Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Confessions make verdicts more legitimate because they are easy to communicate
No full textIn many judicial systems, confessions are a de facto or even de jure requirement for criminal conviction. Even if confessions are intrinsically convincing, this cannot explain why they should play such a paramount role. Instead, it has been suggested that confessions owe their importance to their legitimizing role. But why would confessions be particularly suited to justify verdicts?
Justifications grounded in confessions might make better legitimizing tools because they can be more easily transmitted from one individual to the next, and thus spread in the population without losing their convincingness. 360 English-speaking participants were asked to evaluate the convincingness of one of three justifications for a verdict, grounded either in a confession, eyewitnesses, or circumstantial evidence, and to pass on that justification to another participant, who then had to perform the same task. In a second experiment, 240 English-speaking participants evaluated the convincingness of some of the justifications produced by the first group of participants. Compared to the other justifications, justifications based on confessions lost less of their convincingness in the transmission process (small to medium effect sizes). Modeling pointed to the most common forms the justifications would take as they are transmitted, and results showed that the most common variant of the justification based on a confession was more convincing than those of justifications based on eyewitnesses or circumstantial evidence (small to medium effect sizes). These results suggests that justifications for verdicts based on confessions are more easily transmitted, and thus can more easily legitimize verdicts
Protocol for the Work Engagement and Well-being Study (SWELL): A randomised controlled feasibility trial evaluating the effects of mindfulness versus light physical exercise at work
No full textMental ill health is a major cause of disability. Workplaces are attractive for preventative interventions since most adults work while employers are interested in improving employees’ well-being and productivity. Mindfulness-based programmes are increasingly popular in occupational settings. However, there is inconsistent evidence whether mindfulness interventions improve work performance and how effective mindfulness-based programmes are, compared to other interventions, in preventing mental ill health.
In this online randomised controlled feasibility trial, an anticipated 240 employees will be randomised to either a 4-week light physical exercise course or a mindfulness course of the same duration (1:1 allocation). The primary outcome is work performance, measured using the Work Role Functioning Questionnaire. We aim to evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and procedural uncertainties of a randomised controlled trial in a workplace, calculate an effect size estimate to inform power calculations for a larger trial, and explore whether improved executive function and/or enhanced mental health could be potential mechanisms underlying the effect of mindfulness on work performance. Outcomes will be collected at baseline, post-intervention and 12-week follow-up
Latent Profile Analysis in R: A tutorial and comparison to Mplus
No full textLatent profile analysis (LPA) can be used to identify data-driven classes of individuals based on scoring patterns across continuous input variables.
LPA can be conducted using commercially available software packages like Mplus, Latent Gold, and SAS, but it is also possible to use freely available R-packages.
This tutorial aims to (1) help applied researchers to conduct an LPA in R and (2) to show how results obtained in R compare to those obtained in Mplus
Distracted by Previous Experience: Integrating Selection History, Current Task Demands and Saliency in an Algorithmic Model
No full textAttention can be biased by previous learning and experience. We present an algorithmic-level model of this selection history bias in visual attention that predicts quantitatively how stimulus-driven processes, goal-driven control and selection history compete to control attention. In the model, the output of saliency maps as stimulus-driven guidance interacts with a history
map that encodes learning effects and a goal-driven task control to prioritize visual features. The model works on coded features rather than image pixels which is common in many traditional saliency models. We test the model on a reaction time (RT) data from a psychophysical experiment. The model accurately predicts parameters of reaction time distributions from an integrated priority map that is comprised of an optimal, weighted combination of separate maps. Analysis of the weights confirms selection history effects on attention guidance. The model is able to capture individual differences between participants’ RTs and response probabilities per group. Moreover, we demonstrate that a model with a reduced set of maps performs worse, indicating that integrating history, saliency and task information are required for a quantitative description of human attention. Besides, we show that adding intertrial effect to the model (as another lingering bias) improves the model’s predictive performance
Who Can I Count On: Honor, Self-Reliance, and Family in the United States and Iran
No full textHonor requires that individuals demonstrate their worth in the eyes of others. However, it is unclear how honor and its implications for behavior vary between societies. Here, we explore the tension between competing views about how to make sense of honor – as narrowly defined through self-reliance and self-defense or as broadly defined through strength of character. The former suggests that demonstrating the ability to defend one’s self, is a crucial component of honor, while the latter allows the centrality of self-reliance to vary depending on circumstances. To examine these implications, we conducted studies in the U.S., where self-reliance is central to honor , and in Iran, where individual agency must be balanced against the interests of kin. Americans (Studies 1, 2a; n = 978) who endorsed honor values tended to ignore governmental COVID-19 measures because they preferred relying on themselves. In contrast, honor-minded Iranians (Study 2b; n = 201) adhered to public-health guidelines and did not prefer self-reliance. Moreover, honor-minded Iranians endorsed family-reliance, but did not moralize self-reliance (Study 3; n = 107), while honor-minded Americans endorsed family-reliance and moralized self-reliance (Study 3; n = 120). Results suggest that local norms may shape how honor is expressed across cultures
