Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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From generative models to generative passages: A computational approach to (neuro)phenomenology
No full textThis paper presents a version of neurophenomenology based on generative modelling techniques developed in computational neuroscience and biology. We call this approach computational phenomenology because it applies methods originally developed in computational modelling to phenomenology. The first section presents a brief review of the project to naturalize phenomenology. The second section presents and evaluates philosophical objections to that project, and situates our project with respect to these projects. The third section reviews the generative modelling framework. The following section presents our new approach to neurophenomenology based on generative modelling. We then discuss how this application of generative modelling differs from previous attempts to use it to explain consciousness. In summary, generative modelling allows us to construct a computational model of the inferential or interpretive process that best explain this or that kind of lived experience
Akteneinsichten: Die deutsche Außenpolitik und der Völkermord in Ruanda
No full textMit etwa 800.000 Toten in einhundert Tagen war der Völkermord in Ruanda eine weltpolitische Zäsur, die grundsätzliche Fragen zur internationalen Verantwortung bei Genozid aufwarf und die Handlungsfähigkeit sowohl der Vereinten Nationen (VN) als auch einzelner Mitgliedsstaaten bei Völkermord und Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit grundlegend in Zweifel zog. Viele Fragen zur deutschen Außenpolitik vor und während des Völkermords sind bis heute offen. Das vorliegende Papier zeigt, dass deutsche Diplomat/innen 1993 und 1994 besser über die Lage vor Ort unterrichtet waren als bisher bekannt. Allerdings unterschätzten sie vor dem Völkermord die ethnische Dimension des Konflikts sowie den Organisationsgrad der Gewalt gegen Tutsi und übersahen wichtige Warnzeichen wie die Aktivitäten ruandischer Hetzmedien.
Zwar debattierte die Bundesregierung, ihre Entwicklungszusammenarbeit mit Ruanda anzupassen und eine Bundeswehrberatergruppe, die seit 1978 im Land war, im Laufe des Jahres 1993 abzuziehen – doch fehlte es an ganz grundsätzlicher Koordinierung zwischen den relevanten Ministerien sowie einer Anpassung der deutschen außenpolitischen Strategie in Ruanda. Eine frühzeitige Reaktion auf die sich verschlechternde Lage durch die deutsche Außenpolitik blieb dementsprechend aus: Trotz der Selbsteinschätzung Deutschlands, in Ruanda und der Region als ein besonders glaubwürdiger Akteur auf allen Seiten zu gelten, unternahm die damalige Bundesregierung nicht einmal den Versuch, bei den Friedensverhandlungen eine stärkere Rolle zu spielen oder eigene politische Initiativen anzustoßen. Bereits im Sommer und Herbst 1993, im Jahr vor dem Völkermord, baten die Vereinten Nationen, die ruandischen Bürgerkriegsparteien und internationale Partner die Bundesregierung wiederholt um Soldaten und Ausstattung für die VN-Friedensmission in Ruanda. Obwohl das Auswärtige Amt einen solchen Beitrag befürwortete, lehnte die Bundesregierung eine Beteiligung auf Grund von Bedenken im Verteidigungsministerium ab. Auch eine Entsendung von Sanitätssoldaten zur VN-Mission in Ruanda während des Völkermords scheiterte an der Ablehnung des Verteidigungsministeriums.
Ein Vierteljahrhundert nach dem Völkermord hat das Politische Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes erstmals den Zugang zu einer Auswahl an relevanten Akten ermöglicht, die vorwiegend das Jahr 1993 und die Monate ab April 1994 abdecken. Auf Grundlage einer Analyse dieser Dokumente sowie ergänzenden Interviews fasst das vorliegende Papier neue Erkenntnisse zur deutschen Außenpolitik vor und während des Völkermords in drei Themenbereichen zusammen, die es auch heute in der deutschen Außenpolitik noch deutlich stärker zu diskutieren gilt: (1) Früherkennung und politische Analyse für die Krisenprävention («Early Warning»), (2) Koordinierung zwischen einschlägigen Ressorts und Strategiefähigkeit der Bundesregierung in der Krisenprävention und Friedensförderung, (3) die Bedingungen für eine rechtzeitige Reaktion auf Warnzeichen («Early Action»).
