness.
Method: Participants in a national U.S. survey (N=923) rated the perceived accuracy and influence of true and false social media posts about statin medications, cancer treatment, and the HPV vaccine, and then responded to individual difference and demographic questions. Psychosocial hypotheses were tested using an individual differences approach.
Results: Perceived accuracy of health misinformation was strongly correlated across statins, cancer, and the HPV vaccine (rs.70), indicating that individuals who are susceptible to misinformation about one of these topics is very likely to believe misinformation about the other topics as well. Misinformation susceptibility across all three topics was predicted by lower educational attainment and health literacy, distrust in the healthcare system, and positive attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine.
Conclusions: A person who is susceptible to online misinformation about one health topic may be susceptible to many types of health misinformation. Individuals who were more susceptible to health misinformation had less education and health literacy, less healthcare trust, and more positive attitudes toward alternative medicine
Modelling cultural systems and selective filters
No full textA specific goal of the field of cultural evolution is to understand how processes of transmission and selection at the individual level lead to population-wide patterns of cultural diversity and change. Models of cultural evolution have typically assumed that traits are independent of one another and essentially exchangeable. But culture has a structure: traits bear relationships to one another that affect the transmission and selection process itself. Here we introduce a modelling framework to explore the effect of cultural structure on the process of learning. Through simulations, we find that introducing this simple structure changes the cultural dynamics. Based on a basic filtering mechanism for parsing these relationships, more elaborate cultural filters emerge. In a mostly incompatible cultural domain of traits, these filters organise culture into mostly (but not fully) consistent and stable systems. Incompatible domains produce small homogeneous cultures, while more compatibility increases size, diversity, and group divergence. When individuals copy based on a trait's features (here, its compatibility relationships) they produce more homogeneous cultures than when they copy based on the agent carrying the cultural trait. We discuss the implications of considering cultural systems and filters in the dynamics of cultural change