Memory and Proactive Interference for spatially distributed items
No full textOur ability to briefly retain information is often limited. Proactive Interference (PI) might contribute to these limitations (e.g., when it is hard to reject items in a recognition test that have appeared recently). In visual Working Memory (WM), spatial information might protect WM against PI, especially if encoding items together with their spatial locations makes item-location combinations less confusable than simple items without a spatial component. Here, I ask (1) if PI is observed for spatially distributed items, (2) if it arises among simple items or among item-location combinations, and (3) if spatial information affects PI at all. I show that PI is reliably observed for spatially distributed items except when it is weak. PI mostly reflects items that appear recently or frequently as memory items, while occurrences as test items play a smaller role, presumably because their temporal context is easier to encode. Through mathematical modeling, I then show that interference occurs among simple items rather than item-location combinations. Finally, to understand the effects of spatial information, I separate the effects of (a) the presence and (b) the predictiveness of spatial information on memory and its susceptibility to PI. Memory is impaired when items are spatially distributed, but, depending on the analysis, unaffected by the predictiveness of spatial information. In contrast, the susceptibility to PI is unaffected by either manipulation. Visual memory is thus impaired by PI for spatially distributed items due to interference from recent memory items (rather than test items or item-location combinations)
Motivation of Higher Education Faculty: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Evidence, and Future Directions
No full textWe explore and elaborate on four questions to inspire future research on faculty motivation. The first question asks why we should be concerned with the motivations of higher education faculty in the first place, particularly in regard to studying them empirically? Moreover, if re-search on higher education faculty motivation is important, why is it still rather underdevel-oped? Building on this, considering the plethora of motivation frameworks, we wondered which theories apply well to faculty members and how they align with one another? Finally, what should thorough international research on faculty motivation entail? This question encom-passes a search for solutions on what could be done to broaden the scope of this important line research
Explainer: Bad housing supply assumptions
No full textGlaeser and Gyourko (2003) (G&G) famously argued that if the marginal cost of a square metre of housing lot land is less than the average cost, this is evidence of a price effect from “artificial” supply constraints. They call this price gap a “regulatory tax”, but it is also known as a “zoning effect” or “zoning tax”. Their logic has been relied upon by hundreds of other studies and in numerous replications of their approach, including by economists from the Reserve Bank of Australia, whose results were widely publicised (Kendall and Tulip, 2018). However, the economic assumptions behind G&G’s approach are implausible. Although popular, their method should not be relied upon to infer anything about the nature of housing supply. This note explains why
Implementasi dan Problematika Merdeka Belajar
No full textBunga Rampai dengan judul ”Implementasi dan Problematika Merdeka Belajar” selesai disusun. Buku ini merupakan karya anak bangsa, yang ditulis secara kolaboratif oleh para akademisi dari berbagai perguruan tinggi nasional dan para praktisi bidang pendidikan nasional. Gagasan penulisan kolaboratif ini muncul saat terjadi Pandemi Covid-19 diikuti peraturan pemerintah tentang “Merdeka Belajar”. Topik-topik tulisan yang cukup menarik dari para penulis (dosen, mahasiswa, guru dan praktisi pendidikan) tersebut muncul sebagai upaya membantu pemikiran menghadapi situasi yang berubah secara drastis. Terobosan yang banyak disarankan
melalui berbagai metode belajar daring (dalam jaringan) atau secara digital (online) di tengah badai Covid-19. Upaya untuk mempertahankan kualitas pendidikan yang diukur dari tingkat capaian hasil belajar di tengah Pandemi Covid-19 tentu menjadi
target dari para penulis Bunga Rampai ini yang dijabarkan dalam berbagai topik sebagaimana tututan kurikulum Merdeka Belajar di sekolah dimana ada tiga klasifikasi yang menjadi target hasil belajar yaitu domain kognitif (pengetahuan), psikomotor (keterampilan/skill) dan afektif (pembentukan karakter)
Tracking the development of COVID-19 related PsyArXiv preprints
No full textGiven the need for a rapid and critical response from behavioural sciences during times of crisis, this study investigated the trajectory of all preprints posted to the repository PsyArXiv up to 19 May 2020 that were related to COVID-19 (n = 211). Specifically, we examined the trajectory, transparency, and diversity of these preprints as compared to PsyArXiv preprints unrelated to COVID-19 (n = 167) and articles published in psychology journal articles (n = 75) within the same time frame. Preprints related to COVID-19 had similar traction to published journal articles on COVID-19, but compared to preprints unrelated to COVID-19, the COVID-19 preprints were more likely to be subsequently published during a follow-up period (until 2 March 2021), were published more quickly, and received more citations. Preprints related to COVID-19 reported fewer open science practices than preprints unrelated to COVID-19, but more than COVID-19 journal articles. Primary affiliations for all preprints and journal articles predominantly originated from Western countries, but this was comparatively more for preprints (both related to and not related to COVID-19), even though preprints had more international authorship teams than journal articles. In conclusion, this study sheds light on preprint dissemination within the field of psychology amid the COVID-19 crisis, emphasising the swift spread, heightened probability of subsequent publication, and diverse adherence to open science practices among COVID-19-related preprints. These results underline the continual need for rigorous evaluation and advancement of scholarly communication practices, especially during periods of global urgency, to uphold transparency, diversity, and rigour in disseminating vital research findings