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What is an adult?: Attributes voted most central to the construct of adulthood
Get PDFTo understand the transition into adulthood, it is important to understand people’s perceptions of what it means to be an adult. We began this investigation with a bottom-up approach using the prototype analysis methodology (described by Kearns & Fincham, 2004). In Study 1, we asked 137 participants to list up to 20 attributes of adulthood. Results revealed 1,891 total linguistic units (15.5 per participant on average), which were placed into overarching categories such as “employed”. The current study is a follow-up (Study 2) where we continued the next step in the prototype analysis methodology. In this study participants rated each of the 96 attribute categories generated from 1 (not important at all to the concept of adulthood), to 5 (very important to the concept of adulthood). It was expected that the most frequently mentioned attributes from Study 1 (such as “responsible”, “independent”, “pays bills”) would be rated as more central in Study 2, and less frequently mentioned attributes in Study 1 (such as “optimistic”, “safe”, and “self-disciplined”) would be rated as less central in Study 2. However, the data indicates that there is no correlation between frequency of the attribute and its centrality (r=0.05, p=0.644)
Optimization of copper-catalyzed oxidative alkylboron homocoupling
Get PDFThis project optimizes a reaction that uses boron substrates and copper to form sp3-sp3 carbon-carbon bonds. This research project had three main goals: to develop a GC (gas chromatography) method that would allow us to calculate how much of the final product was formed, to optimize the model reaction, and to explore the diversity of other boron substrates that could be used. Working with the GC involved trouble shooting different methods as well as testing our internal standard, cis-decalin, to ensure that the solvent wouldn’t cause any side reactions. Standard curves were created to allow us to calculate how much cis-decalin remained after going through the GC, which in turn would help calculate the percent yield of the molecule with the sp3-sp3 carbon-carbon bond from the model reaction. Many elements of the model reaction were explored, like a change in solvent, temperature, time, molar ration of the reactants, and which copper additive was used. In comparing the results from the GC, we can figure out which of these methods work the best for obtaining the highest yield possible. To determine if this methodology would work for other boron substrates, different substrates must be tested with these conditions. B(dan) was chosen as the next test substrate, as it can be synthesized in lab. Once the B(dan) is synthesized, a Grignard reaction can be used to generate a library of B(dan) substrates
Faith or Falsehoods: Christianity’s Influence on Sex Education
No full textReligion has been a crucial part of societies since the beginning, which has allowed it to become ingrained in many areas of social life. Education has also managed to affect society.
One subject where these two institutions intertwine is sexual education. There is much controversy regarding how/if sex education should be taught (Young, 2017; Fields, 2012; Lamb, 2013). This topic gets increasingly heated when religion is introduced (Taragin-Zeller & Kasstan, 2021; Bijelic, 2008).
The aim of this study is to examine how religious institutions effect the teaching of sex education, focusing specifically on the Christian faith and its influences.
By investigating religious and secular organization’s websites, it was found that religious organizations focused on abortion, prioritized family, and heavily focused on religion rather than educating about sex topics. Secular organizations provided more medical resources, did not address opposing arguments, and pushed the selling of educational programs.
This research shines a spotlight on some of the power structures in our society and how they are influencing institutions’ as well as individuals’ decisions. Hopefully, by pointing this out, people will examine their opinions more closely and improve social policy, like sex education, to make it more inclusive
Sedimentary
No full textSedimentary, taken by Lindsey Burns on independent travel to Amalfi Coast, Italy while participating in the Linfield University January Term Program in Italy. 3rd place, Landscape division, in the 2022 Linfield University Study Abroad Photo Contest.https://digitalcommons.linfield.edu/intl_photos2022/1008/thumbnail.jp
Telling her-story: recovering lost history of Linfield women’s athletics: searching NCWSA archives
Get PDFThis project was part of a larger sabbatical project to reconstruct the missing history of Linfield women’s athletics. Specifically, this grant funded travel to Washington State University to review the archived special collection on the Northwest College Women’s Sports Association (NCWSA), the regional structure in which Linfield women’s athletics competed from 1967-83. The grant also funded travel to Lewis and Clark College to review the archived special collection on the Northwest Conference (NWC) in hopes of locating archived documents on the Women’s Conference of Independent Colleges (WCIC). The WCIC was the conference in which Linfield women’s athletics competed from 1964-85. Although there was minimal WCIC documentation contained in the NWC collection, what was there along with the NCWSA documentation helped reconstruct portions of regional tournaments and results, coaching tenures, participant lists, budgets, administrative structures and policies, and post-season honors relative to Linfield women’s athletics. This information helps create a more accurate representation of the history of Linfield women’s athletics. The information also adds to materials and activities used in the teaching of HHPA 410 – Gender Issues in Education and Sport and provides direction for future faculty-student collaborative projects to gather narrative histories that will be housed in the Linfield archives