Brockmeier, Sarah & Peez, Anton (2021): Akteneinsichten: Die deutsche Außenpolitik und der Völkermord in Ruanda. Berlin: Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. Online unter: https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/2021-03/Deutsche_Außenpolitik_und_der_Voelkermord_in_Ruanda.pdf
Plotting porbability of detecting electron for delocalizing 1D system for a timescale of 1 fs
No full textThe present study simulates the delocalization of an electron in one dimension for a timescale of one fs. The code is developed in Spyder IDE and has used its preinstalled libraries
Play in the Time of Crisis
No full textPlay is essential for children and adults. it is even more needed now, in the times of crisis. This brief article, geared towards parents of gifted children, discusses why play, why now, and some ideas of how to play even now, during a pandemic
Absolutely right and relatively good: Consequentialists see bioethical disagreement in a relativist light
No full textBackground: Contemporary societies are rife with moral disagreement, resulting in recalcitrant disputes on matters of public policy. In the context of ongoing bioethical controversies, are uncompromising attitudes rooted in beliefs about the nature of moral truth? Methods: To answer this question, we conducted both exploratory and confirmatory studies, with both a convenience and a nationally representative sample (total N = 1501), investigating the link between people’s beliefs about moral truth (their metaethics) and their beliefs about moral value (their normative ethics). Results: Across various bioethical issues (e.g.,medically-assisted death, vaccine hesitancy, surrogacy, mandatory organ conscription, or genetically modified crops), consequentialist attitudes were associated with weaker beliefs in an objective moral truth. This association was not explained by domain-general reflectivity, theism, personality, normative uncertainty, or subjective knowledge. Conclusions: We find a robust link between the way people characterize prescriptive disagreements and their sensibility to consequences. In addition, both societal consensus and personal conviction contributed to objectivist beliefs, but these effects were asymmetric, i.e., stronger for opposition than for approval
Explicit formulas for the Euler’s phi function and the prime counting function
No full textAn explicit formula which characterizes the pairs of integers that are relatively prime (that is, without common prime factors) is obtained here. It doesn’t require the knowledge of the prime factors of the arguments. Then other explicit formulas are derived for the Euler’s totient function and the Prime counting function
Individual narcissism, need for closure and the two sides of negative partisanship
No full textUsual studies of the underpinnings of partisan attachments only consider positive party identifications and the Big Five framework. However, negative party identification is an important understudied side of party identification that affects democratic dissatisfaction and political conflict. This article studies how narcissistic admiration and rivalry as well as need for closure affect negative party identification and partisanship types, such as being a negative, open, or closed partisan. I argue that different types of partisan attachments fulfill different psychological needs and the kind of attachments individuals show can thus be traced back to their personality features. Based on a novel online quota survey from Germany conducted in February and May 2021 (N= 1,454), I find narcissistic rivalry and need for closure to be central traits for different types of partisanship. Furthermore, negative partisans against a radical-right party show a different profile from partisans with other system parties
Hypothesis awareness confounds asynchronous control conditions in indirect measures of the rubber hand illusion.
No full textReports of changes in experiences of body location and ownership following synchronous tactile and visual stimulation of fake and real hands (rubber hand effects) are widely attributed to multisensory integration mechanisms. However, existing control methods for subjective report measures (asynchronous stroking and control statements) are confounded by participant hypothesis awareness; report may reflect response to demand characteristics. Subjective report is often accompanied by indirect (also called ‘objective’ or ‘implicit’) measures. Here we report tests of expectancies for synchronous ‘illusion’ and asynchronous ‘control’ conditions across two pre-registered studies (n = 140 and n = 45) for two indirect measures: proprioceptive drift (a change in perceived hand location) and skin conductance response (SCR; a measure of physiological arousal). Expectancies for synchronous condition measures were greater than for asynchronous condition in both studies. Differences between synchronous and asynchronous control condition measures are therefore confounded by hypothesis awareness. Indirect measures of rubber hand effects may reflect compliance, bias and phenomenological control in response to demand characteristics. Valid control measures are required to support claims of a role of multisensory integration for both direct and indirect measures of rubber hand effects
A cross-linguistic study on orthographic influence during auditory word recognition.
No full textLearning to read affects speech perception. For example, the ability of listeners to recognize consistently spelled words faster than inconsistently spelled words is a robust
finding called the Orthographic Consistency Effect (OCE). Previous studies located the OCE at the rime level and focused on languages with opaque orthographies. This study investigates whether the OCE also emerges at the phonemic level and is a general phenomenon of languages with alphabetic scripts, including those with transparent
writing systems. Thirty French (opaque language) and 30 Spanish (transparent language) listeners participated in an auditory lexical decision task featuring words and pseudowords including either only consistently spelled phonemes or also inconsistently spelled phonemes. Our results revealed an OCE in both French and Spanish which
surfaced as longer reaction times and higher error rates in response to inconsistently spelled words and pseudowords. These findings have two theoretical implications.
First, they show that auditory lexical processing is impacted by orthographic information that is retrieved at the phonemic level, not just the rime level. Second, they suggest that the OCE is elicited during auditory processing of alphabetic languages regardless of their opacity level. In conclusion, our study highlights the depth of literacy effects on auditory language processing
The Origin of Electromagnetic Mass (Electromagnetic Inertia)
No full textNewton described in his second law of motion the classical definition of mass (inertia). However, it is impossible to calculate with Newton’s second law of motion the (electromagnetic) mass of a beam of light. Because the speed of light is a universal constant which follows from Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity, it is impossible to accelerate or to slow down a beam of light and for that reason it is impossible to determine the electromagnetic mass of a beam of light (free electromagnetic radiation) by Newton’s second law.
To calculate the electromagnetic mass of free or confined electromagnetic radiation, the fundamental concept of the New Theory has been used that the Universe is in a perfect Equilibrium and that any electromagnetic field configuration is in a perfect equilibrium with itself and its surrounding. From this fundamental concept follows a different definition of (confined) electromagnetic mass.
Electromagnetic mass (or inertia) has been determined by the relativistic Lorentz transformation of the radiation pressures in all different directions and the disturbance of a uniform motion (or position at rest) of confined electromagnetic radiation results in a relativistic effect which we measure (experience) as electromagnetic mass (inertia).
The mass in [kg] of an object will be generally measured by acceleration (or deceleration) of the object according Newton’s second law of motion. In the theory of special relativity, the speed of light is a fundamental constant and the intensity of the light is not a universal constant.
The calculate the relativistic mass of Confined Electromagnetic Radiation, we start with a thought experiment in which a beam of light is propagating between two 100 % reflecting mirrors, indicated as Mirror A and Mirror B. Both mirrors are part of a rigid construction and the relative velocity between both mirrors always equals zero. The results of this calculation will be be generalized for any kind of electromagnetic radiation which has been confined by its own electromagnetic and gravitational field. When the speed of the observer has the same speed as the speed of the light source, then the observer and the light source are relative at rest. And the same light intensity will be measured at the location of the emitter and at the location of the observer