Fungal Associations in an Urban Forest
Get PDFFungal communities worldwide are scarcely understood in part due to their vast networks stretching underground or woven into the biomass of plant life. Even macrofungi which produce fruiting bodies colloquially called ‘mushrooms’ hold a transient lifestyle above soil. Urbanization has introduced another challenge towards studying fungi as highly disturbed soils and a lack of preferred host plant species can alter fungal community composition and prevalence. In the summer of 2020 the macrofungal community of Forest Park in Portland, Oregon was surveyed in addition to control sites in the Mount Hood National Forest. Fungi samples were identified by genus and when possible, species. Observations included nearest substrate, nearest vascular plant species, and GPS coordinates of the mushroom sample(s). Fungi samples were later identified as either saprophytic, mycorrhizal, or parasitic based on available literature. Our results of 648 confirmed (genus) fungi samples found that 90.8% were saprotrophs, 7.8% were ectomycorrhizal associated primarily with conifers, and that 1.4% were parasitic fungi. Shannon diversity and equitability scores showed that the national forest had a greater diversity of mycorrhizal fungi than the city and middle sections of Forest Park (P=0.0024), but that overall, there was little to no significant difference of the total fungal community composition across the urban forest compared to the national forest (P=0.1481). Further research is needed to identify additional members of the mycorrhizal community as to anticipate urbanization\u27s effects, and how different types of mycorrhizal fungi improve urban forests and tree recruitment
Assessing News Source Credibility: Digital Natives vs Traditional News Natives
No full textThis study examines how individuals evaluate the credibility of news sources, whether ‘Digital Natives’ are better at this evaluation than ‘Traditional News Natives’, and a person’s perception of their credibility evaluation. For the survey, traditional news natives are those born before 1996 and digital natives are those born after 1996. Data from the pilot survey prepares us for national data collection.
Our research raises three important questions about how individuals evaluate the credibility of a news article. First, how do individuals evaluate the credibility of news sources in the first place? Second, are younger voters, those that are “Digital Natives”, better at evaluating the credibility of news sources than “Traditional News Natives”? Third, how does an individual’s perception of their credibility evaluation stack-up against their actual accuracy
Updating the Beckarian Approach to Marriage: Divorce Rates in the United States from 1990-2020
No full textThe perception of rising divorce rates has become a concern within the United States. Colloquially, people attribute the decline in marriage to a variety of factors many associated with women’s economic autonomy. However, the belief that women’s rising employment has increased their economic independence and decreased their desirability of marriage also known as the ‘independence hypothesis’ has limited empirical evidence (Oppenheimer 1997). Within economics, Gary Becker is recognized as one of the first researchers to apply economic concepts to marriage in his two-part paper titled ‘A Theory of Marriage’. However, Becker’s work, first published in 1973, contains a problematic perspective on the assumption of marriage roles. Additionally, Becker’s paper tends to focus on the formation rather than the dissolution of marriage. Therefore, this study updates Becker’s assumptions and aims to investigate the prevalence of divorce rates in the United States as a function of education level, access to birth control, female labor force participation rates, mean personal income, marriage rates, and average number of children from the years 1990-2020
The Effects of Caffeine on Reaction Time and Sprint Performance
No full textCaffeine is a popular aid for improving performance in athletes because of its ability to block adenosine, leading to more sustained and forceful contractions (Goods, Landers, and Fulton, 2017). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of caffeine on reaction time to an auditory stimulus and sprint performance in D3 college athletes. Student-athletes from Linfield University were recruited to participate in the study. During the first week participants were given a cup with either 8 ounces of caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee. Fifteen minutes after consumption, each participant performed a standardized warm up, and then performed three 20-meter sprints. Auditory reaction time was then tested. Participants returned the following week to perform the same procedure with the opposite treatment. The results of this study showed that caffeine caused a significant decrease in sprint time in the third sprint (p=0.05), as well as a significant decrease in total mean sprint time compared to the decaffeinated trial in those who drank one cup of caffeine daily (p=0.04) and a decrease in the dominant, random reaction time test in those who reportedly had 2-3 cups of caffeine per day (p=0.02). There was no significant difference in any other sprint or reaction time trials. Future studies should include a larger sample size and include a longer absorption period